Pavlova, I., Gorbunova, Y. /Vol. 8 Núm. 24: 82 - 90/ diciembre 2019 82

Artículo de investigación Linguistic and Cultural Features of the Russian old-timers’ dialects of Yakutia (on material of dictionaries of M.F. Druzhinina)

Лингвокультурологические особенности русских старожильческих говоров Якутии (на материале словаря М.Ф. Дружининой)

Recibido: 6 de agosto del 2019 Aceptado: 10 de septiembre del 2019

Written by: Irina Petrovna Pavlova37 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3671-7412 https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=402871 Yana Yakovlevna Gorbunova38 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3225-0448 https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1045457

Abstract Аннотация

The scientific article studies and analyzes words Научная статья посвящена изучению, анализу of the Russian old-timers’ dialects of Yakutia, слов русских старожильческих говоров whose lexical meaning is associated with their Якутии, лексическое значение которых culture and traditional way of life. The above- связано с культурой и бытом народа. Также mentioned words express culture-bound items данные слова содержат в себе реалии that help survive in the harsh conditions of действительности, которые играют важную northeast . It is relevant to consider word роль в выживании в суровых условиях meanings since modern linguistics has got a северо-востока России. Исследования, second wind and currently examines language посвященные изучению лексических processes with due regard to the culture and значений слов, актуальны, потому что в history of native speakers and dialect users. Such настоящее время лингвистика получила scientific studies show a certain culture from a второе дыхание, рассматривает процессы new perspective and fully reveal the connection языка, связывая с культурой и историей between language and culture. The Russian old- носителей языка, говора. Благодаря таким timers’ dialects of Yakutia contain unique words исследованиям открываются новые взгляды evaluating a person (hardworking/lazy; good- на ту или иную культуру, более углубленно natured/evil; smart/stupid) and denoting hunting рассматриваются проблемы связи языка и methods and means (active/passive; means/tools, культуры. Русские старожильческие говоры components/materials for producing hunting Якутии содержат в себе уникальный tools). The authors of the article have grouped the материал слов с их значением, которые дают obtained data according to the frequency of use. оценку человеку (трудолюбивый / ленивый; This classification reflects the diversity and добродушный / злой; умный / глупый), а richness of the words used by Russian old-timers. также названия способов и средств охоты The vocabulary related to person nominations (активных / пассивных; средств / орудий, and nominations of hunting methods and means составных частей / материала изготовления represents a significant layer in the linguistic орудий охоты). Полученные данные мы world image of Yakutian old-timers. систематизировали в группы по частотности. Классификации отображают разнообразие, богатство значений русских старожильческих слов. Лексика, связанная с

37 Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation 38 Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation

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Keywords: Russian old-timers’ dialects of номинациями человека и названиями Yakutia, vocabulary, lexical meaning, evaluation, способов и средств охоты, является важным evaluativity, linguistic world image, cultural пластом в языковой картине мира русских linguistics, person nomination, nominations of старожилов Якутии. active and passive methods, nominations of hunting means and tools. Ключевые слова: русские старожильческие говоры Якутии, лексика, лексическое значение, оценка, оценочность, языковая картина мира, лингвокультурология, номинация человека, названия активных и пассивных способов, названия средств и орудий охоты.

