Index

Aarhus Convention 5, 185, 368, 370, 375, 387, 499, Fund see AF 508–15, 517, 531–4, 536, 544–7, 558, 560, 562, funding 95, 97–8, 100–1 577–8 policies 97 Aarhus Convention Kiev Protocol on Pollutant projects 92, 99–100, 103 Release and Transfer Registers 528, 517 technologies 92–3, 101–2, 104, 106–7, 109, 111 Aarhus Convention Secretariat 531, 533 climate change 90, 112–115 abatement costs 70, 192, 294 additionality 84, 90, 151, 288, 294–5, 303, 309, 311 marginal 150 adverse effects 108–9, 145, 322, 355, 395, 428, abatement technologies 80, 574 450–1, 474, 491, 506, 548–9 state-of-the-art 69 significant 279, 497, 500, 503, 551 Abbott 77, 85, 87, 108, 112 Advisory Opinion 18, 40, 60, 207 ABNE (African Biosafety Network of AECC 399, 416 Expertise) 106, 112 Aegean Sea Continental Shelf case 44 acceding countries 4 AEI (average exposure indicator) 402–4 access AF (Adaptation Fund) 97–101, 111–12, 115, 153, 194 active 512–13, 577 AFNOR (Association Fran¸caise de direct 98, 100 Normalisation) 477, 487 passive 513 African Biosafety Network of Expertise rights of 28 (ABNE) 106, 112 Access to Information 185, 509, 562 African countries 104, 365 Directive 510, 516 agencies request 577 environmental 300, 409, 574 Access to Justice in Environmental Matters 185, food standards 462 499, 509, 533, 536, 562 agglomerations 355–6, 396, 400–1, 406, 408–9 Directive 391, 511, 516 agreement accountability, corporate environmental 544 multilateral 16, 83, 149, 526 Accreditation and Quality Assurancehttp://www.pbookshop.com 487 negotiated 172, 175, 182–3, 185, 192, 299 ACE (Association of Consulting Engineers) 12 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade 443, 464 acetone 583 agriculture 7, 23, 25–6, 92, 100, 102, 106, 108, Act 26–7, 29, 175–80, 229–30, 234–7, 239, 359, 111–12, 114, 162, 168, 174, 292, 447–8 395, 405, 410, 446, 492, 497, 541, 548 air 13–14, 27, 29–30, 258–9, 271, 326, 336, 343–4, action COPYRIGHTED372–4, MATERIAL 382, 411–12, 528–9, 548–51, 583–4, civil 421, 427, 572–3 587–8 remedial 267, 275, 277, 424, 426, 568, 574 ambient 396, 402, 406, 417 Action Plan on Climate Change and polluted 395, 549 Development 96 emission standards 394 actors, non-state 561–2, 565 pollutants 396, 400, 587 adaptation 4, 44, 75, 83–4, 92–8, 100–4, 107–15, pollution 28, 42, 58, 163, 322, 372, 394–7, 400, 141, 143–4, 147, 153, 155, 157–8, 161–2, 244 402–3, 405, 408, 435, 587–8 Framework 158 local 289, 505

Environmental and Energy Law, First Edition. Edited by Karen E. Makuch and Ricardo Pereira. Ó 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 592 Index

Air Pollution making 476, 478, 481 Industrial Permitting 587 Annex II 42–3, 45–8, 143, 222, 277, 334, 391, 474, Directive 372 500, 521, 527 legislation 416 countries 143 Air Quality 9, 25, 66, 393–4, 396–7, 399, 406–8, parties 144 416–17, 502, 584 projects 500 action plan (AQAP) 408 Annex III 45, 49–51, 222, 335, 382, 521 guidelines 394–5, 416 provisions of 528 Management Area (AQMA) 408 criteria 49–50 ambient 391, 396, 399–400, 404–5, 408, Directive 165, 276, 326 416–417, 587 Annex VI Regulation 526 assessment of 396, 400, 404, 416–417, 467 Annex VII 375, 381, 388, 526 controls 587 Annex VII Regulation 526 plans 400–2, 404, 408 AOD (Argon oxygen decarburisation) 585–6 regulations 393, 408, 416, 582 APC (atmospheric pollution control) 334, 344 Standards Regulations 407–8, 417, 584 approach standards 81, 394, 396, 406–7, 409, 416, 467 combined 348, 470 Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62/EC 394, life-cycle 449, 451 396, 400, 404, 406–7, 435, 467 prescriptive 232 revised 396, 399, 408 top-down 157, 396–7 Guidelines see AQGs aquifers, saline 258, 260, 266, 271, 286 Guidelines for Particulate Matter 417 Arab countries 122 limit values 396, 402, 416 arbitration 200, 242, 244, 252, 301, 304, 308 management and pollution control 312–319, arbitrators 244, 252 321–329, 331–341, 370, 372, 374, 376, 378, 380, Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act 359 382, 384, 386, 388, 390, 392, 394, 396, 398 areas management Area (AQMA) 408 catchment 46, 527 Air Quality Strategy (AQS) 28, 193, 405–7, 409, 417 maritime 222, 525 in England and Wales 28, 407–408 Argentina 9, 42, 60, 212–13, 242, 460, 562 air transport 160, 187 Argon oxygen decarburisation (AOD) 585–6 See aviation asbestos 323, 331, 421, 583 Aker 106, 112 ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) 12 Alberts 83, 87 Assessment 4, 9, 15, 38–9, 140–1, 328, 400, 408–11, Alert threshold 396, 401, 403–4 421, 449–50, 453, 492, 496–9, 526–7, 539–40 allocation 21, 166, 168–9, 178, 340–1 life cycle 269, 321, 394 guiding intersectoral resource 69 Management of Environmental Noise methodology 164, 168 http://www.pbookshop.comDirective 392 emissions allowances 516 Environmental Indicator Data Quality 559 allocation requirements 165 Environmental Indicator Data Quality in GRI allowances 133, 150, 163–9, 178–9, 260, 278, 280, Sustainability Reporting 559 340–1, 344 systems 469, 471 over-allocation of 164–5, 194 thresholds 400, 408 supplement 341 associated energy-intensive products 146 surrender of 275, 277, 279, 281 Association for Emissions Control 416 total 168, 341 Association Fran¸caise de Normalisation American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 12 (AFNOR) 477, 487 ammonia 54, 397, 409, 421, 583 Association of Consulting Engineers (ACE) 12 AMPS (Analysis and Monitoring of Priority Association of Small Island States (AOSIS) 154 Substances) 473 atmosphere 14–15, 95, 111, 141–3, 146–7, 162, 189, analysis, chemical 476, 487 230, 258–60, 263–4, 267, 271, 315, 327, 548–9 Analysis and Monitoring of Priority Substances atmospheric pollution control (APC) 334, 344 (AMPS) 473 Australia 66, 85, 100, 149, 214, 232, 268, 272–3, Analytical measurements 476–7, 479, 486 281, 283, 286–7, 311, 443–7, 458–9, 464 Chemistry 364–5, 487–8 Australia/Oceania States 204 Index 593

Austria 20, 128, 161, 330, 371, 521, 572–3 BEPs (best environmental practice) 43, 45–9, 55, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals 450–1, 58–9 463 Berkeley regulations 458 authorities Berlin 89–90, 147–8, 153, 577 competent environmental 531 Bernauer 447, 461 waste collection 340 BERR (Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Auto-Oil Directives 398 Reform) 130–1, 136, 138, 140, 174, 188, 191, available information, best 518 464 available techniques 50, 376, 527 best available Aviation techniques see BATs Directive 160, 169 technology 42–3, 45–8, 55, 58–9, 67, 322, 376 emissions 169, 176 Best Environmental Practice 43, 45–8, 58–9 sector 160, 169, 187 best practicable environmental option (BPEO) 394 Better Regulation Task Force (BRTF) 461 Bali 153, 155 Bill 26, 130, 175–6, 538, 573 Road Map 153–154; 194 binding 16, 18–19, 37–8, 41–2, 45, 54–5, 128, 147, Baltic Sea Area 45–7, 57, 523, 526 156–7, 172–4, 194–5, 202–3, 402–3, 509, 517 Bamako Convention 43, 57 agreement 110, 157, 213 Bangladesh 94, 115 commitments 156–7 banks mitigation targets 155–6 international development 301 obligations 17, 156, 301 multilateral development 144 rules, general 377, 383–4 Barazini 80, 88 targets, set countries 289 Barcelona 156, 523 biocides 452 Convention Concerning Co-Operation in biodegradable waste 325–7, 342, 344 Combating Pollution 524 fraction 327 Barnsley Local Development Framework Background municipal (BMW) 327, 329, 340 Paper 590 Biodiversity Convention 105–6 Bartick 68–9, 73 biofuels 127–9, 139, 162, 167, 263, 269, 319 Barton 83, 88, 223 EU Directive 128 Barwick 465, 477, 481–2, 487–8 biomass 128, 135–6, 174, 189, 263–4, 268, 291, 334, Basel Convention 43, 57, 321–3, 434, 566 581–2 baseline 150–1, 169, 173, 175, 177, 214–15, 217, dedicated regular 136 320, 500 biotechnology 104–5, 447–8, 462–3 information 497 regulation of 440, 446, 448, 461 report 375–6, 379, 385 companies 106 BAT http://www.pbookshop.comtechniques 448 monitoring of waste 382 BIPM (Bureau International des Poids conclusions 50–2, 370, 375–6, 381–5 et Mesures) 479, 485 Reference Documents 43, 50–1, 53, 375–6, 386 Birnie 8, 18–19, 30, 39, 41, 55, 143–5, 170, 200, BATAELs 376, 384–5 223, 563–4, 576 Bathing Water Directive 355 Bishop 210–11, 213, 223 new 355 Black Sea Convention 43, 57 BATs (best available techniques) 37–9, 41–5, Blanco 61, 65–6, 70, 73, 223 47–57, 59, 64, 115, 222, 329, 369–70, 372–6, Bloomberg 79, 88 378, 380–6, 388–9, 397, 586–8 Blyth Valley Development Control Policies determination of 49, 53, 373 DPD 495 Bauer 449, 461 bodies 6, 20, 29, 45, 49, 81, 120, 131, 216, 236–7, Bavishi 156–7, 170 294, 298, 305, 404, 546 Belgium 20, 122, 202, 323, 351–2, 371, 571–3 boilers, kW woodchip 582 Bell and McGillivray 13, 315, 327, 339–40, 427, Bolivia 98, 102–3, 114 491, 493, 500, 505 Bone 430, 433 benefits, environmental 342 Bonn 89–90, 114, 148, 156, 363 benzene 349, 360, 396, 406–7, 412, 429, 583 border tax adjustments 80–81, 144 594 Index borehole 272 interests 71, 556 Bosch 89, 114 location 68–70, 73, 116 bottlenecks 125–6 premises 410, 413 bottom ash 334–5, 343–4 Review 537, 540–1, 560 boundaries, maritime 217, 253 sector 174, 178, 399 Bowman 440, 442–3, 447–8, 461 energy use 177, 193 Boyle 30, 40, 55–7, 170, 223, 576 company’s 535, 537, 540–1, 558 Boysen 553, 559 BP 556, 565 cadmium 221, 331–3, 337, 349, 360, 396, 406, Exploration Co 242 429, 480 BPEO (best practicable environmental option) 394 calibration 477, 479–80, 482 Braithwaite 574, 576 California 66, 69, 81, 557, 560 Brazil 18, 155, 158, 160, 212–13, 293, 576 California Air Resources Board (CARB) 81 BRE see Building Research establishment Cambridge Water Co 427 BREEAM 498 Canada 17, 31, 60, 89, 143, 156, 204, 214, BREF 43, 45, 51–5, 58, 369–71, 373, 376, 380–1, 265, 272–3, 276, 281, 283–4, 286–7, 311, 383–5, 388, 391, 435, 586–7 458–60 Documents 48–9 Canada Shipping Act and Dominion Water Power Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Act 359 Treatment 53, 58 Canadian Environmental Protection Act 14, 359 relevant 379–80, 387, 390 Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE) 12 Breggin 454, 458, 461 Cancun Brinsmead 211–12, 223 Adaptation Framework 158 British Government 179, 573 Agreements 157–8, 194 British Waterworks Clauses Act 12 candidate countries bromate 361, 425 particular 4 bromide 425 potential 468 BRTF (Better Regulation Task Force) 461 Cannady 85–8 Brundlandt Canziani 113 Report 15, 18, 38, 55, 60 cap-and-trade schemes 67, 160, 162, 176, 289 Commission 146 capacity 6, 47, 77, 87, 95, 102, 106, 112–13, 148, Brussels 113, 115, 170, 344 265–6, 273, 364, 374–5, 520, 564 Building Research establishment (BRE) 133, nominal 336 320–1, 344, 494, 498 building 76, 84, 100, 111, 141, 153, 155, 157, 301 Buildings 13, 19, 66, 95–7, 119–20, 124–7, 132–3, -building projects 204 138–40, 174–5, 185–6, 189–90, 410–11, 493–5, -building support 154–5 498, 548–9 http://www.pbookshop.comCAPPCCO (Chinese advanced power plant carbon energy performance of 125–7, 139 capture options) 268 new 127, 132–3, 175, 410, 494 Captured carbon dioxide 258–60, 263–264, 265–6, zero-energy 127 271, 283 Directive 132, 175, 190 CARB (California Air Resources Board) 81 Burden Sharing Agreement 161, 173, 194 carbon 15, 81, 88, 110, 123, 137, 162, 257–8, 261, Bureau 56 263–4, 268, 270–2, 283, 285–6, 585 Bureau International des Poids et Mesures zero 133, 190 (BIPM) 479, 485 budgets 130–1, 175, 177, 195 Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform see finance 294 BERR leakage 69, 81, 169, 171, 194, 311 Business and Environment Special Report 74 monoxide 67, 264, 271, 396, 407, 412 Business and Society Programme Paper Number 74 price 76–7, 164, 278 business 23–5, 61–3, 65–8, 70–1, 74, 131, 138, 174, savings 134, 183 179–81, 183–4, 338–9, 538–9, 541–3, 550, taxation 67–8, 80, 178–9, 88, 90, 133 557–9 credits 165, 290, 301–2, 550 competitiveness 61, 65, 70–1, 73, 115 dioxide 120–1, 148, 172, 174, 258, 260–8, 271, corporate responsibility 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73 283, 327, 334, 420 Index 595

