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Le Projet Majeur Africain De La Grande Muraille Verte Concepts Et Mise En Œuvre

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Le Projet Majeur Africain De La Grande Muraille Verte Concepts Et Mise En Œuvre Le projet majeur africain de la Grande Muraille Verte Concepts et mise en œuvre Coordination scientifique Professeur Abdoulaye DIA Docteur Robin DUPONNOIS Ouvrage préfacé par Son Excellence Maître Abdoulaye WADE Président de la République du Sénégal Le projet majeur africain de la Grande Muraille Verte Concepts et mise en œuvre Le projet majeur africain de la Grande Muraille Verte Concepts et mise en œuvre Professeur Abdoulaye DIA Docteur Robin DUPONNOIS IRD INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT Coordination Corinne Lavagne Mise en page Aline Lugand – Gris Souris Maquette de couverture Michelle Saint-Léger Maquette intérieure Pierre Lopez La loi du 1er juillet 1992 (code de la propriété intellectuelle, première partie) n’autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l’article L. 122-5, d’une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans le but d’exemple ou d’illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1er de l’article L. 122-4). Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon passible des peines prévues au titre III de la loi précitée. © IRD, 2010 ISBN : 978-2-7099-1696-7 Sommaire Préface ...................................................................... 9 par Maître Abdoulaye WADE, Président de la République du Sénégal Le Projet Majeur de la Grande Muraille Verte de l’Afrique : contexte, historique, approche stratégique, impacts attendus et gouvernance .......................................... 11 Abdoulaye Dia & Amadou Moctar Niang Partie I Espèces végétales de la Grande Muraille Verte ..................... 29 Grande Muraille Verte : choix des espèces végétales ...................... 31 A.T. Ba Espèces prioritaires et options agroforestières pour la mise en valeur de la Grande Muraille Verte ................................................ 39 M. Larwanou An idea for the selection of species for the Great Green Wall; from the views of plant nutrition and a possible contribution of plant molecular biology ................................................. 53 K. Matsuoka Isohydric and Anisohydric Water Use Considerations in Species Selection for the Great Green Wall of Africa .................. 66 R. Kjelgren Les arbres actinorhiziens de la famille des Casuarinaceae : utilisations et étude de la plasticité racinaire face aux contraintes abiotiques ............................................ 73 V. Hocher, H. Gherbi, S. Svistoonoff, N. Diagne,V.Vayssaire, F. Auguy, J. Bonneau, L. Laplaze, P. Doumas, D. Bogusz & C. Franche Le projet majeur africain de la Grande Muraille Verte Pruning of Acacia salicina trees irrigated with runoff water in arid zones ................................................................ 79 J. E. Ephrath, K. N. Sonko & P.R. Berliner Acacia salicina : espèce candidate par son cycle biologique et sa tolérance au déficit hydrique à l’édification de la Grande Muraille Verte ................................ 93 A. Ferchichi Peuplement sylvo-pastoral de l’espace saharien de la Tunisie méridionale. Perspectives ............................................................... 105 N. Chalbi Propagation de l’Acacia senegal (L) Willd. associant le bouturage horticole et la culture in vitro ....................................................... 113 S. Badji & G. Merlin Les vitrométhodes dans les stratégies de reboisement pour la Grande Muraille Verte ............................................ 129 M. O. Sy La régénération naturelle assistée (RNA) : une opportunité pour reverdir le Sahel et réduire la vulnérabilité des populations rurales ................................................... 151 E. Botoni, M. Larwanou & C. Reij Potential Casuarina species and suitable techniques for the GGW .................................... 163 Z. Chonglu, Z.Yong, C.Yu, C. Zhen, J. Qingbin, K. Pinyopusarerk & C. Franche Gestion et valorisation des ressources microbiennes des sols pour une revégétalisation durable des milieux sahéliens ................ 171 R. Duponnois, M. Hafidi, I. Ndoye, A. Galiana, B. Dreyfus & Y. Prin Keep Africa Covered Trees-based options to combat land degradation in the Sudano Sahel: A contribution to the “Great Green Wall” of the Sahel Program ....... 183 D. Pasternak, A. Nikiema, E. Haglund & J. Ndjeunga The Native Shrubs Philiostigma reticulatum and Guiera senegalensis: The unrecognized Potential to Remediate Degraded Soils and Optimize Productivity of Sahelian Agroecosystems ................. 