Introduction

This article studies the Russian old-timers’ in relation to human activities and living dialects of Yakutia from a linguistic and cultural conditions. perspective. We have decided to study these dialects because such research is relevant and The semantics of evaluative nominations their development is unique. The Russian old- conceptualize human evaluative knowledge. We timers’ dialects of Yakutia were recorded believe that the lexical meaning of such units throughout the 20th century. In 1958, lecturers reflects this knowledge. Thus, evaluative from the State University under the nominations represent evaluative concepts that guidance of M.F. Druzhinina and N.G. are closely connected with ethnocultural Samsonov began a systematic study of the concepts as a way of reflecting values-based Russian dialects used by old-timers in northeast world image. To systematize the above- Siberia. By the early 20th century, there had been mentioned material, we consider system-forming three locations in Lensky Krai where Russians concepts as elements of an evaluative person retained their identity and language and even nomination (industriousness/laziness, transferred them to local tribes. These locations faith/unbelief, behavior/soul, mind, beauty, etc.). were at the Indigirka River near the of Evaluation is both a category and a function of Russkoe Ustie, in the lower reaches of the consciousness. While evaluating something, River near and in the people correlate the phenomena they perceive upper reaches of the River (near the town with the existing concepts, categories and of Kirenga) and its tributary – the Kireng. These prototypes. Certain cognitive and linguistic peculiar geographical conditions determined the mechanisms are used for the evaluative peculiar formation of local dialects. Nowadays, categorization of a "person". Cognitive the dialects used by the Russian explorers of the mechanisms are as follows: comparison, past have been preserved only by the older identification, metonymic transfer, association, generation. typification, profiling, correlation with stereotypes, norms, etc. Linguistic means of Scholars from the Department of General representing evaluation are linguistic Linguistics and Rhetoric at the Faculty of mechanisms of evaluative categorization (the Philology of the Ammosov North-Eastern direct nomination of evaluation and the object Federal University continue to study the lexical being evaluated). material of Russian dialects and introduce into scientific circulation the recorded dialectic Values-based world image can be represented as speech included in the card index of the Museum two components: the invariable part (universally of Russian Dialects of Yakutia. significant, expressed through the prism of national culture) and the variable part The relevant aspects in the educational program (conditioned by the change of scientific and of the university present unique dialects from a cultural paradigms). For instance, the evaluative new perspective based on theoretical archetype "them" has been altered, as evidenced achievements of cognitive linguistics, by derogatory nominations for ethnic groups ethnolinguistics and cultural linguistics. ("wogs", "gooks") and types of occupation Conceptual linguistics enables to study dialects ("placemen", "cops"). At the same time, religious

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factors of some concepts are generally forgotten From the perspective of motivology, a morpheme (good, light, blessing, purity). Therefore, is regarded as a separate motivational feature. evaluative categorization reveals common, We consider morpheme as a component typical and homogeneous properties, or isomorphic to any word representing some object evaluative features, that combine a culture-bound of reality. item or phenomenon with others. After analyzing person nominations that Conceptualization highlights those evaluative characterize the attitude towards work, we features that are crucial for a person. For decided to describe the everyday life and labor of example, the evaluative categorization of dialect speakers. To survive in harsh northern personal skills and abilities considers such conditions, it is vital to get food. To get food, one conceptually significant features as professional needs certain hunting tools. Therefore, we began competence and unprofessional activity based on to study the nominations of hunting tools. some interest or ability. The evaluative categorization of physiological features is based The practical material was collected by the on external data, state of health, physical method of continuous sampling from M.F. strength, etc. Druzhinina's "Dictionary of the Russian old- timers’ dialects of Yakutia" (1997-2007) in four We should distinguish between evaluative volumes (Druzhinina, 1997a), (Druzhinina, meaning, the evaluative component of meaning 1997b), (Druzhinina, 1997c), (Druzhinina, and evaluative connotation that form evaluative 1997d) denotation. The evaluative meaning of a word reflects not the person's real features but their The research object is the vocabulary of the interpretation. The evaluative component of dialects used by Russian old-timers as a unified meaning is included into a word's semantic system. The research subject is the vocabulary of structure as pragmatic together with a cognitive one denotative sphere, i.e. hunting considered macro-component (for example, "petty thief" – from the viewpoint of systemic relations, evaluative component – disrespectful; "crook" – nomination, structure and word formation. We evaluative component – disdainful). An also used the methods of description, comparison evaluative connotation selects non-essential but of linguistic facts, analysis and generalization. typical and common evaluative features (Jew – According to N.I. Tolstoy, not only language is "greedy", Ukrainian – "cunning", teacher – dialectic but also culture and folklore. The last "poor", official – "heartless"). two phenomena exist and function exclusively in a dialectic form, i.e. as local and specific local In the process of evaluative conceptualization, a variants (Tolstoy, 1983: 181-190). word acquires evaluative information. We examine its inner form as an informative Results structure that organizes and keeps evaluative knowledge, i.e. records the results of cognitive First of all, we should analyze evaluative person and interpreting human activity, including nominations. All the nominations we had evaluative activity. selected were divided into five semantic dominants: "features of behavior and speech", Methods "character features", "attitude towards labor", "features of appearance and physical state", While analyzing evaluative person nominations, "mental abilities". Within one semantic we used the linguistic-cultural approach to dominant, we determined distinctive features to consider the inner form of a word, including: group the nominations under study.

