Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42901-6 — Institutions And

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42901-6 — Institutions and Ideology in Republican Rome Edited by Henriette van der Blom , Christa Gray , Catherine Steel Index More Information

Index

Accius, L. Aquillius, M’. (cos. 129 bc), 42 author of fabula praetexta entitled Brutus, Aquillius, M’. (cos. 101 bc), 308 275–6 Arruntius, L. (cos. 22 bc), 82 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos. 78 bc), 109 Asconius Pedianus, Q. (Roman historian), Aemilius Lepidus, M. (triumvir), 168 172, 215 Aemilius Philemon, M. (freedman on assassination of Clodius and its of M. Lepidus), 121 aftermath, 121 Aemilius Scaurus, M. (pr. 56 bc), 72 on C. Cornelius’ dismissal of contio Alexander the Great (67 bc), 243 likeness of Pompeius to, 75 on C. Manilius’ occupation of Capitol (67 bc), Annaeus Florus, L., 59, 196 240–3 Annaeus Lucanus, M. on Cato, 169 on Sulla’s surname Felix, 297 Asinius Pollio, C. (cos. 40 bc), 89 Annaeus Seneca, L. (the Younger) Ateius Capito, C. (tr. pl. 55 bc), 165 on Sulla’s abuse of felicitas, 297 incident concerning falsification of auspices Annius Luscus, T. (cos. 153 bc) (55 bc), 183–202 attack on Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, 39 political motives, 185 Annius Milo, T. (pr. 55 bc), 306 Atilius Serranus Gavianus, Sex. (tr. pl. 57 bc), 84 murder of Clodius and indictment, 121–2 Augustus, 145, 213, see also ‘Octavian’ trial of, 165–74, 177–8 Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, M. Antistius Rheginus, C. (legate of Caesar in (emperor, 161–180 ad), 75 Gaul), 81 Aurelius Cotta, L. (cos. 144 bc), 42 Antonius Hybrida, C. (cos. 63 bc), 217 Aurelius Cotta, C. (cos. 75 bc), 304 Antonius, L. (tr. pl. 44 bc), 116 Aurelius Cotta, L. (cos. 65 bc), 312 summoning of contio (May 44 bc), 72 auspicia, augury Antonius, M. (cos. 99, cens. 97 bc), 27, 217 ‘auspices of departure’, 187–8 Antonius, M. (cos. 44 bc), 93, 115, 116, 201 and the Senate, 54 ‘chief mourner’ for Caesar, 255 falsification of the auspices (auspicia ementiri), and the legio Martia, 89 183–202, 214 Appian of Alexandria, 192, 250 hazards associated with, 185 representation of M. Antonius, 89 obnuntiatio, 188–9, 194, 195–6 source for Ti. Sempronius Gracchus’ speeches, 41 Battakes (Phrygian priest), 112 Appuleius Saturninus, L. (tr. pl. 103, 100 bc), 43, Bocchus, king of Numidia, 74 44–5, 51, 172, 269 maiestas populi Romani, 57 Caecilius Cornutus, C. (pr. 57 bc), 114 popular tribune, 48 Caecilius Metellus Creticus, Q. (cos. 69 bc), 303, Appuleius, M., 82 309, 313 Appuleius, P. (tr. pl. 43 bc), 115 friend of Verres, 308 Apronius, Q. (official serving under Verres Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. (cos. 143, in Sicily), 305 cens. 131 bc), 43, 213

345

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42901-6 — Institutions and Ideology in Republican Rome Edited by Henriette van der Blom , Christa Gray , Catherine Steel Index More Information

