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The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome

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The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome THE INFLUENCE OF WEALTH IN IMPERIAL ROME BY WILLIAM STEARNS DAVIS PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1910 All rights reserved COPTKIGHT, 1910, By the MACMILLAlir COMPAITT. Set up and electrotyped. Published October, igio. Berwick & Smith Co., Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. Irb PEEFACE This book attempts to consider various phases in the economic and social life of Ancient Rome; such as has not been treated, except incidentally, in any English work, nor in any French or German work from precisely the same standpoint ; a fact which gives justification for the present essay. The purpose is to consider the influence of money and of the commercial spirit throughout the period of Eoman greatness. Sometimes a liberal interpretation has been given to the term "Money Power," and certain subjects have been discussed not at first sight closely connected with public finance or private industry and commerce. Tet the idea that the Romans owed much, both of their greatness and of their ultimate failure, to the supreme estimate they put upon wealth and its concomitants has never been lost from view. This essay makes no claim to exhaustive or original learning. The evidence of the ancient authors, supple- mented by much testimony from the great Corpus In- scriptionum Latinarum, is however carefully used, and from what is possibly a somewhat new point of departure. Tet modern investigators on one point or another have put the author under a great debt—Friedlaender, Grupp, Mommsen, Marquardt, Voigt, Schiller, Seeck, Hir|h- feld, Schanz, Bloch, Boissier, Duruy, Arnold, Dill and many more, as well as the able contributors to Smith's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, and to the Pauly- vi PKEPACB Wissowa Real-Encyklopaedie der classischen Alterthums- wissenschaft} Since this book does not claim to be a critical compendium for the advanced scholar, it has not seemed wise to encumber the pages with foot-note references and citations of the classical and modern authorities. The only notes given are to complete or elucidate the state- ments in the text. Much of the book naturally is taken up with a dis- cussion of the prosperous period of the early Empire; yet the "Influence of Wealth" began its dominance far back under the Eepublic, and many references must be made to this period. Also the testimony of Cicero is too important to be ignored in a great many matters. Abundant use is made of the evidence of the younger Pliny, as one of the most illuminating and entertaining witnesses to the social life of the Empire. If this essay shall succeed, in scant measure, in making plain that within the Roman world, amid which Cicero thundered his eloquence, Caesar led his legions, and Nero indulged his passions, there was another world, less voluptuous and glittering, less famous in history, but no less real and important to the men of the day—the realm of the great god Lucre,—the attempt will not have been in vain. For much kind revision and criticism of this work while it was in manuscript, I am extremely indebted to my friend, Professor Joseph B. Pike of the University of Minnesota. University of Minnesota "W". S. D. Minneapolis ' The recent works of Messrs. Ferrero and Heitland came to hand after the preparation of this volume was well under way. I have not always agreed with Signore Ferrero 's conclusions, but Eoman history owes him a debt for the marked accent he has placed upon the economic factor. His book, howejrer, has mainly to do with the Bepublic, while I am chiefly concerned with' the Empire. CONTENTS CHAPTEB PAGE I. The Business Panic of 33 a.d 1 11. Political Cokruption and High Finance, Especially Undeb the Later Republic 6 1. The Increasing Scramble for Wealth 6 2. Bribery and Political Corruption 10 3. The Plundering by Governors in the ProTincea 16 4. The Tax-farmers and Usurers Under the Republic 23 HI. COMMEEOE, Trade and the Accumulation of Wealth 37 1. The Prosperity of the Early Empire, and the Process of Eomanization 37 2. The Ancient Attitude Toward the Means of Gain 56 3. Great Fortunes and Millionaires 65 4. Banking and Interest 72 5. Sea TrafEe and Foreign Commerce 80 6. Eoman Eoads and Land Travel 95 .» 7. Internal Commerce and Industry 105 8. Local Trading, Especially in Eome 115 9. The Professional Careers as Means of Livelihood 122 10. Landed Property 138 TV. The Expenditure of Wealth 152 1. Eoman Luxury and Eoman Sumptuary Laws 152 2. Debtors and Spendthrifts 163 3. Houses and Villas ^67 4. Gourmandizing, Costly Funerals and Other Extravagances. 