emission of (see carbon dioxide emissions) CCAs, performance of 183 flue gas of 271 CCC (Climate Change Committee) 173, 175–6, 178 Carbon Capture and Storage 15, 110, 167, 190, Advice 176 257–8, 260–6, 269–70, 272–5, 277, 279–87, CCL (Climate Change Levy) 68, 80, 172, 179–86, 311, 388 192–3, 195, 583 costs of 266, 280 CCS Directive 272–5, 276–7, 279–80, 282, 284–6, post combustion 261 311 post-combustion 261 delegates 276 pre-combustion 261 enforcement date 284 liability 270–1, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 285, requirements 276 287 storage site operators 283 technologies 257, 259, 261, 263, 265, 267–8, 269, CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) 84, 88, 90, 270–3, 284, 286–7, 311 98, 150–1, 255, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268, plants 167, 260, 262–3, 311 288–95, 301–5, 309–11 projects 266, 268, 273, 283–4 contract design 302 regulation 281–3 contract standardisation 302, 304 storage sites in Europe 273 contracts 288, 296, 301, 304, 309 systems 258, 260 credits 84 Demonstration Project Network 282 Executive Board 296 demonstration projects 273, 311 -funded renewable energy projects 290 development 285, 287 host countries 301 Directive (see CCS Directive) Renewable project contracts 288, 299, 303 carbon dioxide emissions 63–4, 80–1, 110, 121, investments 309 173, 179, 182, 189, 191, 260, 262, 311, 320, 327, parties 301 377, 550, 582 projects 84, 98, 150–1, 155, 290, 293–7, atmospheric 263 301–5, 311 negative 263, 268 CDM/JI credits 165, 168 control anthropogenic 257 CEA (cost-effectiveness analysis) 351 estimated 189 CECA (Civil Engineering Contractors reduction 80, 110, 120, 130, 134, 179, 181, 190, Association) 12 191, 193 Cedex 90, 560 storage 266–7, 280 CELEX 139–40, 417, 533 trading schemes 66 cellulose acetate 583 Carbon Disclosure Project 64, 73, 542, 559 Cellulose Acetate Production 583 Carbon Emissions Reduction Target see CERT central Government level 173 Carbon Trust (CT) 85, 88, 173, 180, 185 centre, regional 524 Carbon Trust Standard (CTS)http://www.pbookshop.com 179 CERs (certified emission reductions) 98, 151, 289, carcinogenic 264, 326, 334, 361, 451 291–4, 296–7, 302–3, 309 carrier, licensedwaste 432 annual 290–1 Cartagena Protocol 105–6, 563, 576–7 issued 292, 303 CAS numbers 520, 529 CERT (Carbon Emissions Reduction Target) 133–4, Case Studies 139–40, 188, 191 Climate Change Adaptation 113 Certified Emission Reduction 98, 289, 294 Environmental Law implementation 579, 582, Certified Reference Material (CRM) 477, 480, 483 584, 586, 588, 590 CFCs 86 Agricultural Adaptation 113, 115 CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 411 Cathode Ray Tube 185, 331 CGIAR (Consultative Group on International CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) 18, Agricultural Research) 108 39–40, 57, 105, 110, 112, 142, 152, 563, 577 Chadwick 506–7 CCA Regulations 182–3 Chandani 98, 112 CCA scheme 185 change, legislative 135, 589 CCA targets 184 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of CCAs (Climate Change Agreements) 133, 172, States 202 181–5, 195, 364 Chartered Institute for Environmental Health 429 596 Index

Chartered Institute for Environmental Health and stabilization 244 Land Quality Management 429, 433 take-or-pay 244 Chatham House 82, 88, 90, 461 CLCS (Commission on the Limits of the Continental Chaudhry 444, 453, 461 Shelf) 215–16 Chemical 5, 13, 25, 360–1, 444–6, 448–54, 458, CLEA (Contaminated Land Exposure 460, 462–4, 472–4, 482, 484–6, 514–15, 520, Assessment) 429 583–5 CLEA Model 429, 434 measurement 480–1, 488 clean air 24, 29, 345, 407, 582, 587 products 8, 54 US Act 405, 410–11 status 347–8, 352, 470, 472 Clean Development 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, substances 445, 449–51, 584 302, 304, 306, 308, 310 waste 221 climate change 159 toxic 66 Clean Development Mechanism inorganic 54, 360 see CDM new 443–6 Clean Technologies 5, 75–7, 82, 87, 146, 168, 255, Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) 6 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268, 272, 294 Chief Scientific Committee (CSAC) 6 developing-country-orientated 87 chimney height, required 411 making 76 chimney stack 393, 405, 410–11, 414–15 Clean Technology Fund (CTF) 84, 100 China 79, 84–6, 88, 104, 121, 123, 155, 158–60, Clean Technology Transfer 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 217, 257, 260, 268, 293, 301, 310 87, 89, 91, 116 Chinese advanced power plant carbon capture options cleaner production 461–2, 520–1, 533 (CAPPCCO) 268 Clift 446, 462 CHIP 451 climate change 4, 30–1, 75–7, 83–7, 89–97, 99–104, CHP 136 106–16, 120–1, 139–47, 153–5, 158–9, 170, Christoforou 6, 30 175–6, 192–5, 543, 548–9 chromium 331, 337, 360, 585 addressing 93, 126, 142, 192 hexavalent 332–3 adverse effects of 98, 146 Churchill 213, 215, 223 agriculture 114 CIFs (Climate Investment Funds) 84, 101 anthropogenic 278 CIMAH (Control of Industrial Major Accident agenda 159 Hazard) 232 combating 144 CIS (Common Implementation Strategy) 365, 469 curbing 131 Civil Aviation Act 187 current 100 Civil Engineering Contractors Association dangerous 7 (CECA) 12 effects of 93, 95, 111, 141, 143, 544, 548–9 civil engineers 5, 11–12, 503http://www.pbookshop.comemissions trading 171, 193 civil law countries 536 integration of 97 civil liability 220, 428, 563–4, 568, 572 international 301 Convention (Oil Pollution) 220, 564 mitigate 6, 10, 88, 144, 146–147, 153, 170, 280 Directive 568, 572 finance 157 penalties 573–4 governance 192 claim 82, 151, 200, 203, 205, 208, 213, 215, 246, impacts 101, 266, 364 285, 413, 427, 443, 556–7, 572 in Africa 112 civil 568, 572 in Bolivia 114 higher emission reduction 151 in Europe 95 protecting legitimate land 208 initiatives 192, 541 compensation 571–2 investments 96 claimant 427, 536–7, 556 impacts 102, 112 Clark 537–9, 541, 548, 559 negotiations 83 Class 349, 424 package 167 class actions 572 policy 88–90, 95, 113–14, 163, 173 clause prevention 281 stabilisation 244 regime 57 Index 597

regulation 141 Climate Change Technology Innovation Strategy 86 remediation 542 Climate-Friendly Technologies in Developing science 80, 145, 147 Countries 113 technology transfer activities 84 Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) 84, 101 risks 94, 100, 111, 543, 559 Climate Registry 542, 559 science 6, 147–8 Climate Technology Initiative (CTI) 83–4 system 142–3, 146–7 Climate Technology Partnership (CTP) 84 Climate Change Act 130, 138, 172–5, 178–9, 192, co-firing 136, 189, 263–4 195 CO2 15, 110, 125, 133, 161–3, 174–5, 258–61, climate change adaptation 14, 92, 97, 100–1, 108–9, 263–9, 271, 278–80, 285–6, 289, 550, 582, 585 111, 113–14 tonne 181 capacity 108 benefits 260 debate 101 emissions 15, 86, 129, 133, 140, 156, 163, 169, efforts 92 179, 189, 260, 311, 399, 417, 550 funding 101 emission limits 588 policies 97 emission rates 132 programmes 177 emissions reductions 183, 160 projects 94 transportation 258, 260 technology 92–3, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, CO2e 178 107–109, 111, 113, 115 coal 69, 121–2, 161, 174, 180–1, 205, 228, 246, Climate Change Agreements 263–5, 272, 283, 395, 421 see CCAs Coal Mines Regulation Act 228 comprehensive 96 coastal 217 effective 87 afforestation 94 expanding 185 states 205, 214–18, 220–1, 253, 524 international 156, 159 duties of (coastal) 217, 253 signing 186 Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) 133, 139, 189, Climate Change Bill 175 192, 320 Climate Change Committee see CCC codes, voluntary 70, 72–3 Climate Change Convention 115, 144 Cohen 572, 576 Climate Change Law 195 collaboration 33, 87–8, 106, 113, 286, 310, international 142, 194 332, 455 climate change levy 68, 172, 179–80, 182, 186, 195 COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazard) 232 Climate Change Levy see CCL COMAH Directives 96/82/EC 379–380 climate change mitigation 4, 90, 97, 114, 119, 123, combustion 258, 260, 268, 271, 318, 335, 421, 581 141, 153, 177, 278, 285, 290, 294 air, last injection of 335–6 failed 278 http://www.pbookshop.comchamber 335–6 action 170 plants 49, 58, 165, 182, 376, 388, 373, 397 goals 257 products 264–5 measures 278 comitology 8, 370, 390 policy 95, 131 process 370, 382, 389 strategies 309 command-and-control regulation 61, 65–7, 73, 81, targets set 285 115 Climate Change National Adaptation Programme of commerce 85, 88, 180, 229, 247–8, 433, 446, 480 Action 115 commercial developments 494 Climate Change Programme 64, 173–4, 182, 195 large 494 first 195 commercialisation 76–7, 85, 87, 174, 443, 449–50 government’s 134 Commission 7–8, 51–2, 56, 95–7, 123–6, 164–71, national 165 215–16, 338–9, 350–2, 371–2, 384–7, 389–91, Climate Change Secretariat 90 404, 525–7, 566–70 Climate Change Securities Disclosures Resource Communication 97, 126, 162, 238 Center 559 Commission Decision 2008/689/EC and Climate Change Select Committee Report 238 Commission Decision 2010/115/EU Climate Change Subsidiary Bodies’ Sessions 89 amendingAnnex II 7 598 Index

Commission Decision 2010/115/EU amendingAnnex Companies Act 535–41, 548–9, 554–5, 558 II of Directive 2000/53/EC 7 compensation 71, 80, 202–3, 207, 211, 220, 299, Commission Directive 98/15/EC 474 301–2, 307, 454, 563–5, 572–3, 575 Commission Directive 91/155/EEC 463 appropriate 201–3 Commission Guidance Documents 278, 286, 311, environmental 66 560 claims 564 Committee on Climate Change (CCC) 175, 195 limits 564 Committee on Environment and Development 31 competent authorities 191–2, 273–8, 280, 285, Committee on Trade and Environment Special 315–16, 337–8, 369–70, 376–8, 381, 383–7, 404, Session (CTESS) 79 408, 466–8, 512–16, 518–21 Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) 365, 469 national 279, 317 commons, global 209, 515 competition 67, 122–4, 129, 131, 134, 169, 181, communities 463, 521, 555 coastal 94 law 281, 557, 560, 575 international 18, 23, 141, 151, 216, 219, 454, competitiveness 61, 63–5, 69–71, 74, 185, 273, 399, 458, 561 462 Community competitors, foreign 64–5, 67–8 Local Government 190, 499, 506 compliance 62, 68–9, 71–3, 82, 150–1, 304, 324–5, action 365, 417, 467, 484, 488 331–2, 381–2, 468–9, 476–7, 561–2, 566–8, 586, -based adaptation to climate change 115 588–9 guidelines on State Aid for environmental cost of 135, 368–9, 335, 456, 542–543 protection 88 environmental 69, 73, 589 law 323, 567, 569, 577 and enforcement 489, 492, 494, 496, 498, 500, level 94, 122, 399, 519 502, 504, 506, 510, 512, 514, 516, 518, 520, 561, participation 107 563, 565, 567, 569, 571, 573, 575, 577 companies 61–8, 70–3, 77, 80–2, 85–6, 124, 182–5, assessment 481, 488 209–13, 233–4, 236–7, 425, 534–44, 546–50, Compliance Monitoring Data system 530 552–9, 587–8 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 411 agricultural 553 Comte 566–7, 576–7 biotech 109 concentrations 293, 333, 338, 347, 350, 358–9, 361, business-led 536 396, 400, 402, 404, 408–12, 467, 477–8, 480 carbon footprint 538 addressed 396 chemical 550 greenhouse gas 142–3 domestic 85 present GHG emissions 146 directors 534–6, 540, 550, 552, 558 fossil fuel resources 121 foreign 202, 209–10, 223, 556 concession agreements 200, 209–10, 244, 253 foreign-owned 204, 209 http://www.pbookshop.comconference host 294 global environmental 18 improving 537 multilateral environmental 30 independent 124 Conference of the Parties see COP installation 127 Conference on Environment and Development 142 large 106, 236–7, 543 confidentiality 304, 446, 518, 522, 547 law 535–6, 557, 559–60, 578 Congestion Charge 191 limited 535, 541 Congo 211, 242 listed 536–7, 539–40 conservation 3, 25, 27, 62, 72, 132, 146, 199, medium-sized 538 213–14, 443 mixed 242 Consolidated Scheme Order 191 parent 306 constitutional monarchy 25 pipeline 244 Construction private 545–6 of Industrial Works 246 public 535, 550, 556 Products Association 12 small 178, 234 projects 306, 320 state-owned 205, 210 waste 320 utility 510 consultants 10, 501, 503 Index 599 consultation 7, 24, 27, 96, 126, 130, 133, 138, 173, law 227, 243, 288, 297–8, 308–9, 311, 557 178, 185, 351–2, 497, 500–1, 540–1 negotiations 87, 244, 298 documents 28, 190 price 307 process 24, 179 principle 299 Consultative Committee for Amount of standardisation 305 Substance 480, 485 contracting parties 19, 45–6, 146, 161, 221, 240, Consultative Group on International Agricultural 243–4, 246, 248–9, 252, 296, 298–9, 308, 526, 564 Research (CGIAR) 108 contractors 10, 211–13, 220, 231, 305–7, 317, 324, Consumer and Environmental Regulation 74 326, 547 consumers 23, 31, 68, 72, 79–80, 82, 131, 134, 180, contractual arrangements 243–4, 246, 252, 311 188, 331, 333, 356–7, 452, 457 long-term 251 consumption levels 50–1, 53, 369, 376 special 303 contaminants 361, 419, 429, 434 contractual framework 300, 303 contaminated land 24, 29, 180, 319, 418–19, 421–8, legal 309 430, 432–5, 502 outdated 243 context of 427, 435 robust 298 definition of 422–3, 425, 433 contractual mechanisms 243, 245, 251 regulation of 319, 418–19, 421, 423, 425, 427, obligations 245–6, 251–2, 282, 288, 299, 301–2, 429, 431, 433, 435 306–9, 311, 319 remediation processes 433 protection 299 sites 276 relationship 199, 227, 243, 248, 250–2, 302, 306 soil 318, 425, 430, 433 risk 295–6 Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment risk reduction Contracts 297 (CLEA) 429 terms, alternative 247 contamination 330, 379, 384, 386, 418–23, 426–7, contributions 429–30, 433, 586 national insurance 179, 181 bromate 425 natural 402 level of 382, 423 significant 126, 554 risks 384, 421, 430 state’s 229 contemporaneity, principle of 43–4 control continental margins 215–16 building 494 continental shelf 205, 215–20, 222, 226, 233, 253 domestic environmental 70 outer 215–16, 253 environmental regulatory 8 overlapping 216–17 necessary pollution 510 Continental Shelf Convention 213, 215, 218 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health continuous monitoring systems 484, 488 Regulations 393, 406, 409, 412 contract 66, 182, 188, 210, 212–13,http://www.pbookshop.com 227, 241–52, control permit 586 288–9, 295, 297–311, 341, 557 Convention, international 57, 566 drafting project 298 Convention of Civil Liability for Oil Pollution freedom of 307, 310 Damage resulting 220 initial 243 Convention on Access to Information 533 international 245–6 Convention on Biological Diversity see CBD international petroleum 240, 244 Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution long-term 244 Damage 564 oral 298 Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution original 245 Damage Resulting 220 particular 242 Convention on Climate Change 141 principle of freedom of 307 Convention on Conservation of Living Resources of renewable energy project 304 High Seas 213 sharing 223, 253 Convention on Third Party Liability 563 standard form 310 conventions 16, 45, 49, 143, 213–14, 454, 563–4 trade waste 328 nuclear liability 565 compliance 241 nuclear safety 562 design 302 oil pollution 565 600 Index