199 R.P.Dick, M. Sene, M. Diack, M. Khouma, A. Badiane, S. A.N.A Samba, I. Diedhiou, A. Lufafa, E. Dossa, F. Kizito, S. Diedhiou, J. Noller, M. Dragila Le projet majeur africain de la Grande Muraille Verte Partie II Mise en valeur et suivi de la Grande Muraille Verte .............. 215 A Remote Sensing Technique for Monitoring Temporal Dynamics of a Forest Located at a Desert Fringe ................................... 217 A. Karnieli Le couplage de la télédétection et de l’observation locale : outil fondamental pour toutes les étapes de la mise en œuvre de la Grande Muraille Verte ............................................... 227 N. Ben Khatra & M. Briki Geographic Information Science: Monitoring, Mapping, Modeling, and Decision Making for the Great Green Wall Initiative ................ 235 J. Harrington & R. Ndiaye Pérenniser la Grande Muraille Verte par l’occupation adéquate des sols ....................................... 241 R. D. Fall, A. Samoura, I. Deme & A. Dia Partie III Réalisations............................................................ 261 L’analyse des expériences de mise en place de ceintures vertes au niveau du circum-Sahara .............................................. 263 M. Briki & N. Ben Khatra La Grande Muraille Verte : espèces végétales et systèmes de valorisation et de gestion. Cas de la République de Djibouti ......................................... 275 M. M. Moussa Ibrahim, M. A. Doualé Wais, & B. Houssein Ofleh Mise en œuvre du projet Grande Muraille Verte au Mali ................. 289 Direction nationale de la Conservation de la Nature Mise en œuvre du projet Grande Muraille Verte en République Islamique de Mauritanie : tracé, choix des espèces et mise en œuvre de la composante nationale ........................... 297 A. Ould Abdel Fettah et M. Dine Ould Maloud Grande Muraille Verte : approches, types d’aménagement et cadre stratégique d’intervention par la République du Niger ......... 303 H. Mamoudou & M. Abdou La mise en œuvre de la composante nationale Grande Muraille Verte du Sénégal : approches, réalisation et impact ............................ 321 Le projet majeur africain de la Grande Muraille Verte M. Cisse & P.Sarr Mise en œuvre du Projet de la Grande Muraille Verte (GMV) : la Composante Tchadienne ............................................... 331 A. M. Zougoulou & D. Alrari Experience of Acacia operation project: support to food security, poverty alleviation and soil degradation control in the gum and resins producers countries ........................................... 345 M. G. Musa Expérience du Burkina Faso en matière de réalisation de la Muraille Verte. Le projet Front de Terre .................................................. 355 A. Drabo La Grande Muraille Verte : un corridor de suivi de la dynamique d’établissement et des changements d’état de la biodiversité au Sahel ................... 361 B. Sinsin Partie IV Synthèses.............................................................. 375 Végétations sèches des ceintures sahéliennes et soudaniennes du Sénégal à Djibouti ..................................................... 377 R. Spichiger Les champignons mycorhiziens : une composante microbienne majeure dans les processus biologiques régissant la stabilité et la productivité des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux ..................................... 421 R. Duponnois, A. M. Bâ,Y. Prin, E. Baudoin, A. Galiana & B. Dreyfus Préface PAR SON EXCELLENCE MAÎTRE ABDOULAYE WADE Président de la République du Sénégal, Coordonnateur du Volet Environnement du Nouveau Partenariat pour le Développement de l’Afrique NEPAD La désertification ronge inexorablement nos terres arables et nos ressources naturelles. Elle contribue fortement à l’élargissement et à la multiplication des zones endémiques de pauvreté, d’insécurité alimentaire et de flux migratoires. Les impacts sur le dévelop- pement de notre continent engagent toutes les populations africaines et la Communauté internationale à agir ensemble pour s’attaquer frontalement à ce fléau. Désertification, Changements climatiques, Développement constituent les challenges majeurs de ce vingt-et-unième siècle qui nous interpellent tous, et nous Africains en particulier, et contre lesquels nous sommes en ordre par l’Initiative Grande Muraille Verte, ce projet majeur africain. L’initiative d’édification d’un mur de verdure de Dakar à Djibouti, décidée par la Conférence des Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement de la Communauté des États Saharo-Sahéliens et endossée par l’Union Africaine, est née d’une idée de Son Excellence Olusegun OBASANJO, ancien Président de la République Fédérale de Nigeria ; idée que j’ai reprise et conceptualisée sous l’appellation de « Grande Muraille Verte » ou « Great Green Wall ». L’Initiative Grande Muraille Verte témoigne de la ferme volonté et de l’engagement
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