1) To determine explicit components of One of the most frequent dominants is the the word's inner form; semantic dominant "attitude towards labor". It is 2) To find correlates of these components not surprising because the surrounding harsh (based on the theory of isomorphism); conditions formed the character traits necessary 3) To comprehend the features for survival. To survive, one has to work hard. conceptualized in the inner form of the Consequently, labor is perceived as the norm. word analyzed (based on explanatory The semantic dominant "attitude towards labor" and etymological dictionaries); can be divided into two evaluative groups: 4) To define their status. 1. Responsible attitude towards labor, the conscientious performance of one's

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duties: бравый/bravyi (dashing), (Maslova, 2007, p. 96]. In V.I. Dal's dictionary, гоношливой/gonoshlivoi (busy), на this word has a completely different definition – своем горбу/na svoem gorbu (by the "to tease, make angry, bother" (Vendina, 1998, p. sweat of one's brow), горазд/gorazd 720) but there is the word "zuit" which has a (strong), дельной/delnoi (businesslike), similar lexical meaning – "to fuss about, hustle жварить/zhvarit (to work hard), быть about" (Vendina, 1998, p. 720). It is worth на жизени/byt na zhizeni (to earn one's mentioning that there is also the nomination living), жить в работе/zhit v rabote (to "zuditsya", which is semantically close to the connect one's life with work), жить word "zudit" from V.I. Dal's dictionary. For житьём/zhit zhitem (to live one's life), instance, "ZUDITSYA, -dyus, -dishsya, зудить/zudit (to hustle about), imperfective. Idiomatic meaning. To argue, мантулить/mantulit (to work in harsh quarrel. – Two officers are arguing (zudyatsya) conditions), мастерный/masternui about something / Hangalas District, Sinsk. Why (handy), могучий/moguchii does he nag (zuditsya) and argue with everyone? (powerful), ожигом ходить/ozhigom / Yakutsk, Marha" (Maslova, 2007, p. 96). These khodit (to work one's way through nominations have an idiomatic meaning that something), переталкивать explains the transformation of the above- горшки/peretalkivat gorshki (to do hard mentioned semantics. They conceptualize such and tedious work), положить features as activity, diligence, duration, i.e. a труды/polozhit trudy (to put a lot of responsible attitude towards labor, one's duties. effort into something), etc. 2. Socially condemned attitude towards We paid special attention to those nominations labor, poor performance of professional whose meanings have changed. For example, the duties: трамболить/trambolit (to evaluative adjective "bravyi" in Russian meant twiddle one's thumbs), "dignified, prominent, beautiful; worthy, kind, алырщик/alyrshchik (lazy bones), sound, good" (Vendina, 1998, p. 124). Its inner майданщик/maidanshchik (useless form has already expressed the mode of approval mouth), руки скласть/ruki sklast (to (derived from the French "bravo"). In the Russian rest on oars), etc. old-timers’ dialects of Yakutia, the word marks a positive attitude towards labor, which is In total, we have analyzed 96 lexical units from evidenced by the metatext: "BRAVYI, -aya, -oe. the dictionary of the Russian old-timers’ dialects 1. Friendly /about a person/. – He is a friendly of Yakutia and phraseological dictionary (bravyi) man. Our people are bravyi, they work compiled by M.F. Druzhinina (Druzhinina, well / Lensky District, the village of Vitim /. Our 2013). Some nominations were also found in people are smart, they know how to work / Russian explanatory dictionaries. For example, Olekminsky District, Beryozovka" (Dal, 1881, p. the nomination "gonoshlivoi" is defined as "a 78). The lexical meaning conceptualizes such a practical and economic person" in V.I. Dal's feature as "friendly", while the metalinguistic dictionary (Vendina, 1998, p. 384). The consciousness conceptualizes the feature "hard- dictionary of old-timers' dialects states as working" (they work well; they know how to follows: "GONOSHLIVOI, -aya, -oe. Restless, work). Yakutian old-timers see no difference fussy; Hard-working. – Gonoshlivoi means a between "benevolence" and "industriousness". good host who knows how to do everything, the jack-of-all-trades. He does not sit without work The linguistic consciousness of old-timers since he is always busy / Russkoe Ustie, the considers such human qualities as of Kuzmichevo, Labaznoe, industriousness, diligence and self-sufficiency as Nizhnekolymsk" (Maslova, 2007, p. 19). V.I. values-based orientations. There is a popular Dal's dictionary gives this word not only positive saying: "Even a shot glass will not be served for but also a negative connotation (the concept of free". Cf. "EVEN A SHOT GLASS WILL NOT "economic" contains the meaning of "stingy"). BE SERVED FOR FREE. It is necessary to be However, the dictionary of old-timers' dialects employed and work hard. – Who lives poorly? presents only positive assessment. It is evidenced Those who are too lazy to work live in bad by the following metatext: "gonoshlivoi means a conditions. Even a shot glass will not be served good host who knows how to do everything, the for free. You cannot buy anything without money jack-of-all-trades". In this case, the feature of ()". This example realizes the professional competence is conceptualized. following belief: Everything is achievable through hard work. The proposition is as follows: Let us consider the verbal nomination "zudit" Labor is the person's need and necessity, they that means "to work hard, to hustle about" will not survive without labor.