Conway 6, 30, 93, 102–4, 106, 112 Council 7–8, 22, 113, 139–40, 166–7, 171, 219–20, cooperation 11, 20, 55, 76–7, 142, 146, 155, 159, 238, 330–4, 344, 417, 487–8, 569–70, 582 214, 217, 262, 273–4, 281, 523, 526–7 Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC 69 international 18, 65, 96, 98, 142, 158, 170, 199, Council Amending Directive 2005/35/EC on Ship- 204, 220, 442, 461 Source Pollution 569–570 long-term interstate 155 Council Directive 75/440/EEC 347 Cooperation on International Traceability in Council Directive 75/442/EEC 318 Analytical Chemistry (CITAC) 485 Council Directive 78/176/EEC 49, 58 Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Council Directive 80/779/EEC 416 Evaluation 396, 400 Council Directive 82/883/EEC 49, 58 Cooperative Technology Implementation Plans Council Directive 84/360/EEC 42, 58 (CTIP) 84 Council Directive 85/203/EEC 416 COP (Conference of the Parties) 84, 90, 96, 98, 100, Council Directive 86/278/EEC 366 112, 147–8, 153–8, 294–5, 310 Council Directive 89/391/EEC 232 COP decisions 147, 156 Council Directive 91/156/EEC 315, 318 legal nature of 147 Council Directive 91/271/EEC 366, 474 COP/MOP 148, 294, 302, 563 Council Directive 91/676/EEC 474 Copenhagen 83, 89, 96, 113, 153, 156–7, 170, 364, Council Directive 91/692/EEC 315 576 Council Directive 92/112/EEC 49, 58 Copenhagen Accord 83, 88, 112, 153, 156–9, 170, Council Directive 96/61/EC 44, 58 194 Council Directive 96/62/EC 399, 417 Cordonier Segger 14, 30 Council Directive 96/82/EC 232 Core Strategy Renewable Energy and Climate Council Directive 98/83/EC 365 Change 590 Council Directive 1999/13/EC 49, 58, 584 Corporate Codes of Conduct Self-Regulation 74 Council Directive 1999/30/EC 399, 417 Corporate Environmental Disclosure in England and Council Directive 2008/1/EC 474 Wales 544 Council Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste Corporate environmental disclosure law 560 1994/62/EC 332 corporate environmental litigations 548 Council Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Corporate Homicide Act 234, 236, 239 Equipment 330 corporate manslaughter 225, 234–5, 253 Council of Europe 31, 565–6 corporate social responsibility (CSR) 62, 70–1, 74, Council of Ministers 7, 22, 80 116, 192, 538, 559–60 Council Regulation 323 Corporate Register 542, 559 Council Regulation 259/93/EEC9 321 corporations, multinational 70, 209–10, 539 council tax 191 COSHH 393, 406, 409–10, 412, 416 countervailing measures 78–9, 108–9 COSHH Regulations 412 http://www.pbookshop.comcountries 16–20, 63–70, 72–3, 79–82, 84–6, 96–9, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) 351 108–11, 119–22, 128, 142–4, 148–56, 158–61, cost recovery 211–12, 422 289, 443–6, 571–5 costs 9–10, 62–4, 66–8, 70–3, 80, 87, 98, 211–13, affluent 295 306–8, 340–1, 376, 424, 426–8, 454–6, 554–5 associated 156 adaptation to Climate Change 114 committed 102 additional 80–1, 380 donor 100–1 administrative 49, 67, 338, 456–7, 510 foreign 64, 68 decommissioning 328 home 68, 294, 301 environmental 53, 454, 493 individual 120, 170, 194, 394 estimated 278, 285 industrialised 69, 83 estimates project 100 less-developed 295 excessive 42, 55, 322, 376, 394 low-income 84, 108 external 177, 317, 343 member 204, 358, 442, 566 full 279, 424 non-EU 324 social 80, 86, 309, 455 non-OECD 321, 323 transaction 85, 178, 293, 310 producing 212 unit landfill disposal 342 socialist 201 Index 601

third 9, 129, 348 Dangerous Substances Directive 467 transit 241 Danube River 526–7 countries/jurisdictions 444 databases 333, 522, 528–30, 546 countries offset 151 data, emissions/energy 185 country planning 13, 491, 500–1, 551 data collection, environmental 469, 529 Country Planning Act 426, 492–4, 536, 577 data provision 526–7 courts 7, 12, 19–20, 26, 201–2, 208, 227–8, 235–6, Daughter Directives 396, 405–6, 467 298–9, 318, 387, 414, 537, 549–50, 572–4 sub-Directives, integrated 406 higher 549 Dave 89, 114 national 207, 562 Davidson 89, 113–14 Crest Nicholson 425 Davies 445, 462, 568, 576 crimes 12, 214, 496, 565, 570–1, 576 DBERR (Department for Business, Enterprise and international 565 Regulatory Reform) 320–1, 344 criminal 71, 556, 566, 572–3, 575–7 DECC (Department of Energy and Climate enforcement of Environmental Law 576 Change) 25, 88, 130–1, 134–6, 139, 173, 177, law 20, 31, 61, 203, 566, 569–72, 574–7 182–183, 191, 257, 260, 268 offences, environmental 566, 570 Decision-making in Environmental Matters 499, prosecution 428, 571, 573 533, 536, 562 sanctions 566, 569–71, 573–4 declarations 11, 16–18, 41, 70, 88, 158, 201–2, 215 criteria, end-of-waste 316 decommissioning 218, 222, 279, 282, 376, 385 Criteria for Human Health Risk Assessment 433 Deepwater Horizon 220, 223, 225–6, 232, 237–9, Critical Appraisal of Environmental Risk 556 Assessment 462 Liability Fight Drags 559 CRM see Certified Reference Material oil rig 536, 543 crops, vegetable 358 Review Group 238 CSA (Chief Scientific Adviser) 6 defaults 304, 307 CSAC (Chief Scientific Committee) 6 defaulting companies 135 CSCE (Canadian Society for Civil Engineering) 12 defences 25, 306, 415, 572 CSH see Code for Sustainable Homes defendant 235–6, 427, 557, 573–5 CSR see corporate social responsibility DEFRA UK (Government Department for CT see Carbon Trust Environment Food) 25, 27–8, 30, 173–4, CTESS (Committee on Trade and Environment 177–8, 183–5, 187, 191–2, 320–1, 339–42, 344, Special Session) 79 390, 409, 422–4, 461–2 CTF (Clean Technology Fund) 84, 100 Circular 422–3, 434 CTI (Climate Technology Initiative) 83–4 website 178, 377, 391 CTIP (Cooperative Technology Implementation DEHP(Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) 349, 472–3 Plans) 84 http://www.pbookshop.comDelay Liquidated Damages (DLD) 304–6 CTP (Climate Technology Partnership) 84 delegate 20, 76, 305 CTS (Carbon Trust Standard) 179 delimitation (maritime) 216–17, 223, 253, 347 Cullen 231–2 democratic scrutiny 7, 22 Cullen Report 231–2 demonstration projects 84, 280, 283–5 customary international law 17, 19, 32, 37, 39, 42, Project Operator 284–5 55, 202–3, 214, 222 Denmark 20–1, 80, 128, 161, 202, 205, 222, 352, customary law 16, 18, 142, 202–3, 209, 215, 371, 529, 569, 571–3 220, 248 Department for Business 25, 131, 138, 174, 538, cycles, combined 261 558–9 Czechoslovakia 19–20 Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) 132–3, 139, 192, 552, 559 damage 7, 20, 93, 99, 220, 224, 248–9, 276, 278, Department of Energy and Climate Change 173 see 285, 306, 427–8, 548–51, 563–5, 571–2 DECC irreversible 8, 145, 394 Department for Environment 25, 28, 131, 173, liquidated 305–6 183–4, 344, 416, 420, 434, 500–1 physical 549 Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs awards 572 (DEFRA) 390, 461, 464, 485 602 Index

Department for International Development see DFID new product 90, 458 Department for Transport see DFT new residential 495 Department of Business Innovations and Skills 539, permitted 493–4 559 planned 28, 557 Department of Communities and Local residential 496 Government 189–190, 500 scientific 6, 30 Department of Environment Industry Profile socio-economic 95 Airports 420 strategic 97, 120 Department of Environment Industry Profile Waste sustainable business 554 Recycling 420 technological 32, 63, 73, 86, 124, 215, Department of Trade and Industry see DTI 323, 450 DER (dwelling emission rate) 189 unauthorised 494 deregulation 65–6, 71, 282, 575 watershed 368 design, sustainable 133, 189, 324, 495, 498 development aid 101 destruction, environmental 549 overseas 101, 144 deterioration, environmental 500 public 97 deterrence 454, 570–1, 573–5 plan 492–4, 505–6 developed countries 70, 76, 83–6, 96, 98, 101, 123, Development Plan Documents 144, 146, 151, 153–5, 157, 170, 200–2, 365 see DPDs least 86, 97, 153 following statutory 494 less 335 development projects 501, 505 supported 159 clean 288 relocation 335 urban 501 developers 133, 137, 188–9, 261, 289, 299, 305–6, DFID (Department for International 309, 380, 411, 424, 426, 430, 493, 510–11 Development) 77, 88, 104, 106, 113 developing countries 40–1, 68–70, 76, 79–80, 83–8, DFT (Department for Transport) 27, 187 96–102, 113–15, 143–4, 150–1, 153, 155–60, DG Environment 51–2, 568 170, 199–202, 288–90, 362–4 Dichlorobenzene 360 advanced 123, 294 Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) 399, 416 least 155 Differential Treatment in International major 154 Environmental Law 56–7 most 156 diffusion of technologies 78, 84 needs of 100, 157 for climate change 113 vulnerable 146 dioxins 323, 334, 337, 389, 421, 429, 472, 586–7 claims 151 Directive 75/439/EEC 316 development agendas 14 Directive 75/442/EEC 318 development 11–13, 15–16,http://www.pbookshop.com 21–3, 38–42, 75–6, Directive 78/660/EC 540 111–16, 122–6, 136–7, 368–70, 441–7, 454–6, Directive 80/779/EEC 396 459–65, 491–6, 498–506, 515–17 directive 82/501/EEC 232 biological 525 Directive 83/349/EEC 540 contentious 133 Directive 85/203/EEC 396 coordinated 362 Directive 85/337/EEC 277, 387, 492, 499, 548 cultural 202 Directives 85/469/EEC 321 employment-related 494 Directive 89/391/EEC 232 engineering-related 15 Directive 89/519/EEC 474 finance technology 116 Directive 90/313/EC 548 global 111 Directive 91/271/EEC 337 historical 119, 225 Directive 91/689/EEC 316 industrial 120, 137 Directive 92/91/EEC 238 joint 212, 217, 223 Directive 96/61/EC 162, 166, 368–369, 371, 468, large energy 137 515 mineral 210 Directive 96/61/EC on Integrated Pollution nanotechnology 449, 462 Prevention and Control 29 new 137, 380, 388, 426, 433, 495, 498 Directive 1994/62/EC 333 Index 603

