A WORLD REVIEW OF COPROICA RONDANI (DIPTERA; SPHAEROCERIDAE) WITH A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD SPECIES A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by MATTHEW DAVID BERGERON In partial fulfilment of requirements For the degree of Master of Science December, 2009 © Matthew Bergeron, 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-58389-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-58389-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. •+• Canada ABSTRACT A WORLD REVIEW OF COPROICA RONDANI (DIPTERA; SPHAEROCERIDAE) WITH A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD SPECIES Matthew David Bergeron Advisor: University of Guelph, 2009 Professor S.A. Marshall Coproica Rondani, 1861 (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) is here redefined and the New World species revised on the basis of over 16,000 examined specimens. The genus is divides into three major clades. Eight new species (C bifurcata, C. bispatha, C. brachystyla, C. diabolica, C. emarginata, C. galapagos, C. novacula, and C. testudined) are described from the New World, and redescriptions are provided for 16 additional species. Included are two keys (one for the New World species and another to cover all species), reviews of all species in the genus, expanded New World distribution records, and illustrations of male and female genitalic structures. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Natural History of Coproica (Biology and Behaviour) 3 Materials and Methods 7 Sources of Material 7 Specimens Examined 9 Adult Morphological Characters and Terminology 11 Measurements and Ratios 12 Phylogenetic Approach 13 Phylogeny 15 Phylogeny of Coproica 15 List of Characters 20 Discussion 24 Taxonomy 28 Discussion of Generic Nomenclature 28 Generic Diagnosis 30 Generic Description 32 Key to New World Species 37 Key to World Species 41 Species Accounts 48 Coproica acutangula (Zetterstedt, 1847) 48 Coproica albiseta Papp, 2008 56 Coproica aliena Papp, 2008 56 Coproica bifurcata sp. nov 57 Coproica bispatha sp. nov 60 Coproica bispinosa Papp, 2008 64 Coproica brachystyla sp.nov 65 Coproica brevivenosa Papp, 2008 69 Coproica cacti (Richards, 1960) 70 Coproica coreanaFapp, 1979 72 Coproica demeteri Papp, 2008 75 Coproica dentataPapp, 1979 76 Coproica diabolica sp. nov 78 Coproica digitata (Duda, 1918) 83 Coproica emarginata sp. nov 86 Coproica ferruginata (Stenhammer, 1855) 91 Coproicaflavifacies Papp, 2008 98 Coproica galapagos sp. nov 99 Coproica ghanensis Papp, 1979 101 Coproica hirticula Collin, 1956 102 i Coproica hirtula (Rondani, 1880) 109 Coproica hirtuloidea (Duda, 1925) 114 Coproica insulaepasqualis Enderlein, 1938 120 Coproica lacteipennis Hayashi, 2005 120 Coproica lugubris (Haliday, 1835) 121 Coproica microps Papp, 2008 124 Coproica mitchelli (Malloch, 1913) 125 Coproica novacula sp. nov 131 Coproicapappi Carles-Tolra, 1990 134 Coproicaperlugubris Papp, 2008 136 Coproicapseudolacteipennis Papp, 2008 136 Coproicapusio (Zetterstedt, 1847) 137 Coproica rohaceki Carles-Tolra, 1990 140 Coproica rufifrons Hayashi, 1991 143 Coproica ruwenzoriensis (Vanschuytbroeck, 1950) 147 Coproica saprophaga Papp, 2008 147 Coproica serra (Richards, 1938) 148 Coproica setulosa (Duda, 1929) 150 Coproica testudinea sp. nov 154 Coproica thaii Papp, 2008 157 Coproica unispinosa Papp, 2008 157 Coproica urbana (Richards, 1960) 158 Coproica vagans (Haliday, 1833) 166 Works Cited 171 Matrix (Tables) 176 Figures 178 n List of Tables Table 1: Character state matrix (characters 1 -25) 176 Table 2: Character state matrix (characters 26 - 50) 177 111 List of Figures Figurel: Phylogeny 178 Figure 2: Jacknife supports 179 Figure 3: Bootsrap supports 179 Figure 4: Bremer supports 179 Figure 5: Coproica acutangula left lateral 180 Figure 6: Coproica acutangula scutellum 180 Figure 7: Coproica acutangula head, dorsal 181 Figure 8: Coproica diabolica katepisternum 181 Figure 