346 Index

Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Q. (cos. 57 bc), 74 self-identification as an Epicurean, 156–7 campaign against Cicero, 114 speech to consilium at Antium Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Q. (cos. 109, (early June 44 bc), 256, 262 cens. 102 bc), 45 Cassius Longinus, L. (pr. 66 bc), 76 exhortation to return to ‘traditional’ censor, censorship practice, 98–9 and lectio senatus, 211 Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, entrusted with compiling, 203, 205 Q. (cos. 52 bc), 171 diminishment of role, 216–17 Caecilius Metellus, L. (cos. 251 bc), 208 election of plebeian censor (339 bc), 207 Caecilius Metellus, L. (cos. 68 bc), 303, 309 evolution of role, 217 Caecilius Metellus, M. (pr. 69 bc), 303 census, 203, 217 Caecilius, Q. (potential prosecutor of early link with cura morum, 208 Verres), 303 citizenship, Roman Caelius Rufus, M. (pr. 48 bc), 80 individual grants, 130–1 opposition to lex Pompeia de ui, 169 principles of, 132–3 supporter of T. Annius Milo, 121 Claudius Caecus, App. (cens. 312, cos. 307, Caesetius Flavus, L. (tr. pl. 44 bc), 85 296 bc), 208 Calpurnia (daughter of Piso Caesoninus, lectio senatus of 312 bc, 209, 210 wife of Caesar), 150 Claudius Marcellus, M. (cos. 51 bc), 178 Calpurnius Bibulus, M. (cos. 59 bc), 47, 60 Claudius Pulcher, App. (cos. 54, cens. 50 bc), 111, appearance before contio (57 bc), 111–12 112, 120, 183–202 member of ‘Cato’s circle’, 165 censure of C. Ateius Capito opposition to triumvirs, 118–19 criticised in Cic. Div. 1.29–30, 199 Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, L. (cos. 58 bc), 72, reasoning for, 199–201 149–51, 198, 239 expulsion of C. Ateius Capito from senate concern for security, 150 for falsification of auspicia, 214 Epicurean beliefs, 149–51 final Republican lectio senatus (50 bc), 214 and political style, 151 highly respected for augural knowledge, 199 esteemed ancestry, 149–50 Claudius Pulcher, App. (son of praetor of executor of Caesar’s will, 151 56 bc), 82 oratory Cleopatra, 117 lack of engagement in public oratory, 150 Clodius Pulcher, P. (aed. 56 bc), 48, 51, 111, only attested contional speech (58 bc), 150 134, 219 relationship with Caesar, 150–1 aftermath of assassination, 121–2, 166 Calpurnius Piso Frugi, L. (cos. 133 bc), 73 assassination, 121 adversary of C. Sempronius Gracchus, 42 habitual use of contiones, 114 Calpurnius Piso, C. (cos. 67 bc), 110, 243 political battle with Cicero, 114, 119–21 Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (cos. 7 bc) coetus, 236–51 supposed cursing of Germanicus, 193 definition of, 236–8 Campus Martius, 70 in Livy, 240 location for census, 286 in writings of M. Tullius Cicero, 238–9 Cannutius, Ti. (tr. pl. 44 bc), 116 label for official gatherings, 238–41 Cassius Dio, 56, 115, 120, 166 pejorative synonym for ‘contio’, 244–5 on C. Ateius Capito, 185, 186, 192 significance of term, 242 on Cicero’s reputation, 111 comitia (formal voting assemblies), 37 Cassius Longinus, C. (cos. desig. 41 bc), ratification of compromises achieved 156–9, 164 at contiones, 38 abandonment of Epicurean principles Comitium, 69 and assassination of Caesar, 159 communication, political ambition, 159 restrictions on, 38–41 connection with C. Vibius Pansa, 158 consilium, consilia correspondence with Cicero regarding as a setting for debate and dialogue, 263–4 conversion to Epicureanism, 157–8 at Antium (early June 44 bc) early career, 156–7 disorder of, 258 pardoned by Caesar, 157 family nature of, 262

Index 347

format of, 256–7, 258 rare intervention of foreigners in, 112 at Rome (25 July 43 bc) under the influence of the Roman elite, 22 flirtation with treason, 260, 262 very rare intervention of women in definition of, 252 Sempronia (101 bc), 112–13 format of, 261 Cornelius Balbus, L. (cos. suff. 40 bc), 135, 141 presence of women at, 255, 256, 262–3 praefectus fabrum under Caesar in Spain, 138 private and/or domestic, 252–64 Cornelius Chrysogonus, L. (freedman of Sulla), process whereby opinions could be expressed 140, 291 at, 256 Cornelius Cinna, L. (cos. 87, 86, 85, 84 bc), 51 consul, consulship Cornelius Cinna, L. (cos. suff. 32 bc), 48, 73 and contiones, 108–10 confusion with Helvius Cinna, 84–6 exposure to public ridicule, 24–5 Cornelius Dolabella, P. (cos. 44 bc), 115, 201 in ‘debt’ to the populus, 26–7 Cornelius Epicadus (freedman of Sulla), 140 majesty of, 24 Cornelius Fronto, M. (cos. suff. 142), 75 contio, 15, 72–3, 93, 107–25, 205, 277, 278 Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Cn. (cos. ‘subversive’ element of, 24 72 bc), 305 and coetus, 236–51 Cornelius Lentulus Lupus, L. (cos. 156, cens. arena for campaigns advocating restitution 147 bc), 213 of tribunicia potestas, 109–10 Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P. (cos. 57 bc), as a mechanism to attack the status quo, 22–3 74, 142 as public spectacle, 21–6 Cornelius Lentulus Sura, P. (cos. 71 bc), 217 audience, 108–9, 272–3 Cornelius Lentulus, P., 43 favourable to triumvirs, 118–19 Cornelius Rufinus, P. (cos. 290, 277 bc) contio as a ‘legitimising term’, 245–50 expulsion from senate, 211 definition of, 236–8 Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, P. (cos. 147, 134, effective use of a contio to embarrass cens. 142 bc), 78, 124, 213, 286 consuls, 21–3 appearance at contio, 108–9 failure at, 37 Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P. (cos. 205, 174 bc), fluid nature of, 37 33, 212 function of, 107 Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, L. (cos. 190 bc), 33 delivery of news of public interest, 37 Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, P. (cos. 138 bc), hierarchical order of communication at, 38 29, 56, 74 important tool for pursuants of cursus appearance at contio, 108 honorum, 107 claim concerning murder of Gracchi, 43 invitation, see also ‘producere in contionem’ Cornelius Scipio Nasica, P. (cos. 191 bc), 208 means of discrediting adversary, 107, 119 Cornelius Scipio Pomponianus, P. (RE 357), 74 means of gaining popularity, 107 Cornelius Scipio, L. (cos. 259,cens. medium for reaching social consensus, 39 258 bc), 208 only institutionalised venue by which populus Cornelius Scipio, L. (pr. 174 bc), 213 could be directly addressed, 107 Cornelius Sulla Felix, L. (cos. 88, 80 bc), 11, 83, oratory 283–98, 313 means of demonstrating leadership ‘arch enemy of Roman society’, 292 and ratifying auctoritas, 122 changes to senate and cursus honorum, 71 successful examples of, 108–9 conflict with C. Marius, 74–5 performance for populus, 124 debate over legacy, 56 physical arrangement of, 111 defeat in praetorship elections, 80 potestas contionandi, 107, 113, 122, 250 failure to limit institutional opportunities producere in contionem, 107 available to tribunes, 48 almost exclusively used by tribunes, 123 Felix, felicitas as a means of pressure, 108–13 abuse of, 293-94 in Late Republic (140–40 bc), long lasting repercussions of, 297 evidence of, 125–7 and the salus rei publicae, 285–7 no evidence of refusal to attend, 123–4 in context of a Roman triumph, 286–7 of private persons, 111–12 awarded corona graminea during Social potential for embarrassment, 108–9, 123 War, 284