Directive 1999/31/EC 325 director 234, 236–7, 480, 534–41, 548, 551, 553–4, Directive 2000/60/EC 355, 365, 417, 484, 487–8 556–8, 578 Directive 2000/69/EC 399 disasters 106, 111–12, 231, 237–8, 242, 556 Directive 2000/76/EC 49, 58 environmental 104, 226, 232, 239 Directive 2001/42/EC 492, 496 disaster Risk Reduction See DRR Directive 2001/77/EC 128, 139 and Climate Change Adaptation 114 Directive 2001/80/EC 49, 58, 401 discharges 65, 220, 246, 350, 356, 359, 384, Directive 2001/81/EC 192, 380, 401 426, 430, 432–3, 468, 510–11, 526, 583, Directive 2001/80/EC7 401 586–8 Directive 2002/3/EC 399 wastewater 377, 527 Directive 2002/49/EC 401, 587 disclosure 458, 510, 519, 534, 536–42, 544, 546–7, Directive 2002/91/EC 125, 139, 185 553–5, 558, 560 Directive 2002/96/EC 331, 452 active information 558 Directive 2003/04/EC 510 environmental information-related 536, 545, 558 Directive 2003/04/EC on Public Access to of information 5, 457, 463, 534–5, 537 Environmental Information 588 of Non-Financial Information 559 Directive 2003/105/EC 232 requirements 282, 545 Directive 2003/30/EC 128, 139 discrimination, unjustifiable 144, 443 Directive 2003/35/EC 370, 387, 391, 499, 511 disposal 24, 57, 105, 190, 202, 221–2, 268, 315–16, Directive 2003/4/EC 28, 185, 370 320–3, 326–9, 331, 333–5, 340–1, 343–5, 566 Directive 2003/51/EC 540 final 46–7, 321, 323 Directive 2003/87/EC 163–7, 275, 277, 370, 377, uncontrolled 316, 326 379, 515 disposal sites (Solvent Recovery Works) 434 Directive 2004/101/EC 166 disputes 64, 76, 170, 200, 202, 204, 208, 217, 241, Directive 2004/107/EC 406 298, 302, 304, 308, 475, 562 Directive 2004/35/EC 273, 275, 277, 279, 287, 428, contractual 251–2 550 interstate 19, 561 Directive 2005/32/EC 190 resolution 295, 305, 308 Directive 2006/105/EC 392 Dissenting Opinion 7, 41 Directive 2006/118/EC 366 distribution system 362 Directive 2006/12/EC 315, 326 DLD (Delay Liquidated Damages) 304–6 Directive 2006/32/EC 125, 140 DOE 294, 296, 302, 309 Directive 2006/7/EC 366 Doha Development Round 111 Directive 2008/1/EC 49, 56, 58, 356, 380, 401 Doria 449–50, 462 Directive 2008/105/EC 472, 487 DPDs (Development Plan Documents) 494, 497–8 Directive 2008/50/EC 417 DPFs (Diesel Particulate Filters) 399, 416 Directive 2008/98/EC 315, 338,http://www.pbookshop.com 378 DPs (Direct Participants) 178 Directive 2008/99/EC 569 draft decisions 148 Directive 2009/161/EU 409 draft regulations 500 Directive 2009/28/EC 128, 140, 582 drilling 210–11, 218, 220, 232, 272 Directive 2009/29/EC amending Directive 2003/87/ drinking water 356, 358, 360–1, 454, 466–7, 474, EC 167, 273, 287 484, 488, 545 Directive 2009/31/EC 276, 375 abstraction of 347, 469 Directive 2009/90/EC 487 guideline values 358 Directive 2010/31/EU 140 quality 366 Directive 2010/75/EU 51, 58, 392 Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC 352, Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions 43, 356, 467 49, 115 droughts 14, 57, 66, 94, 99, 103–4, 106, 111, 162, codified IPPC 375 248, 469 ex IPPC 56 DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction) 97 existing IPPC 373 DTI (Department of Trade and Industry) 129, 140, new IPPC 512 188, 192, 272, 287, 328, 345, 462 original IPPC 512 Dublin Statement 362, 365 Directorate General for Energy and Transport 139 Dudley MBC 415 604 Index dumping 48, 57, 221–2, 316, 326, 523–4, 526, 566 economic development 18, 39, 41, 112, 137, 143–4, environmental 335 146, 153, 170, 200–1, 207, 494 hazardous waste 321 goals 15, 181 of wastes 273, 287 of Underdeveloped Country 201 Durban 157, 170 economic growth 72–3, 120–2, 331 dust 336, 388, 397, 410–11, 413, 585–7, 589 economic prosperity, long-term 554–5 Dutch oil companies 201 economic value 324, 362 Dutch Council of State 380 economics 30–1, 54, 90, 112, 114, 240, 244, 263, duties 9, 17, 25, 176, 205, 214, 224–8, 230, 235–6, 269, 309, 320, 346, 534, 560, 575 249, 285, 299, 427, 534–8, 544–5 of Climate Change 31, 90, 115, 140, 345 contractual 247–9 economies 16, 27, 72, 119, 143–4, 146, 150, 152–3, general 230–1 155, 184, 240, 293, 310, 320, 544–5 duty of care 225, 227–8, 235, 253, 427, developed 120 432, 435 economists 6, 61–2, 66, 68, 74, 80, 163, 554 dwelling emission rate (DER) 189 ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) 158, dwellings 132–3, 189–90, 360 200–1 ecosystems 14, 16, 41, 143, 348, 362, 363, 394–6, E-PRTR 512, 518–21, 528, 531–2, 588 400, 407, 409–10, 423 E-PRTR Regulation 520–2 ECR 21, 568–9 EAF (electric arc furnace) 585–6, 588 ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) 122 EALs (Environmental Assessment Levels) 409 ECSR (European Committee of Social Rights) 562 Eastern and Central European Member States 121, ECT (Energy Charter Treaty) 204, 224 168 EEA (European Economic Area) 128, 140, 163, Eastern Counties Leather 427 372, 397, 529–30 EB (Executive Board) 151, 290, 294–5, EEA member countries 530 302, 309 EEB Policy Statement on Credible Recovery EC (European Community) 21–2, 29, 31, 56, 161, Options 338 170–1, 272–3, 369–70, 381–2, 389–91, 447, EEC (European Economic Community) 21, 122, 462–4, 467, 567–9, 576–7 134, 185, 232, 326, 336, 347, 463, 474, 487 and Member States 161 EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) 160 EC Civil Liability Directive 577 EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operational EC Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Indicator) 160 Control 328 EEZ (exclusive economic zone) 214–15, EC Environmental Law 31 217–18 legislation 347, 365 Effective Regulation of Nanoparticles 462 EC Landfill Directive 339 Effectiveness of European Air Quality Policies and EC Treaty 21 http://www.pbookshop.comMeasures 88 ECCP (EU Climate Change Programme) efficiency, economic 129–30, 184 161–3 EGTT (Expert Group on Technology Transfer) 84, ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) 451, 463, 88 482, 487, 584 EHRR 60 ECJ (European Court of Justice) 21, 168, 169, 315, EIA (environmental impact assessment(s)) 5, 9, 28, 318, 338, 342, 344, 351, 370, 380, 387, 567–8 38–40, 42, 55, 84, 88, 380, 491, 493, 495, 497, Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) 82, 499–508, 577 89 EIA Eco-Patent Commons 86 project level 505 EcoDesign for Energy-Using Products Directive 85/337/EEC 328, 375, 380, 391, Regulations 190 499–500, 504, 548–9, 551–2 Ecological Economics 88, 91, 364–5 process 380, 501, 503 ecological status 347–8, 470–1 Regulations 500–2, 504 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 158, reports 380, 551–2 200–1 Einsiedel 447, 462 Economic Costs and Consequences of Environmental EIR 545–6 Regulation 74 Ekins 184 Index 605

Elaboration of National Action Plans and Best excess 170, 177, 278 Environmental Practice 59 global 143, 149, 155, 158, 160 electric arc furnace (EAF) 585–6, 588 historical 81, 141, 150, 165–6 electric vehicles (EVs) 9–10, 399 indirect 179, 260 electrical output 260, 265 level of 80, 150 electricity 9–10, 121–2, 124–5, 127–8, 131, 134–6, limitation of 49, 58, 373, 397, 527 152, 180–1, 188–91, 258–9, 261–3, 268, 271, long-range 382 585, 587–8 lower 166, 187 renewable 128, 135 negative 263, 268 Electricity Act 131, 134–5, 180, 188–9 original 382 concessions 242 present 50–1, 376 Directive 123 preventing 374 generation 121, 129, 174, 258–9, 262, 268, 293 prevention of 378–80 grids 124–5 producing VOC 388 produced, kWh of 261, 263 projected baseline 154 producers 167, 180–1 reducing 133, 160, 162, 379, 399 production 124, 262 resulting projected anthropocentric 144 suppliers 134–5, 189 stabilise 87, 143 electronic equipment 24, 330–2, 344 stack extension disperses 415 Directive 2002/96/EC 330 emissions allowances 69, 515–16 Elkins 64–5, 74 emissions control 24, 29, 378, 407, 416, 453 Ellif 206 emissions credits 278, 302, 516 Ellison 482, 486–8 emissions dilution levels 409 ELV (emission limit value) 50, 53, 334, 336–7, emissions exposure 406, 412 372–7, 381–4, 470, 512, 583, 587 health-based 413 EMAS (Eco-management and Audit Scheme) 82, emissions levels 168 89 emissions limit values 344, 376 Emerging Nanotechnologies 462 emissions monitoring 406, 521 emerging techniques 50–1, 53, 369, 376, 388 manualstack 484 application of 53, 388 emissions nuisance 406 emission emissions problems 415 allowances 164, 274 emissions production 515 controls 467, 470, 527 emissions projections 164 data 149, 526 emissions reductions 9, 64, 67, 84, 143, 150–151, inventories 526–7 154, 156, 161, 168–9, 173, 175–6, 177, 185, level targets 67, 73 192–3, 294, 296, 301, 396 limit value see ELV http://www.pbookshop.comabsolute 158 limits incineration air 336 achieved 161, 178, 185 performance standards 417 assigned 151 reduction commitments 187 certified 151, 289 reduction targets 178, 192 cheaper 184 standards 78, 394, 450, 528 comparable 123 emissions 81, 143, 149–51, 159–61, 168–70, 173–9, commitments 150, 288 187–8, 260–1, 277–8, 334–6, 373–5, 377–84, domestic 165 397–9, 413–16, 586–8 real 309 annual 149, 164, 397 required 175 anthropogenic 120, 143 requiring disproportionate 406 atmospheric 334 significant GHG 173 aviation sector’s 169 targets 144, 155, 161, 173, 194 control SO2 150 emissions register 372, 521 current 53, 262, 369 emissions rights 163 diffuse source 529 emissions targets 177, 406, 563 direct 179, 260, 377 binding GHG 177 energy-related 121 emissions thresholds 521 606 Index emissions trading 68, 75, 81, 88, 161, 172, 177, measures 134, 177, 185, 204 184–5, 193, 273, 277, 289, 340, 377, 515 obligations 134 Act 340, 344 of buildings 119, 125, 185 international 150, 294 Operational Indicator (EEOI) 160 Directive 2003/87/EC 166–7, 276–277, 370, 392, performance 133, 179 515–16, 588 projects 293 Scheme 129 standards 134, 174–5 schemes see ETS technologies 191 empirical evidence 65, 70, 576 Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services and energy 4–5, 22–3, 89–90, 119–33, 137–40, 158, Repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC 140 161–3, 166–7, 185–6, 258–9, 267–9, 316–17, Energy Environment & Resource Governance 327–8, 378–9, 581–2 Directorate 88 activities 12, 203, 213, 223, 253 Energy Environment and Development Programme Act 136, 190 Paper 88 and Carbon Dioxide Emissions 189 energy-intensive and Climate Change 133, 171 installations/sites 182 and Climate Change Select Committee sectors 181, 195 Report 238 energy law 3–4, 7, 12, 37, 61, 75, 92, 119, 122, 129, agreements 213, 240–1, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 141, 172, 199, 224–5, 240 253 international 203 chemical 120, 328 developments 4 clean 110, 124 member state 119 conventional 207 energy market 23, 119, 123, 136, 241 companies 134, 204 internal 124, 162 consumers 78, 127, 167 energy performance 126–7 consumption 119–20, 124, 128, 133, 181, 183, certificates 127 190, 385, 399, 589 of buildings 139–40 cost of 130, 263 directive see EPBD contracts 240–1, 243–4, 251–2 requirements 133 crops 136, 189, 581 energy policy 22, 31, 88, 90–1, 119, 123, 131, 193, development 137 268, 310 economics 74, 193 national 204, 295 efficiency 23, 51, 64, 67, 84, 119–20, 122–6, 129, field 119, 193 131–2, 138–9, 181, 204, 338, 495–6, 537–8 (see goals 129, 131 also Energy Efficiency) energy regulation 4 managers 126, 590 international 203 materials 204 http://www.pbookshop.comenergy resources 197, 199–224, 226, 228, 230, 232, nuclear 162, 228, 563 234, 236, 238, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252–3 recover 327 exploration and exploitation of 215, 253 renewable 311 fossil 121 trans-national 240 low-carbon 263 prices 130–1, 241–2, 244 primary 246 production 124, 131, 192, 242 renewable 120 recovery 321, 327, 329, 342 seabed 219 usage 133, 179, 181 subsoil 204 Energy Charter Treaty see ECT Energy Savings Trust (EST) 173 Energy Efficiency energy savings 23, 125 commitment 134, 140, 177, 191 energy sector 4, 12, 119–21, 123, 130–1, 169, 185, Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) 160 199, 203–4, 209, 223, 242, 245 generation 124, 335 renewable 291 improvements 120–1, 162, 191 energy security 121, 159, 162, 243, 286, 329, 343 in Buildings Directive 175, 190 energy sources industries 123, 182, 285 low-carbon 137 renewable 82, 188 lower emitting 121 Index 607

