Pavlova, I., Gorbunova, Y. /Vol. 8 Núm. 24: 82 - 90/ diciembre 2019 82 Artículo de investigación Linguistic and Cultural Features of the Russian old-timers’ dialects of Yakutia (on material of dictionaries of M.F. Druzhinina) Лингвокультурологические особенности русских старожильческих говоров Якутии (на материале словаря М.Ф. Дружининой) Recibido: 6 de agosto del 2019 Aceptado: 10 de septiembre del 2019 Written by: Irina Petrovna Pavlova37 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3671-7412 https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=402871 Yana Yakovlevna Gorbunova38 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3225-0448 https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1045457 Abstract Аннотация The scientific article studies and analyzes words Научная статья посвящена изучению, анализу of the Russian old-timers’ dialects of Yakutia, слов русских старожильческих говоров whose lexical meaning is associated with their Якутии, лексическое значение которых culture and traditional way of life. The above- связано с культурой и бытом народа. Также mentioned words express culture-bound items данные слова содержат в себе реалии that help survive in the harsh conditions of действительности, которые играют важную northeast Russia. It is relevant to consider word роль в выживании в суровых условиях meanings since modern linguistics has got a северо-востока России. Исследования, second wind and currently examines language посвященные изучению лексических processes with due regard to the culture and значений слов, актуальны, потому что в history of native speakers and dialect users. Such настоящее время лингвистика получила scientific studies show a certain culture from a второе дыхание, рассматривает процессы new perspective and fully reveal the connection языка, связывая с культурой и историей between language and culture. The Russian old- носителей языка, говора. Благодаря таким timers’ dialects of Yakutia contain unique words исследованиям открываются новые взгляды evaluating a person (hardworking/lazy; good- на ту или иную культуру, более углубленно natured/evil; smart/stupid) and denoting hunting рассматриваются проблемы связи языка и methods and means (active/passive; means/tools, культуры. Русские старожильческие говоры components/materials for producing hunting Якутии содержат в себе уникальный tools). The authors of the article have grouped the материал слов с их значением, которые дают obtained data according to the frequency of use. оценку человеку (трудолюбивый / ленивый; This classification reflects the diversity and добродушный / злой; умный / глупый), а richness of the words used by Russian old-timers. также названия способов и средств охоты The vocabulary related to person nominations (активных / пассивных; средств / орудий, and nominations of hunting methods and means составных частей / материала изготовления represents a significant layer in the linguistic орудий охоты). Полученные данные мы world image of Yakutian old-timers. систематизировали в группы по частотности. Классификации отображают разнообразие, богатство значений русских старожильческих слов. Лексика, связанная с 37 Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation 38 Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation Encuentre este artículo en http://www.udla.edu.co/revistas/index.php/amazonia-investiga o www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307 Vol. 8 Núm. 24 / Diciembre 2019 83 Keywords: Russian old-timers’ dialects of номинациями человека и названиями Yakutia, vocabulary, lexical meaning, evaluation, способов и средств охоты, является важным evaluativity, linguistic world image, cultural пластом в языковой картине мира русских linguistics, person nomination, nominations of старожилов Якутии. active and passive methods, nominations of hunting means and tools. Ключевые слова: русские старожильческие говоры Якутии, лексика, лексическое значение, оценка, оценочность, языковая картина мира, лингвокультурология, номинация человека, названия активных и пассивных способов, названия средств и орудий охоты. Introduction This article studies the Russian old-timers’ in relation to human activities and living dialects of Yakutia from a linguistic and cultural conditions. perspective. We have decided to study these dialects because such research is relevant and The semantics of evaluative nominations their development is unique. The Russian old- conceptualize human evaluative knowledge. We timers’ dialects of Yakutia were recorded believe that the lexical meaning of such units throughout the 20th century. In 1958, lecturers reflects this knowledge. Thus, evaluative from the Yakutsk State University under the nominations represent evaluative concepts that guidance of M.F. Druzhinina and N.G. are closely connected with ethnocultural