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Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), an Almost Entirely

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Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), an Almost Entirely A review of the Archiceroptera Papp genus complex (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) by Steven Mark Paiero A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Steven Mark Paiero, December, 2017 ABSTRACT: A review of the Archiceroptera Papp genus complex (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) Steven Mark Paiero Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Dr. S.A. Marshall This thesis has two parts. The first part investigates the relationships between the Archiceroptera genus complex and other members of the Limosininae (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae). A focus is placed on the relationships within the larger epandrial process group, which contains Bitheca, Bromeloecia, Pterogramma, Aptilotella, and Robustagramma, along with Archiceroptera, Rudolfina and several previously unplaced species groups. Molecular and morphological data sets provide the first phylogeny of the group, and were used to support the inclusion of several unplaced species groups within Rudolfina and Archiceroptera, while one new genus is described. Pectinosina gen. nov. includes two species: P. prominens (Duda), previously placed in Rudolfina, and P. carro n. sp. The second part of the thesis deals with revisions of Archiceroptera Papp and Rudolfina Roháček. Rudolfina now includes 13 described species, nine of which are newly described here (R. bucki, R. exuberata, R. howdeni, R. megepandria, R. pauca, R. pilosa, R. newtoni, R. remiforma, and R. tumida). Archiceroptera now includes 29 species, of which 27 are newly described here (A. adamas, A. addenda, A. barberi, A. basilia, A. bilobata, A. bisetosus, A. braziliensis, A. brevivilla, A. browni, A. caliga, A. calligraphia, A. cobolorum, A. crenulata, A. curvivilla, A. dolabra, A. llama, A. maniba, A. masoni, A. megacercus, A. megavilla, A. mexicorona, A. mitarakai, A. paracercus, A. pussula, A. ternum, A. triclavus, and A. uncinata). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My wife, partner and best friend, Jordan, for her support and patience throughout my study, especially the last gruelling months. - - - My parents, the rest of my family and many close friends, who supported my passion over the years, along with bringing me or saving countless insects in vials just in case they were of interest! To my advisor, Dr. Stephen Marshall, for (most importantly) sharing his passion of entomology in a field course in 1999 that changed the course of my studies, but also for sharing his immense expertise and experience in Diptera. My committee members, Dr. Gary Umphrey and Dr. Alex Smith, for their input and suggestions during the course of my study. Access to sequence data extracted from material collected by Dr. Smith, obtained with the support of various grants, was important for the molecular examination of the broader EPG clade. The members of my defense committee: Dr. J. Cumming, Dr. J. Fu and Dr. C. Scott-Dupree. Val Levesque-Beaudin, for helping with the BOLD database and access to barcoded material. Dr. Matthias Buck, who was the first person to help me appreciate sphaerocerids and many other Diptera families, during his time at the University of Guelph Insect Collection. Everyone from the lab, past and present, with special thanks to D. Cheung, M. Jackson, and T. Yau. I would like to thank the various individuals and institutions that made material available for my study. A. Newton (FMNH), B. Hubley (ROME), J. Skevington and J. Kits (CNCI), N. Penny (CASC), A. Norrbom (USNM), B. Brown (Zurqui project material) and M. Pollett (MHNM). It is only through the support of these institutions, along with their willingness to make material available to other researchers, that these types of studies can succeed. I would also like to thank A. Brunke (CNCI), Z. Soltes (HMNH) and N. Penny (CASC) for making digital photographs of type specimens available to me. This study was funded by an NSERC Discovery Grant awarded to Dr. S. Marshall, and a PGS-D NSERC grant awarded to myself. NOMENCLATURAL DISCLAIMER: This thesis is not issued for public and permanent scientific record and for purposes of zoological nomenclature. Hence it is not published within the meaning of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition, article 8.2. New names and nomenclatural acts included in this thesis will enter in force only at the time of their publication in the relevant scientific periodicals iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT: ................................................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... iii NOMENCLATURAL DISCLAIMER: ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ - 1 - 1.1 Biology and Natural History of the Archiceroptera genus complex .............................................................. - 2 - 1.2 History of the Archiceroptera genus complex ................................................................................................ - 2 - 1.3 Relationships with other Limosininae ............................................................................................................ - 3 - 1.4 Thesis objectives ............................................................................................................................................ - 3 - CHAPTER 2 - MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................................... - 5 - 2.1 Label Information and Distribution Maps ...................................................................................................... - 5 - 2.2 Depositories of Material Examined ................................................................................................................ - 6 - 2.3 Compound Microscopy Photography and Illustration .................................................................................... - 6 - 2.4 Morphology .................................................................................................................................................... - 7 - 2.5 Figures ............................................................................................................................................................ - 8 - CHAPTER 3 – Relationships OF the Archiceroptera genus complex ................................................................... - 16 - 3.1 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................. - 16 - 3.2 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................... - 20 - 3.3 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................................. - 21 - 3.4 Tables and Figures ....................................................................................................................................... - 25 - CHAPTER 4 - PECTINOSINA, a new neotropical genus of Limosininae (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) .................. - 31 - 4.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ - 31 - 4.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. - 31 - 4.3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................. - 31 - 4.4 Pectinosina gen. nov. .................................................................................................................................... - 33 - 4.4.1 Species Descriptions ............................................................................................................................. - 36 - iv 4.5 Chapter References ...................................................................................................................................... - 46 - 4.6 Pectinosina Figures ...................................................................................................................................... - 48 - CHAPTER 5 – A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roháček (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) ................................ - 54 - 5.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ - 54 - 5.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. - 54 - 5.3 Materials
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