Mlin in Žaga V Pobrežju, Prestarska Pot Po Črnomlju, Petra Prijanovič

SEMINARSKA NALOGA V OKVIRU PROROGRAMA TURISTIČNI VODNIK TURISTIČNEGA OBMOČJA BELA KRAJINA Udeleženka izobraževanja: Petra Prijanovič Kraj in datum: Črnomelj, 22. 6. 2020 Program Turistični vodnik turističnega območja Bela krajina sofinancirajo Občine Črnomelj, Metlika in Semič. Mill and sawmill Pobrežje near Adlešiči Location in space and time Pobrežje is a village in the southeast of Slovenia in Bela Krajina (White Carniola). It is a karst landscape characterized by shallow karst, as evidenced by the surroundings along the river Kolpa with varied terrain, numerous sinkholes and less fertile soil, where there is a lot of clay that does not retain moisture and is less fertile soil limestone sedimentary base. The village stands along the river Kolpa and doesn’t show its importance and grandeur of the times from the 16th century onwards, when a mighty medieval fortress was built here, already described by Janez Vajkard Valvasor. The coast boasted a medieval fortress built between 1547 and 1558. The castle also had a castle mill and later a sawmill, which is also depicted in Valvasor's depiction. They did not witness major Turkish invasions at this place. The fort had walls with a square and a church, but it never developed into a larger market core in its history. Pobrežje Castle was built by Ivan Lenkovič during his settlement in Carniola, He was the leader of the Vojna Krajina, which had the task of defending against the Turk army. Mills on the River Kolpa The Kolpa River is the border river with Croatia and almost the southernmost point of Bela krajina. Its tributaries were once a very important source of energy, especially in the upper reaches, as in the period from around 1880 to 1980 within the area of the Kolpa Landscape Park the 48 mills operated in the Bela Krajina part of the Kolpa, more than half of them on the Slovenian coast.16 mills are still visible or standing. All objects at water began to decay soon after the First World War, especially the mills, which were mostly small and owned by one or two farms. Larger mills were only in Vinica, in Pobrežje in Krasinec. In the 80's, most of them were left to decay, or the owners expanded on weekends. Only two are protected as cultural monuments of local importance - the mill in Breg near Sinji Vrh and Kuzmin mill and sawmill in Pobrežje. Larger mills were only in Vinica, Pobrežje and Krasinec. In the 80's, the art was left to decay, some were turned into weekend houses by the owners, only two are protected as cultural monuments of local importance, namely the mill in Breg near Sinji Vrh and Kuzmin mill and sawmill in Pobrežje. Today, only two sawmills and three mills operate within the Kolpa Park area from time to time. The mill in Pobrežje with a saw is one of the oldest mills on the river Kolpa. The mill and sawmill stand on the left bank of the Kolpa, below the walls of Pobrežje Castle. The mill stands with a longer side by the river, behind it, downstream stands a sawmill. The mill and sawmill in Pobrežje are an immovable cultural and profane architectural heritage from the first quarter of the 19th century. They are located on the left bank of the river Kolpa, under the walls of the Pobrežje castle. The former stone mill, operating early 19th century, was last converted into a roller mill. For the purpose of showing to various visitors, we can still observe the original way of grinding on a millstone. The saw with a horizontal saw blade is one of the few saws of this kind in Slovenia. As the Kolpa had enough water for most of the year, no more demanding interventions in the riverbed were necessary. There was a low barrier (the local name of the waterfall) made of larger stones diagonally in the direction of the water flow, which drained only a small part of the water through a short canal to the mill wheels. There were 65 of these low barriers on the Kolpa River; on two there were water plants on both banks, and at 19 barriers a sawmill and a mill operated at the same time. The barriers were (were) low, only 1–1.5 m high. The mill was originally a castle. Kuzma from Butoraj, who immigrated as Program Turistični vodnik turističnega območja Bela krajina sofinancirajo Občine Črnomelj, Metlika in Semič. early as 1906, bought the mill and sawmill from the last owner of the Pobrežje castle and estate, Peter Rauch, and the mill was always owned by the castle. The mill had six stones and three water wheels on the lower water before World War II. It was thoroughly renovated after 1957. First, a Francis turbine was installed in the mill, and later in 1965, another roller mill. Now the mill has three different sized stones in addition to the roller mill. Next to the mill stands a sawmill, originally a Venetian