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The person's attitude towards labor is realized always been associated with laziness in the through verbal evaluative nominations in Russian world image. We believe that the first Russian dialects. For example, "ZHVARIT, -ryu, component -tram- is used to strengthen the -rish, imperfective. 2. To work hard. – If you feature (cf. tram-pam-pam). We also suppose keep working hard (zhvarit) in such a way, we another option. Thus, the Russian linguistic can finish rowing in two or three days / world image considers light labor as laziness. Olekminsky District, Tochilnaya / He works Therefore, the verb is presumably based on the (zhvarit) like crazy to complete the task ahead of verb "trambovat", which means an easy action (to schedule / Hangalas District, Batamai, Sinsk/ trample something). Thus, the verb compares Their team sweat away (zhvarit) at the laziness with idle talk or light labor. In addition, construction site / Yakutsk, Marha " (Maslova, there is such a nomination as "alyra, alyrshchik" 2007, p. 70). The lexical meaning of this verb that confirms this negative attitude. Cf. "ALYRA derived from the old meaning "to beat hard, – ALYRSHCHIK DA. Archaic. Loafer, dodger. pound" (Vendina, 1998, p. 544) based on the – It is the kind of person he is. He never stays in seme "strong" that marks the intensity of this one place for a long time. Today he is here and action. This semantic transfer could be tomorrow you look for him but he is gone. He is influenced by the consonance with the word a real alyra-alyrshchik (loafer), does not want to "zhar" that stands for "hotness, strong desire, work but needs to eat. He is a rogue, alyra strive to do something" (Vendina, 1998, p. 541). (dodger). He does a great job cheating people, The lexical meaning of this verb conceptualizes that is what he can do (Allaikhovsky District, the mode of approval (diligently). The Yurtushka area, Yakut Zhilo)". The archaic metalinguistic consciousness conceptualizes the Russian words "alyra", "alyr", "alyrnik", feature of "intensity". Apparently, this feature "alyrshchik" and "alyrnitsa" stand for a "buffoon, was relevant in the Soviet times when workers magician, deceiver, rogue, swindler, crook, tried to fulfill and overfulfill their plan ahead of loafer, idle, lazy bones, useless mouth and merry- schedule. Here is one of the Soviet slogans: maker". The verb "alyritsya" was used as a "Yesterday it was a record, today it will become synonym "to cackle, mock" (Vendina, 1998, p. a norm". 13). The denotative situation associated with the magician highlighted the seme "deception". It The verb "mantulit" also means "to perform hard gave rise to the meanings "rogue, crook and work, to work in harsh conditions". Cf. "She got maidanshchik" (the one who offers to roll the around, girls, and started working (mantulit) dice or play cards on the maidan) and stressed the once again (Olekminsky District, the villages of semes "deception and festivity". The linguistic Macha, Tochilnaya). They used to work consciousness of old-timers narrowed this (mantulit) all the time (Delgey, Chapayev). It meaning and identified idleness with deception. was difficult and we had to work hard (mantulit), While examining the phraseological units used otherwise we would not have survived by old-timers, we have found some units that ()" (Sidorova, 2006, p. 61). differ from the generally accepted only in their V.I. Dal's dictionary defines the verb as "to lick, grammatical form. For example, RUCHKI eat the remains from the master's table" (Dal, SKLAST. To do nothing; to be lazy. – He has 1880, p. 304). "Mantulnik, mantulnitsa" is a been doing nothing (sklast ruchki) a long time "lickspittle, hanger-on, fawner, lackey, servant at ago and refused to conclude a contract with us the table" (Dal, 1880, p. 304). The Russian (, the village of worldview condemns such human characteristics Cherskii)". The structure of this phraseological as servility and flattery. The conditions when a unit comprises a colloquial form of the verb. Cf. person has to indulge and flatter are regarded as tirelessly (to work like a beaver). harsh ones; therefore, the above-mentioned verb acquires a new lexical meaning. The vocabulary of traditional occupations and crafts plays an important role in the Russian A negative attitude towards labor is criticized in dialects used by old-timers. Hunting is of special the linguistic world image of Russian old-timers. interest among all other crafts and trades typical For instance, "TRAMBOLIT, -lyu, -lish, of Russian old-timers. The language forms some imperfective. Expressive. To lounge. – He is still themed layers of words that have developed due twiddling his thumbs (trambolit), he has not done to certain social and historical reasons. Each anything and is not doing anything now (Lensky lexical layer reflects some aspect of human life District)" (Tolstoy, 1983, p. 88). Perhaps the verb and everyday activity, i.e. hunt vocabulary is a derived from the well-known "baayt". V.I. Dal's part of the national worldview. Language is the dictionary recorded the word "bolyan" ("lyasnik, symbolic storage of social experience gathered krasnobai") (Vendina, 1998, p. 116). Idle talk has by some people. Its units encode the historical