348 Index

Cornelius Sulla Felix, L. (cont.) elite, senatorial, 15–19, 29–34 claim to after Sullan reforms, 78–9 disputed by later authors, 296–8 attacks against popular tribunes and essence of, 293 reformers, 48 first Roman to adopt name Felix, 283 attacks on, 43–4 inner circle, 140 damage to authority, 47–8 lectio senatus of, 215 obstructionism, 48–9 reforms, 71 perception of res publica, 52–3 restrictions on tribunate power, 109 self-interest of, 47–8 violation of the salus rei publicae, 287–90, 294 symbolic response to murder of Gracchi, 43 mass execution of inhabitants of Praeneste, Ennius, Q., 212 289–90 Epidius Marullus, C. (tr. pl. 44 bc), 85 massacre of citizens in Villa Publica, 287–8 Equitius, L. proscriptions, 288–9 claim to be son of Ti. Sempronius consequences of, 291–2 Gracchus, 113 Cornelius Tacitus, P. Erucius, C. (prosecutor), 291, 292 Annales, 247 exemplum, exempla, 228, 267–82 contio of Germanicus (ad 14), 244 family Cornelius, C. (tr. pl. 67 bc) common strategy in forensic oratory, defended by Cicero, 269–71 267 dismissal of contio, 243 effective means of discrediting Crinagoras of Mytilene, 143 opponent, 268 cura morum (Republican popularis tradition of, 267 regimen morum), 212, 213, 216, 217 Curiatius, C. (tr. pl. 138 bc), 29, 56, 108 Fabius Buteo, M. (cos. 245 bc) Curius, Q. lectio senatus of 216 bc, 208 expulsion from senate (70 bc), 217 Fabius Maximus Eburnus, Q. (cos. 116, cens. 108 bc), 214 Demetrius of Gadara, 140 Fabius Pictor, Q. dignity, 36 first of the annalists, 212 cultural obsession, 20 Fabius Quintilianus, M. lictors as enforcers of, 26 Institutio Oratoria, 307 state protection of consular, 25 Favonius, M. (aed. 52 bc), 167, 171 Diodoros Pasparos, 130 member of ‘Cato’s circle’, 165 Diodorus Siculus Favorinus (orator), 99 on the Livii Drusi, 272 Flaminius Nepos, C. (cos. 223, 217 bc), 187 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 191, 193, 197 Fonteius, P. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. (cos. 96 bc) adoption of P. Clodius Pulcher, 112 in Cicero’s exempla, 269–70 Forum Romanum, 69, 71, 101 known for his popularis tribunate, 269 during election campaigns, 76 Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. (cos. 54 bc) freedmen as quaestor during Manilian episode (67 bc), wealthy descendents of, 23 240–3 Fufius Calenus, Q. (cos. 47 bc), 111 member of ‘Cato’s circle’, 165 Fulvius, L., 213 Domitius Calvinus, Cn. (cos. 53, 40 bc), 154 Furius, P. (tr. pl. 99 bc), 45 Duronius, M. (tr. pl. 97 bc), 45, 204 Gabinius, A. (tr. pl. 139 bc) elections carried the first ballot law in 139 bc, 23 ‘valence issues’, 232 humble origins of, 23 competition in, 17–18 Gabinius, A. (cos. 58 bc), 118, 198 failure in, 17 Gellius Publicola, L. (cos. 72 bc), 305 paucity of formal speeches by electoral Gellius, A., 210 candidates, 222 Noctes Atticae, 98 suspension of, 118 general, generalship voting, 226–7 representation, 228–30