9: Coproica ferruginata katepisternum 181 Figure 10: Coproica novacula katepisternum 182 Figure 11: Coproica setulosa katepisternum 182 Figure 12: Coproica rufifrons katepisternum 182 Figure 13: Coproica vagans katepisternum 182 Figure 14: Coproica acutangula fore basitarsus 183 Figure 15: Coproica acutangula hind basitarsus 183 Figure 16: Coproica acutangula mid tibia, dorsal 183 Figure 17: Coproica bifurcata mid tibia, dorsal 183 Figure 18: Coproica ferruginata mid tibia, dorsal 183 Figure 19: Coproica lugubris mid tibia, dorsal 183 Figure 20: Coproica rufifrons mid tibia, dorsal 183 Figure 21: Coproica bifurcata mid basitarsus, ventral 184 Figure 22: Coproica brachystyla mid basitarsus, ventral 184 Figure 23: Coproica hirticula mid basitarsus, ventral 184 Figure 24: Coproica lugubris mid basitarsus, ventral 184 Figure 25: Coproica mitchelli mid basitarsus, ventral 184 Figure 26: Coproica novacula mid basitarsus, ventral 184 Figure 27: Coproica rufifrons mid basitarsus, ventral 184 Figure 28: Coproica setulosa mid basitarsus, ventral 184 Figure 29: Coproica acutangula male left wing 185 Figure 30: Coproica acutangula female left wing 185 Figure 31: Coproica acutangula epandrium, posterior 186 Figure 32: Coproica acutangula epandrium, left lateral 186 Figure 33: Coproica acutangula aedeagus and associated structures 187 Figure 34: Coproica acutangula sternite 5 and synsternite 6+7 ...187 Figure 35: Coproica acutangula left postgonite 187 Figure 36: Coproica acutangula female terminalia, dorsal ; 188 Figure 37: Coproica acutangula female terminalia, left lateral 188 Figure 38: Coproica acutangula female terminalia, ventral 188 Figure 39: Coproica acutangula female sternite 8 188 Figure 40: Coproica acutangula spermathecae 188 Figure 41: Coproica bifurcata male left wing 189 Figure 42: Coproica bifurcata epandrium, left lateral 189 Figure 43: Coproica bifurcata epandrium, posterior 189 Figure 44: Coproica bifurcata left postgonite 190 IV Figure 45: Coproica bifurcata right postgonite 190 Figure 46: Coproica bifurcata aedeagus and associated structures 190 Figure 47: Coproica bifurcata sternite 5 and synsteraite 6+7 190 Figure 48: Coproica bifurcata female terminalia, dorsal 191 Figure 49: Coproica bifurcata female terminalia, ventral 191 Figure 50: Coproica bifurcata female terminalia, left lateral 191 Figure 51: Coproica bifurcata female sternite 8 191 Figure 52: Coproica bifurcata spermathecae 191 Figure 53: Coproica bispatha male left wing 192 Figure 54: Coproica bispatha epandrium, left lateral 192 Figure 55: Coproica bispatha epandrium, posterior 192 Figure 56: Coproica bispatha left postgonite 193 Figure 57: Coproica bispatha right postgonite 193 Figure 58: Coproica bispatha aedeagus and associated structures 193 Figure 59: Coproica bispatha sternite 5 and synsternite 6+7 193 Figure 60: Coproica bispatha female terminalia, left lateral 194 Figure 61: Coproica bispatha female terminalia, dorsal 194 Figure 62: Coproica bispatha female terminalia, ventral 194 Figure 63: Coproica bispatha spermathecae 194 Figure 64: Coproica bispatha female sternite 8 194 Figure 65: Coproica brachystyla male left wing, dorsal 195 Figure 66: Coproica brachystyla epandrium, left lateral 195 Figure 67: Coproica brachystyla epandrium, posterior 195 Figure 68: Coproica brachystyla left postgonite 196 Figure 69: Coproica brachystyla right postgonite 196 Figure 70: Coproica brachystyla aedeagus and associated structures 196 Figure 71: Coproica brachystyla sternite 5 and synsternite 6+7 196 Figure 72: Coproica brachystyla female terminalia, dorsal 197 Figure 73: Coproica brachystyla female terminalia, ventral 197 Figure 74: Coproica brachystyla female terminalia, left lateral 197 Figure 75: Coproica brachystyla female sternite 8 197 Figure 76: Coproica brachystyla spermathecae 197 Figure 77: Coproica cacti male left wing 198 Figure 78: Coproica coreana male left wing 198 Figure 79: Coproica coreana