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practice of a particular people, reflect its inner parts of a catch", щеток/shchetok "a stick to world and unique mindset. cover a trap", пади/padi "the constituent part of a trap", целак/tselak "a tripping mechanism in a There are different lexical-semantic groups that trap on fur-bearing animals, a tripping represent the hunt vocabulary used by Yakutian mechanism of a trap", губа пастная/guba old-timers. Each lexical-semantic group pastnaya "one of trap components", ломовая comprises the corresponding subgroups, which пасть/lomovaya past "a trap on fur-bearing can be further classified. This fact indicates a animals", сторожельная палочка/storozhelnaya wide variety of hunt vocabulary, while its palochka "a constituent part of a trap on fur- detailed classification proves the crucial role of bearing animals", etc. these terms for people living in harsh conditions of Arctic Yakutia. The hunt vocabulary used by Nominations of baits: подсов/podsov "a bait, Russian old-timers is characterized by a complex lure for animals and birds", юхала/yukhala structure and lexical-semantic diversity. In this "dried fish as a polar fox bait", едук/eduk "a bait article, we consider the lexical-semantic groups for fur-bearing animals", юхла/yukhla "the same "Nominations of hunting tools and methods" and as dried fish", etc. "Nominations of hunt-related actions": c) The subgroup "Nominations of different a) The subgroup "Nominations of active hunting means and tools": hunting methods" – "Hunting with the use of weapons": разломка/razlomka "a Nominations of knives: батас/batas "a large type of a firearm", hunting knife", пальма/palma "a large knife with серебрянка/serebryanka "an old rifle a wooden handle; spear", lined with silver on the gunstock", переченник/perechennik "a penknife; the same турка/turka "a type of a gun", as perochinka", переченной ножик/perechennoi бердан/berdan "a single-shot Berdan nozhik "a penknife", rifle", двоестволка/dvoestvolka "a двоевострильной/dvoevostrilnoi "a double- double-barreled hunting rifle", edged knife", урох/urokh "a knife with no edge", дуяк/duyak "a type of a firearm, the etc. same as dulyak", дуляк/dulyak "a type of a firearm", etc. Nominations of bows and arrows: рогатка/rogatks "an arrow of a special shape Nominations of rifle components: with a split tip", тамар/tamar "an arrow for a руковетка/rukovetka "a handle", bow", томар/tomar "an arrow for a bow", руковятка/rukovyatka "the same as rukovetka", конечник/konechnik "a tip of a hunting arrow", хвостовка/khvostovka "a shank, the upper верхонка/verkhonka "a part of an arrow thickened portion of a gun", резка/rezka "a connecting its tip with the plumage", thread; foresight", обсечка/obsechka "misfire", ергиш/ergish "a kind of a hunting arrow", накладка/nakladka "an iron plate on a gun-butt", двойнуха/dvoinukha "archaic; a type of a стволина/stvolina "a shotgun barrel", etc. hunting arrow", площадь/ploshchad "a kind of a hunting arrow with an iron tip", b) The subgroup "Nominations of passive костянка/kostyanka "an arrow with a tip made of hunting methods" – "Hunting without bone", etc. the person's presence": пленка/plenka "a snare made of hair for catching birds Nominations of different wooden devices: and small animals", пасть/past "a catch, ратовище/ratovishche "the shaft of a spear, trap for an animal", петля/petlya "a hare hunting knife", ратовье/ratove "a wooden part of trap, snare", плашка/plashka "the same a spear", ботог/botog "a stick, staff", as a chopping block", кулёма/kulema рожон/rozhon "a pointed stake, pole; the same as "a big trap made of chopping blocks, a rozhen", пошатина/poshatina "a stick, staff", bear trap"; плах/plakh "a trap, catch; the биток/bitok "a long stick, pole that marks the same as a chopping block", location of a trap", шомпа/shompa "a stick, кулёмник/kulemnik "the same as a bear hunter's staff", etc. trap", чиркан/chirkan "an ermine trap", etc. The lexical-semantic group "Nominations of hunt-related actions": Nominations of the constituent parts of certain traps: гнеток/gnetok "a falling, pressing part of a a) The subgroup "Nominations of the trap", язычок/yazuchok "one of the constituent animal's actions":