renewable 22, 128, 135, 139, 189, 314, 345 aquatic 467 using renewable 204 built 22 energy supply 23, 63, 120, 130, 136–7, 162, 309 business 62, 73 suppliers 138, 162, 185, 191 changing 282 supply companies 129 changing legal 538 supply sector 174 continued-operations 306 energy system 119, 138 earth 110 Energy Tax 180, 193 ecological 11 Energy Taxation Directive 80 economic 252 energy technologies 136, 138, 260 healthy 449, 533, 562 advanced 125 human 17, 57, 499 renewable 88, 262–3, 263, 311, 293 human-made 13 Energy White Paper 130–1, 136, 179, 190 improved 23 enforceability 170, 177, 298, 306 legal 287 enforcement 4, 70, 82, 85, 131, 166, 221, 227–8, local 372, 493 230, 338, 377, 407, 424, 428, 560–78 man-made 550 action 567–8 natural 13–15, 17, 72, 137, 419, 531, 554 private 568, 572 physical 363, 500, 548 Enforcement Branch 563 politico-economic 297 of environmental law 569 professional 4 of environmental liabilities 282 regulatory 4, 270, 272, 311 of European Union Environmental Law 576 riverine 527–8 of national environmental law 570 rural 224 powers 567, 575 surrounding 327 Engineered Nanoparticles 462 term 534 engineering 3–4, 6, 10–12, 14–15, 32, 39, 57, 75, 86, Environment Act 24, 27, 29, 319, 359, 369, 391, 89–90, 110, 113–14, 270–1, 323–4, 462–3 405, 407–8, 422, 433 activities 10–11 Environment Action Programme 567 contracts 310 Environment Agency 24, 27–9, 316–19, 339, 341–2, for Sustainable Development 57 419–20, 422, 424–5, 428–30, 432–4, 466, 472, function 233–4 484, 487–8, 585–7 graduates 10 respondent 318 organisations 11, 14 acts 177 works 305, 494 Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment 429 engineers 3–6, 10–14, 39–40, 95–6, 111–12, 225–6, of England and Wales 339, 487, 521 232, 239, 319–20, 325–6, 393, 465, 508–9, 515, Pollution Inventory 530 531–2 http://www.pbookshop.comReport SC030114/R1 433 England 24, 26–9, 133, 140, 188–9, 297, 316, 320, Report SC050021/SR2 434 329, 340–1, 407, 419, 422, 428, 497 Report SC050021/SR3 434 Wales 25–9, 130–1, 181, 188, 234–5, 319, Science Report 433 390–1, 406–7, 432, 500, 535–6, 544–5, 558, Environment and Development 11, 142, 369 571–2, 584 Environment and Sustainable Management of Natural the Environment Agency of 316, 472, 583 Resources 97 enterprises 72, 79, 83, 108, 188, 220, 539–40, 574 environment data collection requirements 518 entities 18, 150, 294, 296, 301–2, 306–7, 456, 480, Environment Directorate(See also DG) 56 541 environment policy 21 foreign 541 Environment Protection and Biodiversity private 301 Conservation Act 359 public 85, 301 Environment Protection Organisation 545 entrants, new 165, 169, 455 Environment Report 466 environment 11–19, 21–3, 25–8, 49–51, 69–73, Environment Service Northern Ireland 390 370–6, 465–9, 491–4, 496–503, 536–40, 547–52, Environment Special Report 74 558–62, 565–6, 568–72, 576–8 Environmental Act 29 appropriate laboratory 481 environmental activists 260 608 Index environmental agreements 16, 105, 509–10, 531, mandatory 560 544 non-financial 556 international 83, 105, 152, 215, 562–3 corporate 554–545 main international 221 Environmental Economics 74, 310 major multilateral 32 environmental effectiveness 150 multilateral 23, 83, 86–7, 144, 222, 562, 575, 578, long-term 83 590 environmental effects 405, 496, 502–3, 516, 551 Environmental and Energy Law 3–4, 37, 61, 75, 92, adverse 515 119, 141, 172, 199, 225, 240, 257, 270, 288, 314 serious 445 Environmental and Sustainable Development significant 497, 500–1, 504 Objectives 90 worse 318 environmental assessment 492, 496–9, 505, 507 environmental engineers 5 formal 497 environmental harm 230, 515, 561, 563, 565 and Appraisal of BAT Horizontal Guidance Note criminalisation of 566, 570 IPPC H1 409 remediating 11 Levels (EALs) 409 Environmental Health 28, 444 Method 494, 498 integrated 584 of Plans and Programmes 497 Environment Team 413 environmental audit 83 Perspectives 463 environmental Environmental History 31 biosafety 106 Environmental Impact Assessment 5, 188, 491–3, benefit expected 389 495, 497, 499–501, 503, 505–7, 516, 548, 550–1, Champion 30 559–60, 577 commitments 76 Best Practice 507 conditionality 144 Directive 551 conditions, existing 500 legislation 578 consequences 377, 454 of Irrigation and Drainage Projects 559 Consequences of War 30 Review Impact Assessment 506 conservation goals 181 environmental impact assessments see EIA criteria 67, 189 Environmental Impact Statement 499 factors 548 environmental impacts 16, 71, 82, 120, 226, 322, field 22, 561, 574–5 343, 441, 449, 491, 505–6, 550–1, 553–4, 557–9, goals 10, 63, 182 586 goods and services 79, 89 adverse 15, 550 guarantee 31 cumulative 505 international commitments 562 likely 501 Environmental Civil Liabilityhttp://www.pbookshop.com Directive 568 negative 332, 338, 505 Environmental Crime in Europe 576–7 potential 317 environmental crimes 565–6, 569–71, 574, 576–8 reduction of 315, 343 international 565–6 significant 226, 239, 500, 551 prosecution of 565, 571 environmental imperatives 162 environmental damage 7–8, 19–20, 66, 110, 145, environmental improvements 65 214, 220, 276–7, 284, 428, 343, 505, 549–50, Environmental Indicator Data Quality 559 556–7, 561–2, 568, 572 environmental information 5, 28, 40, 82, 185, Regulations 428 508–10, 512–14, 522, 528, 530, 532–3, 536, environmental data 508–9, 511, 513, 515–17, 519, 544–9, 578, 588 521, 523, 525, 527, 529, 531–3 active 546 environmental decision 509, 511, 515, 517, 519, 546 disclosure of 538, 540 Environmental Defense Fund 530 making 466 environmental degradation 9, 13, 18, 145, 505 necessary 511 halting 10 providing 514 Environmental Developmental Economics 310 provisions 546 environmental disclosure 535, 537–9, 541–2, 556, regulations 28, 545 558, 560, 578 scope of 546 Index 609

Environmental Information Directive 2003/4/ Environmental Management and Law Association EC 391, 548 (EMLA) 530 Environmental Inspection 386 environmental management systems (EMS) 61, 71, environmental instrument categories, 73, 82, 90 conventional 172 Environmental Manager 585 environmental insurance markets 282 environmental matters 7, 19, 25, 185, 499, 508–11, environmental integrity 150–1, 163, 302 513–14, 517, 522, 532–3, 536–8, 541, 543, 546, environmental interference, possible 8, 145 562 Environmental Investigation Agency 88 surrounding 549 environmental law 3–7, 10–14, 16–17, 19–24, 30–1, environmental media 29, 374, 465, 484, 521, 33, 225–6, 239, 344–5, 439–40, 509–12, 516–18, 529–30 530–2, 566–78, 589–90 individual 372 and Management 576 physical non-human 13 and Regulation 31 environmental mediums 14, 548 agreement 509 Environmental Modification Convention 110 application of 465, 467, 510 environmental modification techniques 110 conflicts 105 Environmental monitoring of mass releases of context 571–2 metals 587 developments 16, 32 environmental objectives 11, 21, 41, 151, 270, 315, development of 15, 466 350–2, 355, 468–71, 540 domestic 226, 295 balancing 586 enforcement of 571 environmental obligations 562 federal 359 transposed international 562 fields 276 environmental offences 66, 569–70, 574–5 framework 405 serious 566, 575 implementation 579, 582, 584, 586, environmental outcome 150 588, 590 environmental performance 49, 53, 71, 82, 376, 494, general international 12 498, 517, 540 less progressive 295 environmental permit 356, 428, 432, 586, 588 new 517 industrial 512 principles of international 21, 145, 194 integrated 513 regimes 13, 511 Environmental Permitting 377, 391, 432 regulatory sanctions 576 Guidance 377 serious violations of 575 Permitting Regulations 586 standards 465, 468 environmental policy 5–6, 13, 17, 21–3, 26, 28, standards and Principles of Good Laboratory 30–1, 74, 81, 144, 182, 532 Practice 467, 469, 471, 473,http://www.pbookshop.com 475, 477, 479, 481, effective 209 483, 485, 487 international 18 uncoordinated 342 instruments 89 Environmental law’s relationship with other progressive 82 areas 14 Environmental Policy Act 506 environmental legislation 7, 24, 26–7, 29, 239, 315, Environmental Policy and Industrial Innovation 91 373, 390, 449, 465, 510, 515, 532, 566–7, 589–90 environmental pollution 7, 62, 220, 228, 378, 417, secondary 27 454, 463, 466, 508 sectoral 569 preventing 517 section 226 environmental problems 3, 6, 10, 13, 30, 70, 72, 77, environmental liabilities 273, 276, 279, 282, 287, 142, 314, 562 428, 568, 572 complexity of 319, 432 Environmental Liability and EU ETS global 17, 83 Directives 287, 311 particular 4 Environmental Liability Directive 276–7, 285, relevant 497 391, 550 worldwide 22 environmental management 27, 91, 192, 364, 501, environmental proceedings 511, 516 514, 540, 584 Environmental professionals 514 610 Index

Environmental Profiling of construction and Public Values 417 products 321 higher 68, 72, 295 environmental protection 10–14, 16–18, 21–3, less stringent 335 27–8, 31–2, 39–41, 61–3, 72–3, 144, 200, 239, lower 68, 468 379–80, 384, 544–6, 575–7 stringent 64–5, 68, 70 efforts 15, 181, 509 well-designed 81 higher 82, 505 Environmental Statement see ES improved 372, 517 environmental stewardship 70 industry 64 Environmental Strategies 193 interest 574 Environmental taxation 89 law 285, 393 environmental technologies 86, 285, 294, 581 objectives 331, 520, 522 best available (See also BAT) 82 policy 457 Environmental Transformation Fund 190 development 23, 28 environmentalists 299 regimes 452 Environmentally Sensitive Goods 74 regulation 547 EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) 24, 29, 65, Environmental Protection Agency see EPA 67, 81, 282–3, 410, 422–3, 432, 435, 445–6, 459, Environmental Protection and Enhancement 542–3, 550, 587–8 Act 283 EPA regulations 66 Environmental Protection Act 24, 29, 317, 319, 340, EPAQS (Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards) 409 368, 390, 405–6, 409–10, 412, 414, 421–422, EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings 425, 548–9, 587 Directive) 125–7, 132, 175, 185 environmental quality 348, 384, 466, 484, 505–6, EPC (Engineering, Procurement and 526 Construction) 288, 300, 305–6, 311 standards 348–9, 378, 384, 394, 466–7, 469–70, EPC contract 305–8 486–7, 588 Process plants 310 Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) 348–9, EPER (European Pollutant Emission 378, 384, 394, 466–7, 469–70, 486–7, 588 Register) 371–2, 512, 519 environmental regulation stringency 64, 68–69, 70, EQS see Environmental Quality Standards 73 equipment 76, 101, 227, 231, 233, 249–50, 262, 318, environmental regulations 6–7, 12, 15, 22, 31, 61–5, 330–1, 334–5, 344, 415, 476–7, 481–5, 518 67–74, 81, 115, 160, 163, 409, 423, 449–50, energy saving 179 573–5 qualification 477, 487 effective 65, 68 equitable results 216–17 effects of 68–9, 73 equity 23, 40–1, 111, 115, 146, 536 growing 536 inter-generational 21, 39–40, 55 innovation 115 http://www.pbookshop.comintra-generational 39–40, 55, 62, 146 less stringent 335 ER see Emissions Reductions stringent 62, 64–65, 72–3, 116 ES (Environmental Statement) 500, 502–4 successful 486 ESDP (European Spatial Development technical 7 Perspective) 492 well-crafted 65, 71 EST (Energy Savings Trust) 173 Environmental Report 497–8, 542 Etheridge 184 Environmental Research Letters 171 Ethics 462–3 Environmental Resource Economics 88 ETS (emissions trading schemes) 67, 80–1, 163–4, environmental rights of children 31, 192 172, 194, 289, 515, 549–50, 566 environmental risks 11, 46, 445 ETS Directive 2009/29/EC66 (Amending long-term 287 Directive) 167–168 environmental safety studies 476 allowances 285 environmental scandal, major 71 EU (European Union) 3–4, 20–2, 30–1, 95–7, Environmental Science & Policy 364, 365, 462 121–9, 160–4, 169–75, 272–4, 321–6, 364–5, Environmental Science and Technology 90 446–52, 454–9, 482–4, 517–19, 566–70 environmental standards 7, 63–5, 68–71, 73–4, 177, EU-15 countries, most 351 244, 295, 349, 394, 416, 465, 467–8, 484, 486 EU-15 Member States 161 Index 611

EU-27 128 EU Renewables Directive 162, 193, 203, 582 EU-27 Member States 128, 163 EU SEA Directive 582 EU Accounts Modernisation Directive 560 EU Shipment of Waste Regulation 522 EU adaptation policies 95 EU state aids/competition law 280 EU Air Quality Framework Directive 405, 584 EU Transaction Log (EUTL) 167 EU allowances see EUAs EU VOCs Directive 584 EU and International Climate Change Policy 171 EU Water Framework Directive 7, 347, 469, 484, EU and International Regulation 224 584, 588 EU and US approaches to GMO regulation 448 EU-wide ELV 390 EU Aviation Emissions Directive 169, 187 EUA prices 278 EU Bathing Water Quality Standards 355 EUAs (EU Allowances) 165–6, 168, 169, 278 EU Biofuels Directive 193 EUDC (Extra Urban Driving Cycle) 398 EU CCS Directive 273, 286 EUR 84, 169 precautionary approach 287 Eurachem/CITAC 481, 488 EU Climate Change Law 160 Europe 31, 91, 95, 122–4, 138–9, 163, 266–7, EU Climate Change Policy 160, 170–171, 533 351–2, 369, 416–17, 440, 475, 509, 518, 576–7 EU Climate Change Programme see ECCP European Air Quality Policies 88 EU Climate Change Programme II 162 European Chemicals 450, 482 EU Commission 7, 163, 168, 473 European Chemicals Agency see ECHA EU Cosmetic regulation 458 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 122 EU DG Environment 163 European Commission 8–9, 49, 51, 95–6, 113, EU Drinking Water Standards 356–8 349–52, 355–8, 365–6, 369–71, 396–7, 399–404, EU Emissions Trading 68–9, 81, 163, 165–6, 416–17, 452–3, 467–72, 519–20 168–71, 173–4, 176, 187, 192, 195, 515 and European Court of Justice 578 (see also ETS) and Parliament 569 Directive 7, 141, 161–3, 169, 195 588 benefits 470 emissions exchanges 81 Communication 140 Scheme 81, 133, 135, 151, 163, 166, 172, 185, Decision 472 187, 194, 289, 51 Environment 325 EU Energy Performance in Buildings Directive Initiative 113 (see Buildings Directive) European commissioners and MEPs 6 EU energy policy 122, 129, 193 European Committee for Standardization 400, 473 EU Environment Council 27 European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) 562 EU Environmental Law 31, 314, 345, 576 European Communities 21–2, 29, 31, 122, 139, 148, EU Environmental Liability Directive 278 161, 193, 204, 221, 344–5, 365, 460, 577 EU framework 30, 116, 175 European Communities CHIP Chemical Hazard EU Framework Directive on Airhttp://www.pbookshop.com Quality and Daughter Information Profile 464 Directives 406 European Community see EC EU GHG emission reduction target 161 and International Environmental Law 310, 462 EU indigenous energy resources 124 and Member State obligations 523 EU institutions 22, 238, 509 European Convention on Human Rights 55, 566 EU IPPC Directive 583 European Council 122–4, 161, 167 EU Landfill Directive 434 European Court of Justice see ECJ EU law 22, 30, 164, 170, 311, 314, 324, 328, 387, European Development Co-operation 114 407, 454, 456, 483, 537, 567–8 European Development Fund 97 EU legislation 8, 26, 38, 129, 145, 160–1, 378, 394, European Directive on Waste 2006/12/EC 315 405, 407–8, 416, 434, 469, 496, 499 European Economic Area see EEA EU level 9, 22, 93, 101, 130, 134, 138, 141, 161, European Economic Community see EEC 223, 286, 315, 343, 380, 575 European Economic Recovery Plan 96 regulation 141, 160 European Emissions Trading Scheme Case EU Linking Directive 165, 194, 303 Law 171, 370 EU Member States 4, 100, 127, 163, 167, 177, 324, European Energy and Environmental Law 326, 334, 346–7, 447, 453, 466, 486, 572–3 Review 30, 171, 560, 576 EU Modernisation Directive 540 European energy policy 120, 123 612 Index