Index 349

Germanicus Julius Caesar, 193 Julius Caesar, L. (cos. 64 bc), 92 Granius Licinianus, 109 Junius Brutus, L. as an exemplum gentis, 274–82 Helvius Cinna, C. Junius Brutus Callaicus, D. (cos. 138 bc), 29 mistaken identity, 73, 84–6 appearance at contio, 108 Helvius Mancia Junius Brutus, M. ‘accusator’ (RE 50) attack on Pompeius, 32, 33, 279 dispute with L. Licinius Crassus, 100–3 Hirtius, A. (cos. 43 bc), 152 Junius Brutus, M. (RE 52), 279–81 Hortensius Hortalus, Q. (cos. 69 bc), 33, 120, Junius Brutus, M. (pr. 44 BC), 167, 171, 281 168, 303 and Pompeius, 281–2 ‘master of the courts’, 300 contio following Caesar’s assassination, 59 defence of Verres, 306–9 Pro Milone, 172 Pro Verre, 307 Junius Brutus Albinus, D. (cos. desig. 42 bc), 81, 95 formidable opponent of Cicero in Verrine case, 300 Laetilius, L., 303 lectio senatus, 203 ideology model for the ciuitas, 211 definition of, 267 of 216 bc, 208–9 ideological discourse of 70 bc, 217–18, 309 family exempla in, 268 legislation, 212, 214 Idomeneus of Lampsacus, 149 and the Senate, 53 ignominia, 215, 216, 220 law of the ten tribunes, 177 imperium, 28–9, 227 leges de prouocatione, 46 indignity, 19–20 leges sumptuariae, 204 ability of populus to inflict, 21 lex Acilia repetundarum against malfeasance consular exposure to, 25 in public office (123 bc), 215 failure to match ancestral honours, 19 lex Aurelia, 310, 312 failure to win popular votes, 19 lex Clodia, 219 necessity of avoidance of, 20 lex Cornelia de proscriptione, 289 infamia, 215, 216 lex de iure magistratuum, 177, 179 iudicia populi, 215, 216 lex de prouinciis, 179 iudicia publica, 216 lex Gabinia, 47 lex Hieronica, 304, 307, 309 Jugurtha, 74 lex Latina tabulae Bantinae, 216 Julius Caesar, C. (cos. 59 bc), 73, 80, identified with lex Apuleia de 88, 244 maiestate, 216 ability to cultivate loyalty, 162 lex Licinia de sumptu minuendo, adherent of Epicureanism?, 159–60 45, 204 aftermath of assassination, 115 speech in support of, 99–100 and Epicurean philosophy at Rome, 148, lex Ouinia (plebiscitum Ouinium), the Ovinian 159–64 law, 203, 216 and triumvirate, 118 lex Pompeia de ui, 167, 169, 172, 174 associated himself with legacy lex Rupilia, 304 of C. Marius, 76 lex Terentia Cassia, 307 auction of Pompeius’ property, 294–6 lex Trebonia, 165, 185 autonomy of decision-making, 161 lex Tullia de ambitu, 76, 224 compatibility with Epicurean principles lex Varia de maiestate, 273 and adherents, 162–3 lex Voconia, 212 intimates of, 161–2 Oppian law, 204 patron of Roman Epicureans, 163 libertas, 58–9 summoning of contio (62 bc), 111 and the populus, 58–9 tactical use of friendship, 163 and the Senate, 58 the ‘Kanzlei’ of, 141 Licinius Crassus, L. (cos. 95, cens. 92 bc), 27 unilateral decisions concerning election defence of Cn. Plancus against M. Junius of magistracies, 153 Brutus (RE 50), 276–8