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прикаснуть/prikasnut "to appear, show while subnotions are the names of different guns. up (about a seal)", шарить/sharit "to The generic word of the second subgroup smell, find something by instinct (about "Hunting without the person's presence" is a trap animals)", стадиться/staditsa "to gather and subnotions are expressed by different kinds in a herd", таскать/taskat "to give birth of traps. to cubs (about animals)", царкнуть/tsarknut "to bite, sting (about As a rule, the sequences of cohyponyms are a snake)", авкать/avkat "to roar (about extensive. Hyperonyms are active in all the a bear), крачить/krachit "to croak above-mentioned paradigms. Most hunt-related (about a raven)", зарячкать/zaryachkat lexemes denoting subnotions are included in the "to growl (about a bear)", кикать/kikat active dialectic vocabulary. For instance, the and кыкать/kykat "to make sounds word "trap" is the main one in the paradigm (about a swan)", дрестать/drestat denoting "catching devices", including the (expressive, to run away, hide (about following cohyponyms: morda, berdo, animals)", грызть/gryzt "to lick (about perevyazok, ez and zaezka (nominations of animals)", etc. various types of traps). The most popular semantic relations in the vocabulary under study b) The subgroup "Nominations of person are synonyms and doublets: poshatina – palka – actions": гонять/gonyat "to hunt for posokh – botog – bitog – shompa; primanka – something (about hunting)", podsov – yukhala – eduk; teterya – palnik, etc.; юнуть/yunut "to shoot from a gun", obsechka – osechka; stvolina – stvol; ratovishche охотать/okhotat "to hunt", – ratove, etc. This vocabulary also contains распускаться/raspuskatsya "to be antonyms, including past (a large trap) vs. petlya scared, lost, be afraid", стрелить/strelit (a small trap); palma (a large knife) vs. perechnik "to shoot", пулиться/pulitsya "to run (a penknife). The hunt vocabulary used by fast", промушлять/promushlyat "to Russian old-timers is also characterized by hunt for something", маякать/mayakat variability. These dialects comprise accent, "to give a sign warning about phonemic, structural and word-forming variants. something", краулить/kraulit "to guard, Accent variants are as follows: pelyag – pelyag. watch over", etc. Here are phonemic variants: rukovetka – rukovyatka, bitog – botog; rozhon – rozhen; c) According to the animal hunted for: tomar – tamar; tamarik – tamarchik; yukhala – соболить/sobolit "to hunt for a sable", yukhla. Structural and word-forming variants песцевать/pestsevat "to hunt for a polar include dvustvolnoe ruzhe – dvoestvolka, fox", побелочить/pobelochit "to hunt pushnar – pushnarnya. for a squirrel", оленевать/olenevat "to hunt for deer", лебедовать/lebedovat All the subgroups under consideration have "to catch flocked swans", genus-species relations. In the first and second белочничать/belochnichat "the same as subgroups, the generic word is a method and hunt for squirrels", гусевать/gusevat subnotions are represented by various types of "to hunt for geese", уточить/utochit "to methods. The generic word is a "gun" in the first hunt for ducks", etc. subgroup "Hunting methods with the use of weapons", while subnotions are the names of The lexical-semantic group "Nominations of different guns. The generic word of the second hunting means and methods" is characterized by subgroup "Hunting without the person's different types of systemic relations: genus- presence" is a trap and subnotions are expressed species, variability, doubletness, synonymy and by different kinds of traps. antonymy. Synonymic relations are common to the In this case, a hyperonym is a common Russian following words: ushka – zapadnya – past – one-word nomination. Both single-word and plakh – chirkan – kulema; petlya – silok – plenka; compound nominations act as hyponyms, i.e. palma – ratovishche – drevko kopya; rozhen – designations of specific concepts. All the above- shest – kol; palka – poshatina – posokh – botog – mentioned subgroups have genus-species bitog – shompa; primanka – podsov – yukhala – relations. In the first and second subgroups, the eduk; nozh – batas – palma – urokh – generic word is a method and subnotions are perechennik. represented by various types of methods. The generic word is a "gun" in the first subgroup Antonyms are as follows: past (a big trap); petlya "Hunting methods with the use of weapons", (a small trap).