European energy system 125 exploitation 4–5, 13, 122, 197, 199–224, 226, 228, European Environment 31, 88 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 242, 244, 252–3 European Environment Agency 128, 140, 371–2, natural resource 201 397, 466, 488, 529 of Seabed Mineral Resources 220 European Environment Report 466, 488 exploration 200, 205, 207, 209–13, 215, 219–20, European Environmental Bureau 338 232, 239, 253 European environmental criminal law 576 costs of 213 European Environmental Law 31, 56–7, 463, 561 risks of 213, 223 European Framework for Action 113 sustainable 199 European integration 20–2 Exploration and Exploitation of Energy European Inventory of Existing Commercial Resources 197, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, Chemical Substances 452 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, European IPPC Bureau (EIPCCB) 52, 54, 56, 232, 234, 236, 238, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252 369–70, 385 in International Law 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, European Law 26, 115, 119, 232, 273, 561 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 European legislation 339, 393, 408, 457, 482 of Seabed Mineral Resources 220 European Parliament 7–8, 22, 113, 123–4, 139–40, exposure, environmental 441 166–7, 171, 220, 238, 344, 365, 389–90, 417, limits 409, 412 487–8, 569–70 reduction targets 403 European Parliament’s Environment Extended Producer Responsibility 345 Committee 458 externalities European Pollutant Emission Register see EPER environmental 329 European Pollutant Release 519, 533 negative 80, 228, 239 and Transfer Register 512, 519, 588 Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC) 398 European Pollution and Emissions Register 372 Extractive Industries Directive 232, 238 European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) 492 facilities European Strategic Energy Technology Plan 123–5, environmental control 542 139 special toxic waste 326 European Union see EU factories 15, 165, 227–8, 249, 421, 447, 510 European Union regulations of offshore oil 220 Fajgelj 487 European waste management 314, 325 Fankhauser 90, 114 European Water Policy 469 farmers rights 110 Europol 81, 88 fauna 13–14, 359, 419, 497, 503, 548, 551, 566 EUTL (EU Transaction Log) 167 Faure 171, 193, 570, 576 evaluation 85, 90, 289, 364, 382, 396, 400, 444, FC (financial contribution) 274–5, 278–9 450–1, 461, 463, 482, 485,http://www.pbookshop.com 487, 539–40 FDI (Foreign direct investment) 82, 212, 301 environmental 158 Federal Environment Agency 521 percentile 355 Federal Waste 344 events Federal Water Pollution Control Act 359 seismic 271, 287 feeding stuffs 452 uncontrollable 308 fiduciaries 535, 537, 548 eventualities 298, 303 fiduciary duties 534–5, 540, 544, 547, 553–4, EVs (electricvehicles) 9–10, 399 556–8, 560 EWHC (High Court of England and Wales) 250, Fiduciary relationships 535 317, 319 FIEC Principles for Sustainability 11 exchange of information 50–2, 95, 369, 381, 392, FifthEnvironmental Action Plan 369 475, 526–7, 588 filters exclusive economic zone see EEZ diesel particulate 399, 416 exemptions, validwaste management 432 particle 399 Expert Group on Technology Transfer see EGTT Final Guidance Document for Distinguishing Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (EPAQS) 409 Waste 324, 345 experts 6–7, 26, 52, 81, 102, 285, 439, 476, 521, 529, Finance Act 179–82 531, 562 finance adaptation projects 97 Index 613

financial contribution see FC France 12, 20, 60, 90, 122, 124, 161, 351, 371, 459, contributions 274–5, 278 487, 539, 560, 566–8, 572–3 financial resources 76, 83, 151, 228, 309 Freedom of Information Act 28, 546 additional 144 freedom of navigation 214, 218 financial support 135, 159 Freestone 8, 31, 40, 56–7, 145, 171 Financial Services Authority see FSA freshwater 66, 363, 475 Finland 20, 80, 121, 161, 193, 351, 530, 567, 571–3 fruit 186, 358 first mover advantage 282, 284 frustration, doctrine of 308 fisheries 25, 27, 199–200, 209 FS instruments 279 Fisse 574, 576 FSA (Financial Services Authority) 341, 462, 538 Fitzmaurice, G.43–4, FSANZ (Food Standards Australia and New Fitzmaurice, M. 56, 145, 171 Zealand) 445, 447 Fledging water pricing schemes 66 fuel poverty 80, 130, 134, 138, 187 FLEGT (Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and fuel quality 398–9 Trade) 320 fuels 87, 120, 128, 130, 132, 136, 139, 258–9, Fletcher 427, 435, 572 264–5, 271, 317–18, 336, 399, 415, 420 flora 13–14, 57, 497, 503, 548, 551, 566 renewable transport 128, 186 flue gases 258, 260, 263–4 Full emissions reductions 296 desulphurisation 258–9 Full redevelopment 426 fluor-anthene 349 fumes 17, 410, 413–14, 510 fluorescent lamps 330–2 Fundamental principles 45–6, 245 fluorinated gases 149, 175, 291 funds 80, 86, 98–100, 111, 135, 153, 157, 186, 189, and Landfill Directives 173 191, 279, 282, 284, 294, 364 food 14, 25, 27, 29, 52, 54, 120, 181, 452, 456, 458, interstate 565 461–3 standby trust 285 and Rural Affairs 25, 27, 131, 173, 183–4, 409, adaptation projects 92 416 furans 334, 337 companies 445 FutureGen project sites 283 production process 448 Food Standards Australia and New Zealand Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project case (ICJ) 41, 44 (FSANZ) 445, 447 GACs (generic assessment criteria) 429 Force Majeure 240, 244, 246, 248–51, 304, 308 GAD (Global and Atmospheric Division) 183 and Hardship Clauses 240–1, 243, 245, 247, 249, gas 84, 121, 123–5, 134, 147–8, 205–7, 222–3, 226, 251, 253 237–40, 250, 271–2, 327–9, 413–14, 582, 585–6 Foreign and Commonwealth Office and International exhaust 335, 337, 389, 412 Development 173 stored 271 Foreign direct investment (FDI)http://www.pbookshop.com 82, 212, 301 Gas Directive 123 Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade gas industry 29, 204, 211, 213, 223, 225, 227, (FLEGT) See FLEGT 229–33, 235, 237–9, 244, 253, 260 forestry waste 582 natural 244 fossil fuel 77–8, 80, 87, 120, 129, 146, 159, 257, 260, Gas Production Contracts 240 262, 582 gas reservoirs 260–1, 266 resources 121 gas resources 207, 217 subsidies 75, 77–9, 87 gas suppliers 134, 241 fossil systems, conventional 269 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Fourth Assessment Report 89, 113–14 Trade) 105, 443, 464 Fox 473, 487 GC 538–9, 559 Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto GCCA (Global Climate Change Alliance) 96–7, 113 Protocol 301 GD4 278–81 framework conventions 30, 142 Gedupeerde Staten Opinion AG Kokott 380 Framework Directive on Waste 2006/12/EC 322, GEEREF (Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable 326, 432 Energy Fund) 96–7, 113 original Waste 339, 434 GEF (Global Environmental Facility) 100, 152–3, Framework Directive ANNEX II 317 194 614 Index

Gene Technology Regulator (GTR) 447 GM see genetically modified gene-use restriction technology (GURT) 109 GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Security) 162 (GATT) 105, 443, 464 GMMs (genetically modified microorganisms) 375 General Concepts and Associated Terms 487–8 GMO regulations 440, 447, 456 General Contract Principles 240 GMOs (genetically modified organisms) 10, 24, General contractual framework in CDM 29–30, 106, 375, 440, 447–8, 456–7, 460, 510, projects 299 544, 548–9 General principles of monitoring BREF 54 goal-setting 232–3, 238 General requirements of proficiency testing 478, goal-setting approach 232 487 goal-setting regulations 232 generations, present 40, 62 Goldenberg 447, 462 generic assessment criteria (GACs) 429 Golombek 244 genetically modified (GM) 10, 24, 29–30, 104, 115, Good Environmental Practice 46 375, 446–7, 462, 464, 486, 510, 544, 548–9 good faith 20, 201, 208, 246, 248, 251, 536 genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) 375 Good Laboratory Practice 465, 467, 469, 471, 473, genetically modified organisms see GMOs 475–7, 479, 481, 483, 485, 487 Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Good Laboratory Practice Regulations 476 Air Pollution 57 goods, environmental 66, 79–80 Geneva Conventions 214 Governance 30, 97, 157, 172, 199, 208, 290, 309, geoengineering 110, 112, 114 351, 443, 454, 489, 492, 510–12, 516–18 geographical information systems 518 environmental 4–5, 12, 28, 90 geological formations 262, 268, 271, 273, 287 structures 30, 95, 98–100, 154, 194, 543 geology 266–7, 496 bodies 545–6 Georgopoulos 44, 56 government Germany 20, 67, 72, 82, 122, 124, 202, 262, 268, control 66, 545 282–3, 351, 371, 398, 473, 571–3 departments 6, 30, 32–33, 173, 179 GHG emissions 64, 93, 95, 111, 143, 149, 153, estate 320 160–2, 173, 177–8, 182, 187, 191–2, 260–1, 263 intervention 62, 65–6, 71, 280 allowances 166 ministry level 511 information 542 of Libyan Arab Republic 242 permit 515 policy 10, 138 levels 161–2 regulations 70, 80, 542 reductions 93, 124, 160, 168, 176, 178, 190, 192, reports 23, 28, 176 195 review of regulatory performance 121 GHGs 7, 93, 141, 143–4, 147–50, 166, 173, 175–6, source, official 24 178, 257, 268, 272, 515http://www.pbookshop.comsubsidies 79, 177 Ghosh 79, 88 works 26 Giovanoli 240, 249 order 248 GIS (Green Investment Scheme) 310, 518 governments 19–20, 25–6, 66, 76–7, 130–4, 173, GLA (Great London Authority) 9, 31, 191 175–9, 209–12, 242–3, 282–6, 339–40, 454–5, Glachant 82, 89, 182–3, 192 528–31, 538–40, 543–5 Glasson 500, 506–7 central 25, 176, 405, 493, 568 Global and Atmospheric Division (GAD) 183 federal 282–3 global climate change 23, 85, 112 nation state 272 Global Climate Change Alliance see GCCA national 116, 124, 294, 511, 528 Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy new 201 Fund (GEEREF) 96–7, 113 government’s decision 189, 202, 223 Global Environmental Facility see GEF Graig 567 Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Grantham Institute for Climate Change 112 (GMES) 162 Great Britain 24, 29, 131, 135, 191, 562 Global Reporting Initiative see GRI Great London Authority (GLA) 9, 31, 191 Global Water Partnership see GWP Greater London 191, 408 Globalisation and Natural Resources Law 73, 223 Authority 191, 417 Index 615

Authority Act 191 guidelines 6, 72–3, 82, 88, 99, 132, 167, 203, 217–18, Low Emission Zone Charging Order 191 338–9, 360–3, 409, 459–60, 539–41, 552–3 Greece 20, 161, 342, 351–2, 365, 371, 562, 572–3 for Environmental Impact Assessment 501 Green Climate Fund 157 Gulf of Mexico 223, 226, 232, 238, 556, 565 Green Investment Scheme (GIS) 310, 518 Gunningham 82, 89 Green Paper 23–4, 28, 95–6, 123, 139 Gupta 89 on Energy Efficiency 126, 139 GURT (gene-use restriction technology) 109 Greengairs landfill site 328 Guti 155, 171 greenhouse gas emissions 7, 120, 123, 128, 167, GWP (Global Water Partnership) 362–5 173–4, 187–8, 261, 268–9, 272, 289, 505, 557 limiting 182 Habitats Directive 469 monitoring Community 166 Hallstrom 447–8, 462 mitigation 283 Handelsgericht 250 greenhouse gases (see also GHGs) 24, 93, 120, 141, Hanley 64–5, 67, 69, 74 148, 150, 173–4, 268–9, 272, 285, 289, 344, 377, hardship 240, 243–53, 424 515, 588 clauses 240–1, 243, 245–9, 251, 253 GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) 542, 552–4, relief 243, 245–8, 252 558–9 harm 8–9, 227, 247, 315, 326, 413, 419–23, 427, GRI framework 552–3 430, 432, 439, 453–5, 510, 536, 575 GRI guidelines 553 significant 422–3, 433 Groningen 31, 56–7, 576–7 harmful Substances 523–4 groundwater 330, 352, 355, 358, 373–4, 381–2, 384, harmonisation 8, 22, 48–9, 129, 171, 518, 521, 527, 420, 423, 425, 427, 430, 468–70, 472 544, 552, 575 protection of 346–7, 365, 468 harmonised standards 441–2 bodies 352, 469–70, 472 Hatfield Water supply borehole 425 contamination 72, 318, 376, 385 Hazard Information and Packaging 451 measurements 385 hazardous 46, 247, 321, 323, 327–8, 447, 455, 467 monitoring 384, 390 properties, particular 451 pollution 327, 427 to Health Regulations 416 quality standards 468 Hazardous Waste Directive 91/689/EEC 327, 589 Quantitative Status Assessment 472 Landfill 589 remediation works 425 Regulations 584 sources 103 hazardous wastes 18, 57, 66, 279, 316, 321–3, 326, treatment 430–1 334–6, 338, 565–6, 583 Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC 347, 352, 370, facilities processing 335 468, 470, 588 incinerate 336–337 groups http://www.pbookshop.commix 326 construction waste 321 transporting 326 environmental working 369 hazards 222, 233, 328, 361, 427, 439, 441, 444, priority 134 450, 453 growth rates, decelerating waste 339 environmental 444 Grubb 76–7, 87, 89, 108, 113–14 major-accident 232 GTR (Gene Technology Regulator) 447 potential 447–8, 453, 456 guarded regulation frameworks 286 HDVs (heavy duty vehicles) 397–8 Guehlstorf 447–8, 462 Head of State 25 guidance 4, 14, 29–30, 132, 157–8, 344, 377, 385–6, and Government 123 390–1, 406, 415–16, 418–19, 428–30, 487–8, health 4–6, 14, 23, 26–8, 86, 225–32, 234–7, 239, 529 409–14, 419–21, 442, 454, 457–8, 460–3, 494 documents 28, 278, 351, 365, 482, 505, 520, 531 effects 361, 395, 454 Note D1 411 occupational 225–7, 253, 414, 458 guideline values 358, 360–1 protecting 233 calculated 361 protection 232, 321 provisional 361 regulations 416 used water 358 risks 66, 274, 358 616 Index