350 Index

Licinius Crassus, L. (cos. 95, cens. 92 (cont.) Manlius Torquatus, L. (cos. 65 bc), 159 dispute with M. Junius Brutus (RE 50), 100–3 Manlius Torquatus, L. (pr. 49 bc) speech on court jury composition (106 bc), 27 interlocutor in Cicero’s De finibus, 151 Licinius Crassus, M. (cos. 70, 55, cens. 65 bc), 49, Marcius Philippus, L. (cos. 91 bc), 29, 67 50, 71, 183–202, 218 speech on the res publica, 52 and triumvirate, 118 Marius Gratidianus, M. (praetor, dates and Verres, 309–13 uncertain) cooperation with, 303 recognition of, 82–3 ignoring of C. Ateius Capito’s obnuntiatio, 195–9 Marius, C. (cos. 107 bc), 43, 74, 131, 234 special command against Spartacus, 300 attack on nobility, 43 Licinius Geta, C. (cos. 116, cens. 108 bc), 213 military reforms, 44 Licinius Lucullus, L. (cos. 74 bc), 140 reputation, 77 Licinius Macer, C. (tr. pl. 73, pr. 68 bc) Matius, C. (RE 1) author of historical work, 110 friendship with Caesar, 161–2 Licinius Murena, L. (cos. 62 bc), 33, 235 Memmius, C. (tr. pl. 111, pr. 104 bc), 43, 112 endorsement by a body of citizens, 227 Memmius, C. (pr. 58 bc) endorsement by his former soldiers, 227–8, 233 and Epicureanism, 153–6 representation as homo nouus, 230 corruption and failed consular campaign, lictors, 26, 72 154–6 Livius Drusus, M. (cos. 112 bc), 271–4 dedicatee of Lucretius’ De rerum natura, Livius Drusus, M. (tr. pl. 91 bc), 29, 30, 48, 271–4 153 Livius Salinator, M. (cos. 219, 207, cens. relationship with Caesar, 155–6 204 bc), 215 squabble with Patro concerning house Livius, T. (author of history of Rome), 29, 212, 215 of Epicurus, 154 coetus in, 240 Minucius Thermus, M. (pr. 81 bc), 130 comparison with contiones, 247–50 Mithres, dioikētēs of King Lysimachus, 149 on the effect of political change upon mos maiorum, 47, 60, 203–21, 267 the Romans, 35 and contiones, 41 source for elections, 222 and mores ciuitatis, 209 Lollius Palicanus, M. (tr. pl. 71, pr. 69 bc), 312 and the Senate, 53 sought consulship of 66 bc, 110 continuity of, 204 Lucceius, L. definition of, 203–4 advisor to Cn. Pompeius Magnus, 137 enforcement of, 210 wealth and political influence, 137 fundamental to notion of optimi, 220–1 Lucilius, C. (satirist), 204 perceived continuity of, 220 Lucretius Carus, T. shared by both patricians and plebeians, De rerum natura, 92 207 Lucretius Ofella, Q. (prefect) values of, 35–6 publicly executed under Sulla, 289 Munatius Plancus, Cn., 101 lustrum, ritual of purification, 207 defended by L. Crassus, 276 Lutatia, gens Munatius Plancus, T. (tr. pl. 52 bc), 49 reputation, 269 campaign against T. Annius Milo, 121 Lutatius Catulus, Q. (cos. 102 bc), 269 trial of, 173–4 Lutatius Catulus, Q. (cos. 78, cens. 65 bc), 47, 112, 218, 269–71 nobiles, nobilitas appearance before contio (62 bc), 111 ideology continuity of mores essential to, 204, 211 Maccius Plautus, T. (playwright), 204 continuity with and glorification of maiestas, 57–8 aristocratic past, 212 Manilius Cumanus, Q. (tr. pl. 52 bc) criticism of, 204–5 supporter of T. Annius Milo, 121 observation of mos maiorum, 204 Manilius, C. (tr. pl. 66 bc), 245 nota, notati, 217–18 accusations of violence during occupation Numerius Magius, 141 of Capitol (67 bc), 240–4 Numerius Rufus, Q. (tr. pl. 57 bc) indictment, 110–11 misidentification of, 84

Index 351

Octavian (C. Julius Caesar Octavianus), 72, Plato, 220 116–17, see also ‘Augustus’ Plautius Hypsaeus, P. (RE 23) and political rivals, 116–17 and Pompeius, 175 condemnation of M. Antonius, 116 Plinius Secundus, C. (the Elder), 74, 210 defection of legio Martia to, 89 Historia Naturalis, 100 oratory on Sulla’s claim to felicitas, 297–8 contional speech against M. Antonius Plutarch, 166, 175, 312 (Nov 44 bc), 116–17 Life of Pompey, 312 contional speech concerning successorship on C. Ateius Capito, 186, 193 to C. Julius Caesar (May 44 bc), 116 on Cato, 179 political obscurity of, 73, 116 on Theophanes, 142 presence in Rome (signficance of), 117 his credibility as a historian, 129 shrewd political operator, 117 source for Ti. Sempronius Gracchus’ Octavius, Cn. (cos. 76 bc), 21 speeches, 41 appearance at contio, 109 political career Octavius, M. (tr. pl. 133 bc), 39 and physical characteristics, 73–4 Opimius, L. (cos. 121 bc), 43 political participation, 69–87 optimi, optimates figures for, 69–70 application of term by contemporary sources, political system, Roman 36, 62–3 as a mechanism for generating honour criteria for identification as ‘optimus’, 208–10 and dignity, 20 rhetoric of, 51–4 contact between politicians and citizens, 72 struggle with populares, 214 dissimilarity to modern system, 35 underpinned by observation of the mos popular aspect of, 17 maiorum, 206 requirement to seek legitimacy before the oratory populus, 117 auctoritas, 108, 109 violence, 49 role of the gods in, 88–104 politician, politicians use of the gods in, 201 desire and strategies for recognition, 72–8 Ovidius Naso, P., 85 physical representation of, 74–6 Ovinius (tribune), 205 recognition of, 80–3 Pompeius Basiliscus, Cn., 312 Papirius Carbo Arvina, C. (tr. pl. 90 bc), Pompeius Chlorus, Sex., 312 271 Pompeius Festus, Sex. (grammarian) contio, 271–4 source for the lex Ouinia (Ovinian law), 205–6 Papirius Carbo, C. (tr. pl. 131 or 130, cos. 120 bc), Pompeius Macer, Q. (grandson of Cn. Pompeius 108–9 Theophanes), 144 Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, Cn., 42 Pompeius Magnus, Cn. (cos. 70, 55, 52 bc), 49, people, the Roman people, populus Romanus, 15, 50, 124, 227, 228 214, 215 ‘teenage butcher’, 32 attacks on political rights of, 48 after defeat at Pharsalus, 142 definition of, 17–18 and felicitas, 293 hostility towards Caesar’s assassins, 255 and triumvirate, 118 liberty of, 26 and Verres, 309–13 maiestas of, 46 appearance before contio (Jan 61 bc), 111 new perception of their own power, 218 assailed by Helvius Mancia, 32 plebs urbana (‘urban plebs’), 35 command of grain supply, 114 political participation, 69–87 indictment of Milo (52 bc), 122 powerful consensus of, 210 inner circle, 139–41 uoluntas, 232, 233 intellectual standing, 130 petitio, 18, 19 production of terracotta statuettes of, 75–6 Philodemus of Gadara, 149 public recognition of, 80–1 philosophy, Epicurean relationship with M. Porcius Cato, 165–80 in Republican politics, 147–64 responsive to criticism, 174–5