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Palma is a large knife, while perechennik a 4. -ishch-: ratovishche; pecker is a penknife. 5. -ik-: tamarik; 6. -nik-: konechnik, kulemnik; Doublets: plashka – plakha –plakh; dulyak – 7. -ok-: yazychok, etc. duyak; rukovetka – rukovyatka; khvostovik – khvostovka; obsechka – osechka; stvolina – When we analyze the mechanism of word- stvol; ratovishche – ratove; bitog – botog; rozhon formation we can better understand "what – rozhen; tomar – tamar; tamarik – tamarchik; elements of extralinguistic reality are marked by yukhala-yukhla. means of word-formation, why they are kept in consciousness because the very choice of a Padog, padozhek, m (northern, eastern); batog, particular phenomenon as an object of word- badig, baidig; palka, trost, posokh, dubinka. We formation determines its vital and social need to prepare sticks (padog) to use them on the relevance in the linguistic consciousness of road [Dal]. people" (Vendina, 1998, p. 9). Word-forming tools introduce certain evaluation into lexical Partitive relations (between the whole and its meaning and demonstrate the person's attitude to constituent parts) are also common to the lexical- the above-mentioned phenomenon of reality. semantic group "Nominations of hunting tools and methods". For example, the holonym "ruzhe" We should note that there are certain evaluative (gun) includes a large number of partitives: nominations in the lexical-semantic group руковетка/rukovetka "a handle", "Nominations of hunt-related actions": хвостовка/khvostovka "a shank, the upper дрестать/drestat (expressive, to run away, hide thickened portion of a gun", резка/rezka "a (about animals), пулиться/pulitsya (to run fast), thread; foresight", накладка/nakladka "an iron шарить/sharit (to smell, find something by plate on a gun-butt", стволина/stvolina "a instinct (about animals), стадиться/staditsa (to shotgun barrel". gather in a herd).

Hyper-hyponymic relations correlate with Discussion holopartitive relations and the variability of units. For instance: Evaluative nominations objectify different characteristics of a person and form their image Ruzhe (shotgun) – dvoestvolka, rukovetka, in the minds of native speakers. The analysis of khvostovka, rezka, nakladka, stvolina. the lexical meaning and the inner form of nominations that characterize a person's attitude "We killed a black beast using a double-barrel to labor shows that work plays an important role gun (dvoestvolka). To shoot a bear, you will need in the life of Russian old-timers. Labor is a double-barrel gun. It will not be harmed with a perceived as a need and a means of survival. In handgun" / Lensky District, the village of harsh northern conditions, hunting was Khamra (Dal, 1880, p. 38). widespread among Arctic old-timers as a type of labor activity and was an inseparable part of the "A penknife (perechennoi nozhik) is small and life of both males and females. Hunt vocabulary can be carried in a pocket in a folded form. It is is a fragment of the lexical-semantic system of folding" / Russkoe Ustie, the village of language that represents the linguistic world Yakutskoe zhilie (Dal, 1881, p. 148). image of Russian old-timers. Game- and hunt- related nominations are heterogeneous, i.e. they "We place a special mark near the trap (past) to comprise a large number of lexical and semantic later find it. We hunters do it like that" / the groups, as well as subgroups. The hunt villages of , Osennyi, Labaznoe vocabulary used by Russian old-timers is (Dal, 1881, p. 136). characterized by the following relations: hyper- hyponymic, cohyponymic, variability, Word formation: suffixes are the most common doubletness, synonymy and antonymy. Lexical- word-forming methods within the lexical- semantic groups and subgroups mostly realize semantic group "Nominations of hunting tools hyper-hyponymic (genus-species) relations of and methods", including: units.