Health and Safety 225, 229, 232, 234, 236–7, 239 host countries 84, 150, 199, 210, 212, 244, 293, regulation of 226, 239 301–2 Health and Safety Commission (HSC) 229 host state 199, 202, 210–13, 223, 311 Health and Safety Executive see HSE hot water requirements 125 Health Protection Agency (HPA) 429, 434 House of Commons 25–6, 31, 190 heat, combined 136, 181, 188 Energy and Climate Change Select heat energy 328, 582 Committee 238 heating 127–8, 130, 132, 135, 180, 189, 420, House of Lords 25–6, 175–6, 427, 572–3 581–2 housing 28, 111–12, 168, 492, 494–5, 582 domestic 272, 395, 402 Howarth 351, 365 heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) 397–8 HSC (Health and Safety Commission) 229 Heiligendamm Summit 158 HSE (Health and Safety Executive) 229–31, 233–5, HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) 45, 48–9, 56 237–9, 462, 464, 573 Recommendations 45, 56, 58 Hubbard 244 Helland 449, 462 human beings 13, 40, 266, 423, 428, 548, 551 Helsinki Commission see HELCOM Human Development Report 366 Helsinki Convention 42–3, 45–9, 55, 523, 526 human health 6, 8, 11–12, 27, 41, 325–6, 394–6, Hemmelskamp 80, 83, 89 401–2, 405, 409–11, 434–5, 441, 448–50, 465, Henley Foundries Ltd 415 548–9 Her Majesty’s Inspectorate for Pollution level of protection of 342, 450 (HMIP) 369, 411 protecting 22 Her Majesty’s Stationary Office (HMSO) 26, state of 510, 544 417, 487 damage 270 Hering 347, 352, 363, 365 liabilities 281 heritage Risk Assessment 433 common 209, 216, 253 Human Health Toxicological Assessment of cultural 145, 497, 548–9, 551 contaminants in soils 429, 434 Heritage and Environment Service Northern human rights, environmental 531 Ireland 390 Humanitarian challenges of Climate Change 113 HF (Hydrogen fluoride) 336 Hungary 7, 19–20, 60, 331, 530 HFCs(Hydrofluorocarbons) 148, 291–2, 310 Hydrocarbons 242 HFC-23 waste gas 84 combustion Thermal 258–9 Hibbert 486–7 polycyclic aromatic 334, 406–7 high seas 17, 199, 209, 213, 218–19, 221 spilled 318 freedom of 209 hydrogen 125, 174, 264, 271 regimes 219 chloride 336 Hirsch 571 http://www.pbookshop.comfluoride 336 HMIP (Her Majesty’s Inspectorate for fluoride (HF) 336 Pollution) 369, 411 pure 264–5 HMSO (Her Majesty’s Stationary Office) 26, 417, 487 IAASTD (International Assessment of Agricultural Hodge 440, 442–3, 447–8, 461 Knowledge, Science and Technology for Hoecht 86, 90 Development) 108, 113 Hoel 244 IACHR (Inter-American Commission on Human holder Rights) 208 original waste 432 IAgrE (Institution of Agricultural Engineers) 14 right 205, 547 IARC (International Agency for Research on Holloway 261–2, 266, 268 Cancer) 334 homes, new 133, 189–90, 192, 320, 498 IASB (International Accounting Standards Hondo 263, 268 Board) 539, 560 Horizontal BREFs 53, 369, 381 IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee) hormone 455, 460 103, 113 horticulture assistance package 185–6 IASG (Impact and Adaptation Steering Group) 96 horticulturists 186 ICA (International Cooperative Alliance) 200 Index 617

ICAO (International Civil Aviation Marine Environment Protection Committee Organization) 160 meeting in July 160 ICC (International Criminal Court) 565 Impact and Adaptation Steering Group (IASG) 96 ICC Force Majeure Clause and Hardship Impact Assessment 489, 492, 494, 496, 498, 500, Clause 247–8 502, 504, 506, 510, 512, 550, 554, 560, 576 ICE (internal combustion engine) 10, 12 and Project Appraisal 506 Iceland 149, 163 Impact of Climate Change on African Cropland 114 ICFW (International Conference on IMPEL (European Union Network for Freshwater) 364 Implementation of Enviornmental Law) ICJ (International Court of Justice) 7, 9, 19, 39–43, Network Report 571, 573–4, 576 56–7, 200, 202, 207–8, 216–17, 224, 253, 561 Imperial College, London 113, 114, 115 ICJ Report 9, 60 implementation 17–19, 47–8, 50–1, 146–8, 175–6, ICSID 242 333–4, 346–8, 351–2, 363–6, 369–72, 375–6, ICTSD (International Centre for Trade and 399, 510–12, 538–40, 566–7 Sustainable Development) 78, 80, 85–6, 88–9 Agreement 219 ICWE (International Conference on Water and costs 144 Environment) 363, 366 deficit 567, 570 IEA (International Energy Agency) 77–8, 83, 87, of Directives 173, 511 89, 121, 125, 140, 158, 257 of EC Environmental Legislation 89, 347, 364 IEA Energy Technology Network 88 effective 147, 151 IEAGHG (International Energy Agency’s Green flexible 30, 142, 149 House Gas Programme) 257, 268 joint 150–1 IEC (International Electrotechnical project’s 295 Commission) 459, 487 requisite 282 IED (Industrial Emissions Directive, 2010/75/EU) successful 95, 289, 363, 470, 486 (see also EU Directive) 43, 45,49, 51–3, 55, plans 138, 431 115, 356, 368–73, 375, 377, 379, 381–5, 387–9, process 539 391, 435, implementing legislation 185, 434, 508, 514, 529, IEF (International Exchange Forum) 51–2, 55, 533, 578, 582, 584, 586, 588 369–70 Regulations/Orders 584 IEG (International Exchange Group) 51, 84, 89 implications 16, 22, 97, 178, 234, 237–8, 261–2, IFRS (International Financial Reporting 267, 298–9, 302, 308, 329, 412, 504, 558–9 Standard) 539, 560 environmental 66 IFRS Foundation 539, 560 legal 178, 267–8, 299 IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) 258 of Climate Change for Land Tenure 113 IIED (International Institute for Environment and import tariffs 79, 108 Development) 98, 113 http://www.pbookshop.comimporters 322, 450–2, 455, 458 IIGCC (Institutional Investors Group on Climate imports 57, 81, 121, 176, 241, 331, 578 Change) 77–8, 89 imprisonment 236, 566, 575 IISD (International Institute for Sustainable incentives 10, 65, 67, 77, 81–3, 85, 107, 109, 116, Development) 76, 79–80, 89 162, 177, 206, 275, 314, 325 IISD Trade Investment and Climate Change economic 65, 72 Series 89 market-based 65–7 ILA (International Law Association) 41, 56 incidents 266, 377, 380, 395, 565 ILAC (International Laboratory Accreditation minor 379 Cooperation) 485 incineration 221–2, 323–4, 329, 331, 334–6, 372, Illegal Dumping of Waste 342 375, 381–2, 388, 390 ILM (International Legal Materials) 57–8 of waste 334 IMEP (International Measurement Evaluation Directive 2000/76/EC 334 Programme) 478 plant 334–6, 344 IMF (International Monetary Fund) 564 incubation 76–7 member states 564 indemnification 284–5 IMO (International Maritime Organization) 160, Independent System Operator see ISO 214, 218, 221–2, 564 Independent Transmission Operator (ITO) 124 618 Index

India 60, 71, 76, 79, 85, 90, 106, 108, 113, 123, 155, polluting 69, 72–3, 515, 588 158–9, 293 pollution-intensive 69 indicators 357, 362, 478, 530, 539, 550, 552–3 regulated 574 additional 552–3 state-owned 386 environmental 475, 553 titanium dioxide 49, 58, 373, 388 indigenous peoples 207–8, 253 waste management 325 claims 207–8 industry participation 272 communities 208 information 32, 49–53, 380–1, 385–7, 457–60, members of 208 502–4, 509–10, 512–13, 516–19, 522–38, 540–2, individuals 144, 223, 226, 235, 237, 240, 301, 410, 546–9, 554, 557–8, 590 458, 511, 515, 561–2, 566–7, 571–2, 575 accessible 588 industrial activities 50, 120, 167, 232, 374, 397, 418, accounting 537 516, 587 additional 386–7, 453 emissions 43, 49, 51, 56, 58, 115, 368, 371, adequate 461 373–5, 380–1, 389, 392, 397, 517, 519 basic 379 Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU see IED business 446 permit 380 chemical 518 industrial innovation 81, 90–1, 520 complimentary 531 industrial installations 151, 163, 356, 397, 508–9 confidential 107, 519 industrial processes 28, 163, 174, 227, 271, 379, contradictory 544 394, 405 disclosed deceptive 556 complex 27 Directive 510, 516 new 227 earlier 355 industrial revolution 12, 23, 227, 418, 492 exchanging 475, 513 industrial sectors 29, 53, 163, 169, 229, 474, 517, existing 385 589 gathering 280, 442, 563 intensive 166 general 53, 522 major 64 imperfect 289 most 163 industrial 518, 547 energy-intensive 165 insufficient 558 industrial sites 177, 293, 395, 397, 416, 430, internet-based 32 581–2 legislation 558 heavy 395 market-sensitive 548 historic 419 materiality of 538, 544 large 420 minimum 379 industrial sources 360, 409, 519 necessary 498, 546 various 356 http://www.pbookshop.comnew 452 Industrial Works 246 relevant renewable energy 204 industrialisation 227–8 reliable quantitative 480 industrialised countries 76, 80, 154, 200 scientific 396 developed 159 sensitive 547 major 158 technical 524–5 industries 51–4, 62–4, 67–70, 73, 81–2, 108–9, uncertainty 481, 488 184–5, 233–4, 237–9, 368–70, 415–16, 449–50, withholding 557 454–5, 457, 519–21 Information Economics 461 allied land-based 14 information exchange 514 animals by-products 54 scientific 523 biomass-to-energy 320 Information Exchange Forum 369 chemical 182, 448–50, 462, 482 information exchange process 51 clean technology 82 Information Note Number 89 construction 12, 320 Information Society 310 energy-intensive 80, 169, 181 infrastructure 12, 40, 93, 111–12, 121, 152, 211, individual 226, 391 261–2, 493, 495, 501, 515 material-based 449 Planning Commission 138, 500 Index 619 infringements 66, 71, 276, 389, 547, 567, 569–70, statutory 24, 26–7, 132, 500 573, 575 insurance 96, 106, 224, 273, 275, 279, 281, 300, initiatives 563–4 agri-environmental 209 companies 542, 564 emissions reduction 186 industry 275, 543, 559 environmental 191 regulation 543 state-level 282 insurers 67, 543 Inland waterways 25 integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) 258 innovation 4, 11, 25, 62–8, 72–8, 80–2, 84–91, 102, Integrated Pollution and Control 368–9, 371, 373, 104, 106–10, 112, 116, 134–5, 449–50, 461–2 375, 377, 379, 381, 383, 385, 387, 389, 391 and Participatory Governance 89 (see also IPC) and Technology Transfer to Address Climate requirements 388 Change 87, 112 control system 405 chain 76–7, 87 prevention 29, 43–4, 51, 56, 58, 181, 368, 394, offsets 63–5, 73, 81, 115 397, 474, 512 inorganic matter 14 see IPPC inspection Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive environmental 277, 386, 391 2008/1/EC 285, 406, 468 plan, environmental 386 Integrated Product Policy (IPP) 449 inspectors 230, 233, 544 Integrated Water Resource Management see IWRM installation operators 516, 522 integration, principle of 39–41, 55 permit 516 intellectual property 85, 87, 89, 109, 112, 115, 298, site 521 557 state 564 intellectual property rights see IPRs nuclear 565 exception 547 types 411 Intended budgets 175 installations 49–50, 129–30, 163–4, 168–9, 218, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 231, 233–4, 369, 371–83, 385–90, 410–11, (IACHR) 208 512–15, 520–1, 564, 573–4 inter-calibration 470–1, 475, 484–6 covered 165, 168 inter-laboratory comparison studies 478 energy-intensive 181–2 interaction, contractual 299, 302 existing 51, 369, 378, 380 interests individual 168, 372 conflicting 301–2 new 369, 380, 516 contractual 240 nuclear 563–4 participatory 212 permanent waste management 342 particular 232, 257 small 165–6, 168–9 http://www.pbookshop.compublic 207, 455, 546–7, 562, 572 Institute for Energy and Environment 345 special 4–5, 15, 52, 315, 326, 329, 443 Institute for Prospective Technological Studies see sufficient 272, 387 IPTS Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change see IPCC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurement Interim budgets 175 (IRMM) 478, 485 Interim Reports 471 Institute of Environmental Assessment 507 Interim target 129, 183, 193, 195, 395 Institute of Environmental Management and internal combustion engine (ICE) 10, 12 Assessment 501 internal market 22, 30, 122, 129, 161, 324, 331, 333, Institution of Agricultural Engineers (IAgrE) 14 338, 450 Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change 77, in Electricity Directive 123 89 principles 122 institutions, international 16–17, 152, 441–3 International Accounting Standards Board instruments (IASB) 539, 560 economic 46, 177, 193, 325, 334, 340 International Agency for Research on Cancer financial 274–7, 280 (IARC) 334 non-binding 17–18, 42 international agreements 16, 63, 76, 78, 87, 101, soft-law 17, 19 141–2, 157, 167, 169, 199–200, 214, 219, 223, 285 620 Index