352 Index

Pompeius Magnus, Cn. (cont.) Porcius Cato, M. (pr. 54 bc), 33, 47, 49, 72, 76, speech summarising Pompeius Theophanes’ 165–80, 253 merits, 131–2 ‘Cato’s circle’, 165 third consulship (52 bc), 166 cooperation with Pompeius, 167–8, 173 Pompeius Philo, Cn., 312 opposition to Triumvirate, 165 Pompeius Rufus, Q. (tr. pl. 52 bc) allied with Q. Hortalus Hortensius, 168 campaign against T. Annius Milo, 121 contional speech (59 bc), 118 Pompeius Strabo, Cn. (cos. 89 bc), 74, 131 defence of Milo’s slaves, 122, 170–1 Pompeius Theodorus, Cn., 312 filibuster tactics, 49 Pompeius Theophanes, Cn., 128–46 named Pompeius a dictator, 118 and Sextus Pompeius, 143 unsuccessful consular campaign, 176–7 appointed praefectus fabrum in Pompeius’ verdict (trial of T. Annius Milo), 169–70 army in 49 bc, 138 Posidonius of Rhodes, 313 close personal connection with L. Cornelius Potamon of Mytilene, 143 Balbus, 135 relationship with Caesar and Octavian, 143 confidant of Atticus, 134–5 prosopopoeia, 274, 278, 280 contribution to debate after Pharsalus, 142 prouocatio ad populum, 214 exceptional legal position of, 132 Pseudo Asconius, 308 honoured on monument at Mytilene, 143 Pythodoros of Tralles, 132 in Cicero’s correspondence, 133–4, 143 intermediary political role, 134–5 Quinctius Flamininus, T. (cos. 198, cens. literary work, 128 189 bc), 212 pardoned by Caesar, 142 Quinctius, L. (tr. pl. 74, pr. 67 bc), 110 persuaded Pompeius to grant Mytilene immunity, 130 repulsa (electoral defeat), 19 political and historical significance of, 144–6 Rhetorica ad Herennium, 57, 268, 272, political involvement at Rome, 133 274–81 regarded as local benefactor by Roscius, Sex. (the Younger), 290 Mytileneans, 130 Rostra, 112, 118, 119, 123, 271 Roman citizenship, 130, 144 Rutilius Rufus, P. (cos. 105 bc), 297 senior advisor to Pompeius, 135, 137, 144 unique contribution to Pompeius’ cause, Saepta Iulia, 69 140–1 Sallustius Crispus, C. (tr. pl. 52 bc), 43, 63, Pompeius, Sex., 82, 117, 143 304, 313 Pomponius (in App. B Civ. 4.45), 82 Bellum Catilinae Pomponius Atticus, T., 282 account of Catilinarian contio (62 bc), as interlocutor in Cic. Leg., 220 246–7 interactions with Cn. Pompeius Theophanes, on the political situation at Rome, 51–4 134–5 campaign against T. Annius Milo, 121 relationship with Cicero, 114 expulsion from senate, 214 populares, 45–8, 214, 270 Histories, 21 ‘masters of the assemblies’, 49 Oratio Lepidi, 140 ‘popular’ exempla, 47 Scipionis, nomen, 72, 78, 208, 209 ‘popular’ identity, 46–7 Scribonius Curio, C. (cos. 76 bc), 21, 34, application of term by contemporary sources, 80, 120 36, 63–7 appearance at contio, 109 political language, 47 Scribonius Curio, C. (pr. 49 bc), 80, 165 rhetoric of, 54–6 opposition to triumvirs, 118 senatorial adversaries, 47–8 Scribonius Libo, L. (cos. 34 bc), 139 Porcius Cato, M. (cos. 195, cens. 184 bc), 31, Sempronia, sister of the Gracchi, 113 212, 213 Sempronii Gracchi, Ti. and C., 16, 41–4, 51, 64, emphasis on collective achievement 214, 269 of the Roman people, 209 representation as public enemy by senatorial model censorial speech (184 bc), 212 elite, 43 on the censorial lustration (lustrum), 285 rhetorical eloquence, 41