one from the end of the 19th century, which in 1942 was converted into a horizontal band saw powered by water. The building has been renovated several times: rebuilt and rebuilt. The largest intervention was carried out in the 60s of last century, when the mill was rebuilt with a residential unit. The building is oriented S-J along the ridges of the roof. Its basement design is typical of construction for the canyon part of the Kolpa valley, where there is a greater possibility of flooding. The interior of the mill and the mill plant have been preserved, which testify to the former mill technology. There are 303 mills throughout Slovenia, which are part of the immovable cultural heritage of Slovenia. Some also have saws. Of special monumental value is the sawmill next to the mill, which is the oldest known horizontal band saw in Dolenjska and Bela krajina and has an important place in the development of water- powered saws. In the project Revitalization of green energy, the concept for the revitalization of buildings was proposed to the owners of the mill only the reconstruction of the mill and sawmill in order to preserve the traditional function of the building in connection with tourism - grinding, sawing and heritage presentation. The mill part is also intended for the installation of a new water wheel, which is the only appropriate technical solution for exploiting the water potential of the Kolpa river on this facility, which is protected as a cultural monument. The preserved water wheel for the saw drive is restored, its traditional function is preserved. Reconstruction of the residential part of the building is proposed, in order to preserve the residence and carry out tourist activities in connection with the recreational use of the river Kolpa in the vicinity of the location. The Kolpa River is also the holder of the prestigious title of European Destination of Excellence (EDEN) in Slovenia for 2010, which is awarded within the European Commission's tenders for the development of sustainable tourism. The Kolpa River is considered one of the warmest, cleanest and most pristine rivers in Slovenia. From a natural point of view, the Kolpa River offers us inviolability, picturesqueness and an invaluable source of inner peace. Part of the river in the area from Stari trg to Dragoši belongs to the protected area within the Kolpa Landscape Park, which is a protected area of national importance. Special protection is provided for 16 natural monuments and 41 cultural monuments along the river and its surroundings. The river is dammed by more than 50 dams resulting from the construction of mills, sawmills and smithies; they are characterized by a stone complex. The Kolpa River is extremely rich in flora and fauna. Many rare, endangered birds have found a home next to it, especially those that are tied to water. Recent research testifies to the integrity of nature, as as many as 37 species of indigenous fish, nests of gray herons and otters have been discovered in the river Kolpa. A beaver also settled on the Kolpa. It is attractive in all seasons; visitors prefer to visit it in the summer months, when it is suitable for swimming, as the water temperature reaches up to 30 C. Program Turistični vodnik turističnega območja Bela krajina sofinancirajo Občine Črnomelj, Metlika in Semič. Mill and saw operation Regardless of the type of water mill, the operation is basically the same. The outer water (mill) wheel takes over the power of the water, which is driven by the lower water, and drives the internal mechanism through a mechanical transmission. This consists of two millstones, one fixed and the other rotating. The grain feed mechanism gradually pours the grain into the space between the stones, where friction occurs and consequently grinding. Regardless of the type of water mill, the operation is basically the same. In the ordinary case, the flour must be sifted to separate the husks, while in the case of the roller this is done automatically. Between the two wars, a turbine was mounted that allowed grinding on three stones simultaneously. The saw was a technically sophisticated mechanism. A separate building just continues to stick to the mill building. A large wooden, double wheel, about 3m in diameter, drives the mechanism inside through straps and is meticulously crafted. Not only does it drive the movement of the sawing mechanism (left and right), but it also ensures the smooth operation of the rails - the even movement of the log when sawing. The water source was strong enough, sometimes too much, so the rotation or the speed was redirected to the rotation of the spare mechanism so that the power was distributed and the sawing was always even and therefore of high quality.

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