174 5. The Delators 187 V. Slaves, Fkeedmen and Plebeians 194 1. The Life of the Lower Classes in Eome 194 2. The Slaves 206 3. The Freedmen 217 4. The Condition and Else of the Lower Classes 224 5. The Eoman Guilds 229 '. 6. The Small Farmers and Coloni 237 vii viii CONTENTS VI. Peivate Munificence and Some Modern Phases 248 1. The Ancient Idea of Beneficence 248 2. The Benefactions of the Eich 253 3. Private and Semi-Private Exhibitions of Games 263 4. The Sportula. Eeeeipt of Donatives by the Eich 268 5. Presents on the Saturnalia 273 6. Certain "Modern" Phases 276 7. "Back to the Country" 283 VII. Marriage, Divorce and Childlessness 288 1. Money and Motives in Marriage 288 2. Divorce and the Causes Thereof 291 3. Childlessness 296 4. Marriage Legislation 300 5. Happier Marriages 305 6. Legacy Hunting 309 VTII. Some Eeasons Why the Eoman Empire Fell 314 CHRONOLOGICAL EEFERENCE LIST 201 B.C. End of Second Punic War ; final defeat of Hannibal. 146 B.C. Destruction of Corinth and Carthage, commercial rivals of Eome. 133 B.C. Attempt of Tiberius Gracchus to reform the state. 123-121 B.C. Attempt of Gaius Gracchus to reform the state. ' ' 90-88 B.C. ' Social War, ' attempt of the Italians to secure equal rights "with the Eoman citizens. 82-79 B.C. Dictatorship and Eeforms of Sulla. 73-71 B.C. Spartacus ' Slave Eevolt in Southern Italy. 66-61 B.C. Pompeius' Conquests in the East. 63-62 B.C. Conspiracy of Catiline. 58-51 B.C. Conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar. 49-45 B.C. Civil War between the Pompeians and Caesar ; dictatorship of Caesar. 44 B.C. Murder of Caesar. 42 B.C. Battle of Philippi. Octavius Caesar (West) and Antonius (East) practical rulers of the world. 31 B.C. Battle of Actium; fall of Antonius. 27 B.C. Octavius Caesar takes title of Augustus. Organization of the "Principate"—monarchy with veneer of republican forms. 9 A.D. Successful revolt of German Tribes against the Eoman Eule. 14-37 A.D. Tiberius (step-son of Augustus.) 37-41 A.D. Gaius {Caligula) insane. 41-54 A.D. Claudius (governed by his freedmen). 54-68 A.D. Nero (tyrant, matricide, aesthete) good government in first part of reign, thanks to Burrhus and Seneca. 68-69 A.D. Galla^ 69 A.D. Otlw y Short-lived emperors; mutinies in armies; civil war. 69 A.D. Fitellius \ 69-79 A.D. Vespasian (risen from humble origin) ; reorganization and regen- eration. 79-81 A.D. Titus, son of Vespasian. 81-96 A.D. Domitian, son of Vespasian (tyrant, but not incapable). X CHRONOLOGICAL REFERENCE LIST The five j" 96-98 a.d. Nerva (aged senator), good 98-117 A.D. Trojan (adoptive son of Nerva), conquest of Daeia Emperors. and Parthians. Empire 117-138 a.d. Hadrian (adoptive son of Trajan), traveler, at builder, reformer. its 138-161 A.D. Antoninus Tins (adoptive son of Hadrian), very I highest peaceful reign. seeming 161-180 A.D. Marcus Aurelius (adoptive son of Antoninus), pros- philosopher; beginnings of decline and barbarian inva- perity. (^ sions. 180-192 A.D. Commodus (son of Marcus), degenerate; ruled by freedmen. 193 A.D. Pertinax (able ruler, murdered by praetorian guard). 193 A.D. Didius Julianus (bought Empire at auction from praetorian guard). 193-211 A.D. Septimius Severus (African), stern, energetic, able. 211-217 A.D. Caracalla (son of Severus), tyrant. 217-218 A.D. Macrinus (usurper). 218-222 A.D. Elagabalus (worthless Syrian). 222-235 A.D. Alexander Severus (cousin of Elagabalus), well-meaning, gifted but weak prince ; army getting out of hand. [After 235, rapid succession of worthless rulers, raised and pulled down by army; longest reign Gallie7ius 260-268, a.d.; barbarian invasion; pestilence; general disorganization and misery. Regeneration thanks to several able army oiScers raised to purple.] 268-270 A.D. Claudius II (Goths repulsed). 270-275 A.D. Aurelian (Daeia abandoned, but Gaul and Palmyra re-cou- quered) 275 A.D. Tacitus (last Emperor who favored the Senate). 276-282 A.D. Probus. (Barbarians beaten back).. 282-283 A.D. Cams (Persia invaded). 284-305 A.D. Diocletian (Eeorgauizatiou of Empire on basis of absolute monarchy. Unsuccessful attempt to provide series of coadjutor Emperors—Augusti and Caesars). 305-312 A.D. Empire divided among many claimants. Civil wars. 312-337 A.D. Constantine the Great ruler of the West. Toleration of Christianity. 323 A.D. Constantine overthrows Licinius, Emperor of the East. 330 A.D. Constantine founds Constantinople. 375 A.D. Beginnings of Teutonic Migrations into the Empire. 378 A.D. Goths slay the Emperor Yalens at Adrianople. 379-395 A.D. Theodosius the Great (at first rules only the East; in 394 recovers the West; last reunion East and West of 394-5) ; barbarians checked. 395-423 A.D. Sonorius (son of Theodosius), Emperor of the West. CHRONOLOGICAL EEFEEENCE LIST xi 395-408 A.D. ^rcadtMS (son of Theodosius), Emperor of the East.
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