Index 353

Sempronius Gracchus, C., 41–2, 55, 73 Servilius Rullus, P. (tr. pl. 63 bc), 48, 239, 270, 279 and the mos maiorum agrarian law, 52 deviation of nobilitas from, 41 Servilius Structus Ahala, C., 282 grain bill Servilius Vatia Isauricus, P. (cos. 48 bc), 165 legitimised via appeal to mos Servilius, M. (tr. pl. 44 bc), 115, 116 maiorum, 42 Sicinius (seditionis auctor [Liv. 2.33.2], tr. pl. necessity of, 42 493 bc), 23 senatorial view of, 42 Sicinius, Cn. (tr. pl. 76 bc), 21–2, 25, 26, 30, Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (cos. 177, 163, cens. 32, 109 169 bc), 109 fate of, 34 Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (tr. pl. 133 bc), 29, Sosippus of Agrigentum, 302, 311 39–41, 113, 172 Spurius Maelius (Roman plebeian), 249 contional address, 39–40 Sthenius of Thermae desire to differentiate himself from fellow influence of, 305 tribunes, 72 key to Cicero’s prosecution of Verres, 305 proposal for agrarian law, 39–40 Sulpicius Rufus, P. (tr. pl. 88 bc), 269 speeches Sulpicius Rufus, Ser. (cos. 51 bc), 176, 268 emotive substance of, 41 prosecution of L. Licinius Murena, 222–4, summoning of contiones, 39–40 232–5 senate representation in Cicero’s Pro Murena, council of the ‘optimi’, 203 230–1 deposition of consuls fighting Spartacus (72 bc), 300 Tabula Heracleensis, 216 erosion of authority, 49 Tarula (freedman of Sulla), 140 expulsions from, 211–13, 216–17 Terentius Culleo, Q. (trib. 58 bc), 135 lack of records for, 253 Terentius Varro, M. legitimacy to rule rooted in observance Antiquitates rerum diuinarum, 93 of mores maiorum, 203 Terentius, Ser., 81 members determined by censors on basis Thucydides of cura morum, 203 model for Roman orators, 313 power to regulate and restrict political Titius, Sex. (tr. pl. 99 bc), 44 communication, 39 tribune of the plebs, tribunate, 28–31, 44–5 prerogative to debate matters first, 39 and contiones, 108–11, 123 purged by censors in 70 bc, 300 as symbolic representatives of the liberty senatus consultum, 255 of the Roman populus, 26 senatus consultum ultimum, 58, 214 authority to conduct public meetings, 242 Sentius Saturninus Vetulo (in Val. Max. lacking power under Sulla, 21 7.3.9), 82 restoration of traditional powers under Sergius Catilina, L., 76, 238 Pompeius (70 bc), 110, 311 conspiracy sacrosanctitas of, 39 and contiones, 245–7 use of contio to challenge consuls publically, friend of Crassus, 310 23–4, 108 Sertorius, Q. (pr. 83 bc), 77 Triumvirate (first) Servaeus (tr. pl. desig. 50 bc), 80 enemies, 119 Servilia, mother of Brutus, 253 Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. 63 bc), 24, 72, 124, 206, consilium at Rome (25 July 43 bc) 243, 251 ‘her’ consilium, 259, 261–2 account of censure of C. Ateius Capito address to, 260 (50 bc), 184 debate surrounding motives of, 263 allegations of religious impiety as a political interruption of Cicero’s speech, 257 tactic, 183 prominent role at consilia, 258, 262–3 and contiones, 113–16 quoted by Cicero, 257 and Plato, 220 representative for Brutus and Cassius, 258 and populares, 47, 86 Servilius Glaucia, C. (pr. 100 bc), 43 the ‘real’ popularis, 66–7 Servilius Globulus, P. (tr. pl. 67 bc), 243 use of term, 61, 63–7