Samsonov began a systematic study of the concepts as a way of reflecting values-based Russian dialects used by old-timers in northeast world image. To systematize the above- Siberia. By the early 20th century, there had been mentioned material, we consider system-forming three locations in Lensky Krai where Russians concepts as elements of an evaluative person retained their identity and language and even nomination (industriousness/laziness, transferred them to local tribes. These locations faith/unbelief, behavior/soul, mind, beauty, etc.). were at the Indigirka River near the village of Evaluation is both a category and a function of Russkoe Ustie, in the lower reaches of the consciousness. While evaluating something, Kolyma River near Nizhnekolymsk and in the people correlate the phenomena they perceive upper reaches of the Lena River (near the town with the existing concepts, categories and of Kirenga) and its tributary – the Kireng. These prototypes. Certain cognitive and linguistic peculiar geographical conditions determined the mechanisms are used for the evaluative peculiar formation of local dialects. Nowadays, categorization of a "person". Cognitive the dialects used by the Russian explorers of the mechanisms are as follows: comparison, past have been preserved only by the older identification, metonymic transfer, association, generation. typification, profiling, correlation with stereotypes, norms, etc. Linguistic means of Scholars from the Department of General representing evaluation are linguistic Linguistics and Rhetoric at the Faculty of mechanisms of evaluative categorization (the Philology of the Ammosov North-Eastern direct nomination of evaluation and the object Federal University continue to study the lexical being evaluated). material of Russian dialects and introduce into scientific circulation the recorded dialectic Values-based world image can be represented as speech included in the card index of the Museum two components: the invariable part (universally of Russian Dialects of Yakutia. significant, expressed through the prism of national culture) and the variable part The relevant aspects in the educational program (conditioned by the change of scientific and of the university present unique dialects from a cultural paradigms). For instance, the evaluative new perspective based on theoretical archetype "them" has been altered, as evidenced achievements of cognitive linguistics, by derogatory nominations for ethnic groups ethnolinguistics and cultural linguistics. ("wogs", "gooks") and types of occupation Conceptual linguistics enables to study dialects ("placemen", "cops"). At the same time, religious Encuentre este artículo en http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307 84 factors of some concepts are generally forgotten From the perspective of motivology, a morpheme (good, light, blessing, purity). Therefore, is regarded as a separate motivational feature. evaluative categorization reveals common, We consider morpheme as a component typical and homogeneous properties, or isomorphic to any word representing some object evaluative features, that combine a culture-bound of reality. item or phenomenon with others. After analyzing person nominations that Conceptualization highlights those evaluative characterize the attitude towards work, we features that are crucial for a person. For decided to describe the everyday life and labor of example, the evaluative categorization of dialect speakers. To survive in harsh northern personal skills and abilities considers such conditions, it is vital to get food. To get food, one conceptually significant features as professional needs certain hunting tools. Therefore, we began competence and unprofessional activity based on to study the nominations of hunting tools. some interest or ability. The evaluative categorization of physiological features is based The practical material was collected by the on external data, state of health, physical method of continuous sampling from M.F. strength, etc. Druzhinina's "Dictionary of the Russian old- timers’ dialects of Yakutia" (1997-2007) in four We should distinguish between evaluative volumes (Druzhinina, 1997a), (Druzhinina, meaning, the evaluative component of meaning 1997b), (Druzhinina, 1997c), (Druzhinina, and evaluative connotation that form evaluative 1997d) denotation. The evaluative meaning of a word reflects not the person's real features but their The research object is the vocabulary of the interpretation. The evaluative component of dialects used by Russian old-timers as a unified meaning is included into a word's semantic system. The research subject is the vocabulary of structure as pragmatic together with a cognitive one denotative sphere, i.e. hunting considered macro-component (for example, "petty thief" – from the viewpoint