1. -k-: razlomka, serebryanka, Conclusion khvostovka, nakladka, plashka; 2. -yan-: serebryanka, kostyanka; The conducted analysis has proved that hunt 3. -in-: stvolina, poshatina; vocabulary and dialects of Russian old-timers is

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a complex and multifunctional system. Many Druzhinina, M.F. (1997d). Slovar russkikh game terms are associated with common words starozhilcheskikh govorov na territorii Yakutii of the above-mentioned sub-dialects as [Dictionary of the Russian old-timers’ dialects of evidenced by numerous examples of synonyms, Yakutia]. Vol. 4: Student's book. Yakutsk: Izd- antonyms and doublets. Paradigmatic relations vo Yakutskogo un-ta, 190. are step-like. Hunt vocabulary includes both Druzhinina, M.F. (2013). Frazeologizmy v dialectal and literary words, which testifies to the starozhilcheskikh russkikh govorakh na territorii connection between the literary language and the Yakutii: materialy dlya frazeologicheskogo dialect. slovarya russkikh govorov [Phraseological units in the Russian old-timers’ dialects of Yakutia: References materials for the phrase book of Russian sub- dialects] / Scientific editor: N.G. Samsonov. Dal, V.I. (1880). Tolkovyi slovar zhivogo Yakutsk: Izdatelskiy dom SVFU, 280. velikorusskogo yazyka [The Maslova, V.A. (2007). Vvedeniye v dictionary]. Vol. 1. Moscow: Izdaniye kognitivnuyu lingvistiku [Introduction to knigoprodavtsa-tipografa M.O. Wolf, 723. cognitive linguistics]: Student's book / The 3rd Dal, V.I. (1881). Tolkovyi slovar zhivogo revised edition. Moscow: Flinta: Nauka, 296. velikorusskogo yazyka [The Russian language Sidorova, T.A. (2006). Lingvisticheskiy dictionary]. Vol. 2. Moscow: Izdaniye podkhod k analizu vnutrenney formy slova knigoprodavtsa-tipografa M.O. Wolf, 807. [Linguistic approach to the analysis of word's Druzhinina, M.F. (1997a). Slovar russkikh inner form]. Pomorskiye chteniya po semiotike starozhilcheskikh govorov na territorii Yakutii kultury. Arkhangelsk: PGU, 306-314. [Dictionary of the Russian old-timers’ dialects of Tolstoy, N.I. (1983). O predmete etnolingvistiki Yakutia]. Vol. 1: Student's book. Yakutsk: Izd- i eye roli v izuchenii yazyka i etnosa. [The vo Yakutskogo un-ta, 138. subject matter of ethnolinguistics and its role in Druzhinina, M.F. (1997b). Slovar russkikh studying language and ethnos]. Arealnyye starozhilcheskikh govorov na territorii Yakutii issledovaniya v yazykoznanii i etnografii (yazyk [Dictionary of the Russian old-timers’ dialects of i etnos). Leningrad: Nauka. Yakutia]. Vol. 2: Student's book. Yakutsk: Izd- Vendina, T.I. (1998). Russkaya yazykovaya vo Yakutskogo un-ta, 118. kartina mira skvoz prizmu slovoobrazovaniya Druzhinina, M.F. (1997c). Slovar russkikh (makrokosm) [The Russian linguistic world starozhilcheskikh govorov na territorii Yakutii image from the perspective of word formation [Dictionary of the Russian old-timers’ dialects of (macrocosm)]. Moscow: Indrik. Yakutia]. Vol. 3: Student's book. Yakutsk: Izd- vo Yakutskogo un-ta, 245.

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