354 Index

Tullius Cicero, M. (cont.) invitation to private consilia, 253 and the Catilinarian conspiracy, 232, 235 legacy, 72 handling of Catilinarian conspirators, 56 memory of citizens’ names, 71 anti-Greek sentiment, 138 on citizenship, 132–3 avoidance of prosecution cases before on his quaestorship in Sicily, 79 Verres, 301 on maiestas, 58 Brutus, 21, 33, 259–61 on political assassinations, 43 autobiographical, 301 on political institutions, 53 narrow focus of, 261 on Pompeius’ third consulship, 166 Catilinariae, 115 on publicity, 72 characterisation of C. Scribonius Curio, 21 on Sulla’s proscriptions, 290–3 close to family of M. Junius Brutus, 260 on the censorship, 219–20 concern regarding changes to mos maiorum, on the mob, 18 35, 204 on the nature of felicitas, 293–4 consilium at Rome (25 July 43 bc), 259–60 on the situation preceding his exile, 135 rhetorical preparation for speeches delivered Orator, 271 at consilia, 261 oratory consilium in Antium (early June 44 bc), 254–9 use of exempla, 269–71 contional speeches use of homonymity, 270–1 Contra contionem Q. Metelli, 114 Philippics Post reditum ad Quirites, 115 First Philippic, 282 speech against P. Clodius Pulcher, 114 Second Philippic, 201, 239, 308 summoned to contio over conduct in Fourth Philippic, 91, 95 Manilius affair (66 bc), 110–11 Fifth Philippic, 94 correspondence with Atticus, 118, 119, 252, Sixth Philippic 254–9, 260–1 delivered to contio (Jan 43 bc), 115 criticism of Caesar’s auction of Pompeius’ Tenth Philippic, 97, 282 property, 294–6 delivered to contio (Dec 44 bc), 115 De diuinatione, 189, 190, 199, 200 Eleventh Philippic, 95 on obnuntiationes, 49 Twelfth Philippic, 95 De finibus, 151, 159 Fourteenth Philippic, 89, 96 De lege agraria, 279–80 political battle with Clodius Pulcher, 119–21 De legibus, 219–20, 241 Post reditum in senatu, 114 De officiis, 238 pragmatic interpreter of his time, 220 on the agrarian laws, 59–60 Pro Archia, 131 De optimo genere oratorum, 313 Pro Balbo, 132 De oratore, 32, 100 Pro Caecina, 132 De prouinciis consularibus, 151 Pro Caelio, 102–3, 274 De re publica, 219–20 Claudian exempla, 268 defence of L. Licinius Murena, 33 Pro Cluentio, 218 discrediting of P. Servilius Rullus, 52 Pro Cornelio, 269–70 Diuinatio in Caecilium, 303–4, 311 Pro lege Manilia, 31, 228 In Pisonem, 149–50, 151, 219, 239, 308 Pro Milone, 167, 170–2, 173 source for philosophy and career Pro Murena, 235, 268, 274 of L. Calpurnius Piso, 149 as a source for the rhetoric of Roman In Verrem elections, 233–5 delicate nature of Verrine prosecution, 300–1 inside view of electoral campaigning, 223 First Verrine representation of generalship, 228–30 success of, 299 rhetorical strategy, 225–6, 232–3 Second Verrine, 47, 299–313 the consular template in, 226–30 as a work of fiction, 299 use of the sermo castrensis, 227–8 purpose of, 299–300 Pro Plancio, 277 suppression in, 302 Pro Quinctio, 279 use of exempla, 307 Pro Rabirio perduellionis, 47 unlikely tribute to nobilitas, 306 Pro Roscio Amerino, 140, 290–3

Index 355

Pro Sestio, 29, 63, 198–9, 219 Verres, C., 83, 299–313 support for invasion of Italy by Brutus, 262 career in Sicily, 304–6 unaware of conspiracy against Caesar, 253, 260 connection with the Metelli brothers, 303 use of term ‘coetus’, 238–9 cooperation with M. Licinius Crassus during use of term ‘contio’, 245–6 slave revolt of Spartacus, 306 use of the gods in speeches, 88–98 family background of, 303 Tullius Cicero, Q., 30, 31 trial of as interlocutor in Cic. Div., 196, 199 literary elision and historical suppression as interlocutor in Cic. Leg., 23, 29, 220 in, 301–2 Pompeius’ interest in, 301 uirtus, 228 summary of claim against, 304 deﬁnition of, 209 Vettius, L., 123 denunciation of alleged conspiracy against Valerius Catullus, C., 85 Pompeius, 119 Valerius Flaccus, L. (cos. 100 bc), 140 Vibius Pansa, C. (cos. 43 bc), 152–3, 158, Valerius Maximus, 74, 210 163, 164 accounts of contiones, 108–9 ‘nonentity’, 153 on C. Calpurnius Piso’s interaction with ability to exploit personal relationships, 152–3 Roman populus, 110 clemency, 152 on censors (209 bc), 211 Epicurean beliefs, 152–3 on Pompeius, 32–3 focus on security, 152 on Sempronia’s appearance before contio homo nouus, 152 (101 bc), 112–13 relationship with Caesar, 152–3 on Sulla’s abuse of felicitas, 297 tutored in public speaking, 152 Valerius Messalla, M. (cos. 161, cens. 154 bc), 213 Vibullius Rufus, L., 139 Varius Hybrida, Q., 57, 273 appointed praefectus fabrum by Pompeius Vatinius, P. (tr. pl. 59, cos. 47 bc), 119, 123 in 49 bc, 141 recognisable by facial deformities, 73 captured at Corﬁnium by Caesar, 141 Velleius Paterculus, M., 166, 172, 186, 191 Vipsanius Agrippa, M. (cos. 37, 28, 27 bc), 145 on Cato, 169 Volusius, M. (aed. pl. 43 bc), 81, 82