International and EU Climate Change Law 141, International regulation of nanotechnology 441 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, International Renewable Energy Agency 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 (IRENA) 204 International Centre for Trade and Sustainable International Sea Bed Authority see ISBA 209 Development see ICTSD international shipping 159–60 International Civil Aviation Organization international standards 176, 442, 466, 468, 483–4, (ICAO) 160 539 international competitiveness 63–5, 74, 137 international treaties 37–40, 45, 110, 226, 511, 542 and environmental Policies 74 International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea International Conference on Water and (ITLOS) 18, 216, 562 Environment 365 International vocabulary of metrology 466, 481, International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) 200 487–8 International Council of Academies of Engineering intervention 32, 66, 298, 419, 449, 454 and Technological Sciences 11 interventionist measures 456–7 International Court of Justice see ICJ inventories 174, 446, 460, 512, 524, 526–7 International Criminal Court (ICC) 565 Investigation of Potentially Contaminated Sites 429, International Economic Order 202, 210 433 International Electrotechnical Commission see IEC investment 6, 69, 71, 77, 85–7, 94, 104, 107–8, 124, International Energy Agency see IEA 132, 202–3, 272–3, 282–4, 324, 554–5 international environmental court 562, 576–77 environmental 69 International environmental harm 565 private 77 international environmental law 4, 16–18, 21, 30–2, private sector 138, 190, 273 38, 55–7, 64, 67, 87, 142, 145–6, 171, 193–4, investment contracts 244 561–2, 577 international 244 International Exchange Forum see IEF investment decisions 84, 124 International Exchange Group see IEG investment protection 204, 222 International Financial Reporting Standard investors, foreign 199–200, 202, 241 (IFRS) 539, 560 IP regulation 85 International Institute for Environment and IP rights 77, 85–7, 106, 109 Development (IIED) 98, 113 IPC (Integrated Pollution Control) 29, 347, 388, international instruments 145–6, 222, 517, 519 405, 424, 500–1 International kilogram 479 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Change) 5, 75–6, 78–9, 89, 93, 95, 99, 101–2, (ILAC) 485 110, 113–14, 143, 145, 147, 257, 265–6 international law 16, 30–1, 41, 55–7, 105, 199, assessment reports 147–8 201–3, 209, 211–13, 217, 223–4, 244, 253, IPP (Integrated Product Policy) 449 561–2, 576–7 http://www.pbookshop.comIPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and principle of 41–2 Control) 29, 56, 183, 356, 368–73, 380, sources of 17, 202 390–1, 409, 427, 452, 474, 508, 512–13, 515–16, International Law & Business 31, 566 586–7 International Law and Sustainable implementation of 371–2, 390 Development 56–7 and Emissions Trading Directives 508, 511 International Law Association (ILA) 41, 56 Bureau 51–3, 55–6 International Law Commission 17, 565, 576 IPPC Directive 2008/1/EC 29, 44, 49, 55–6, 183, International Maritime Organization see IMO 368–79, 382–3, 390, 392, 397, 511–12, 518–21, International Measurement Evaluation Programme 532, 586, 588 (IMEP) 478 and LCP directive 372 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 564 Annex 520 International Natural Gas Trade Project Report in Scotland and Northern Ireland 29 MIT 244 permit 369, 381, 514, 586 international organisations 7, 17, 201, 203, 218–19, IPRs (intellectual property rights) 75, 85–6, 105–7, 480, 485, 544, 561–2, 575 109, 305, 521, 540, 547 International Organization for Standardization 481, and Climate Change 89 485, 487–8 protection 107 Index 621

IPTS (Institute for Prospective Technological judicial order 414 Studies) 51–2, 56, 369–70 judicial proceedings 511, 568, 573 Iran 122, 200–1, 544–5, 558 Junod 240, 249 Iran Environment Protection Organisation 560 jurisdictions 17–18, 24, 26, 28–9, 69, 73, 108, Ireland 20, 161, 216, 371, 387, 573 199–200, 205, 237, 283–4, 297, 301–2, 306, IRENA (International Renewable Energy 460–1 Agency) 204 coastal state’s 215 Irish Environmental Protection Agency Act 14 jury 235 IRMM (Institute for Reference Materials and justice 5, 19, 39, 41, 56–7, 110, 169, 202, 227–8, Measurement) 478, 485 387, 508–11, 516–17, 532–3, 562, 576–8 irrigation 92, 94, 103–4, 111, 113, 559 environmental 110, 509, 514, 530, 562 in Developing Countries 114 irrigated farms 104 Kelly 206 systems 19, 104 Kenya 106 ISBA (International Seabed Authority) 216, 219–20 Kiev Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer islands, artificial 218 Registers 517–20, 532 ISO (Independent System Operator) 71, 82, 90, 124, Kline 76, 84, 89 355, 442, 466, 473, 481, 487–8 Knight 537–9, 541, 548, 559 ISO/IEC(International Electrotechnical KP see Kyoto Protocol Commission) 468, 476, 478, 481, KP3 233–5, 237 483–4, 487 KPIs (key performance indicators) 541, 550, Guide 466, 487 554, 587 Italy 20, 122, 159, 351–2, 389, 462, 571, Kraemer 9, 22, 31 573, 575 Kramer 576–7 ITLOS (International Tribunal on the Law of the Kulovesi 155, 171 Sea) 18, 216, 562 Kurukulasuriya 104, 114 ITO (Independent Transmission Operator) 124 Kyoto 90, 114, 139, 148, 153–5, 159–61, 163, 166, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of 173–4, 288–9, 303, 363 Nature) Academy of Environmental Law 590 Kyoto Protocol (KP) 38–40, 58, 81, 84, 97–8, IWRM (Integrated Water Resource 141–3, 147–50, 153–7, 159–61, 163–7, 172–4, Management) 358, 362–5 194, 289, 294–5, 310–11 principles of 362, 364 Kyoto Protocol, amended 156 countries 365 Kyoto targets 149, 163–4, 177

Jans 21–2, 31 labelling 75, 82, 177, 321, 447–8, 453, Japan 72, 82, 91, 100, 154, 156, 204, 217, 267, 310, 457–8, 460 440, 442–8 http://www.pbookshop.comrequirements 455, 457 Japanese companies 62–3 laboratories 465–6, 473–4, 476–83, 485 JCGM (Joint Committee for Guides in calibration 468, 479, 487 Metrology) 466, 488 Laboratories undertaking Chemical Testing of Jenkins 70, 74 Soil 484, 488 JI (Joint Implementation) 150–1 Laboratory Information Management System JI emissions reductions units 165 (LIMS) 483 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Ladle arc furnace (LAF) 585–6, 588 Development 19, 181 lakes, natural freshwater 474 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology see JCGM land 4, 13–14, 24, 27, 29, 93, 206–10, 222, 343–4, joint development zone awards 217 418–19, 421–30, 432–3, 491–2, 494–5, 548 Joint Implementation see JI agricultural 356, 496 Joint Research Centre see JRC derelict 419, 433 joint ventures 212, 253 development of 492, 494 Jordan 22, 30–1 non-hazardous waste 583 JRC (Joint Research Centre) 6, 51–2, 56, 369 re-use of 430, 433 judgment 7, 19, 41, 53, 60, 208, 250, 319, 344, 387, traditional 208 414, 425, 427, 429, 550 Land and Water Division of FAO 113 622 Index

Land-based Pollution 45 regional 18, 23 contamination 419, 421, 426–8, 433–5, 587 soft 16, 32, 37 management 25, 434 politics of International Regulation 223 contaminated 418–19, 421–2, 428, 435 law-making processes 32, 147 management processes 352 environmental 3, 511 remediation 421, 433 Lawford 346, 365 Land Quality Management 433 Lawrence 86–7, 89 land resources 208, 362 lawsuits 556 land tenure 111, 113, 208 lawyers 4–6, 95, 99, 225–6, 257, 267, 296, 509, 534, insecure 107, 111 557 land territory 217 environmental 239, 393, 486, 531–2, 577 landfill 29, 321, 324–31, 340, 342–4, 379, 381, 434, LCA (life cycle analysis) 260, 394 529, 545, 582, 587–9 LCPs (Large Combustion Plant) 49, 58, 371–2, 375, hazardous 588–9 387–90 disposal 72 existing 389 gas 128, 136, 189, 327–8, 343, 420 LCP emission limit values 372 bottom ash 334, 344 LDCF (Least Developed Countries Fund) 100 operator 320 LDCs (least developed countries) 86, 97, 99–100, projects 328 146, 153, 155, 158 regulations 589 LDDs (Local Development Documents) 137, 494 waste 80 LDFs (Local Development Framework) 426, Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme see LATS 493–6, 498, 590 landfill allowances 340–1 LDVs (light duty vehicles) 397–8 and Trading Scheme 340 leachate 326–9, 332 Landfill Directive 29, 173, 325–8, 330, 339, 344, least developed countries see LDCs 434, 582, 588–9 Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) 100 landfill sites 174, 326, 328, 582, 588 Leatch 9 aftercare of 325, 327 Lee 31, 323, 345, 505, 507, 567–8, 573–4, 576 largest 328 Leeds 191 present 587 Lefevere 147–8, 153, 158–9, 171 landfill tax 62, 314, 320, 340, 342 legal agreement 43, 153, 156, 493 escalator 342 legal barriers 92, 107 work 434 legal basis 23–4, 29, 181, 186–7, 189, 191, 207 landowners 206–7, 359, 430, 433, 492 legal consequences 303–4 private 205–6, 209 for States 44, 60 landscape 497, 502–3, 530, 544, 548, 551 legal entity 299, 301–2, 307 LAPC (Local Air Pollution Control)http://www.pbookshop.com 29 legal framework 4, 33, 92, 132, 141–2, 148, 154, LAPPC (Local Air Pollution Prevention and 156, 204, 223, 262, 273, 288, 301, 314 Control) 29 for Clean Technology Transfer and Finance 75, LAQM see Local Air Quality Management 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91 Large Combustion Plant see LCPs legal instruments 113, 120, 142, 147–8, 228, 314, 581 Large Combustion Plants Directive 368, 392, 587 water-related 532 Large Non-Energy-Intensive Sector 185 legal obligations 10, 17, 20, 42, 135, 202, 204, 239, LAs see local authorities 275, 277, 339, 515, 517 Latin American states 201–2, 213 legal requirements 71, 177, 182, 193, 226, 377, 415, LATS (Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme) 314, 428, 477, 502, 546–7 340, 342, 344 legal systems 26, 243, 246–7, 251–2, 298, 549, 573 LATS Regulations 340–41 legality of reverse engineering 75, 86 law 3–7, 9–16, 20–2, 24–6, 30–1, 42–4, 56–8, legislation 5, 7–8, 12–13, 23–6, 28–9, 48–9, 80–2, 86–90, 92–116, 213–14, 223–4, 226–7, 229, 139, 228, 397–9, 421–3, 449–50, 452–3, 456–8, 462–3, 556–9 466–9 civil 26, 243, 249, 308, 418, 571–4 current 452, 502 environmental criminal 569, 576–7 environment-related 225 general principles of 200, 202 primary 13, 26 Index 623

secondary 13, 26–9, 175, 187, 500 lignite 180 companies 541 limit values 336, 348, 395, 398, 401–4, 408, 417 framework 132, 138, 444, 454, 456 community emission 376 instruments 119, 396, 435 incineration air emission 337 legislative process, first-reading 569 particular emission 381 Leiden/Boston 56–7 prescribed emission 583 levels set emission 334 emission 50, 71, 376, 383, 386 limitations, technological 215 minimum 72, 160, 176, 569–70 limits, outer 215–16 pollutant 465, 477 limits of exploitability 215 pre-industrial 157, 161 limits of national jurisdiction 17–18, 219 pre-industrialised 170 LIMS (Laboratory Information Management of governance 97, 351, 511 System) 483 of pollution 7, 465, 467 Lin 290, 310, 445, 454–5, 457–8, 462 Levinson 69, 74 Linde 63, 66–7, 74, 81, 90 levy 80, 179–81, 185–7, 192 linkages 42, 120, 150, 319, 424, 426 LEZ (Low Emissions Zone) 191 Linking Directive 165 LFD (Landfill Directive) 325–8 links LGC (Laboratory of the Government causal 537, 550, 556–7, 572 Chemist) 479–80, 487 sustainable development law 14 liability 7, 66, 214, 220, 223–4, 245, 251, 275–6, liquefied natural gas (LNG) 265 278, 282–4, 306–8, 415, 424–5, 427–8, 563–5 Lisbon Treaty 8, 15–16, 20–2, 30, 33, 129, 570 contractor’s 220 Lisbon Treaty and EU environmental law 22 exclusion of 276–7 litigation 67, 168, 234, 283, 288, 298, 302, 308 financial 101, 274 risk of 555 limited 540 Livengood 261, 268 long-term project 283 living modified organisms (LMOs) 142, 563 owner’s 564–5 living resources 209, 213–14, 219 partial 425 LNG (liquefied natural gas) 265 potential storage site operator 274 Local Air Pollution Control (LAPC) 29, 405 framework 277 Local Air Pollution Prevention and Control group 424 (LAPPC) 29 provisions 273, 287 Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) 405–7, liability regime 409, 416 civil 61, 563–4, 568 local authorities (LAs) 27–8, 130, 179, 188, 299, international civil 5, 214, 563, 575 340, 342, 405–11, 416, 421–6, 428, 430, 433, Liberalisation of Trade in Renewable-Energyhttp://www.pbookshop.com492, 510 Products and Associated Goods 90 in England and Wales 407 Libya 208, 242 Local Council 191, 411, 413, 511 Libyan Arab Republic 242 Local Development licence 205, 210, 219, 242300, 432, 457, 467, 518, Documents (LDDs) 137, 494 573–4 Framework see LDFs revocation 573–5 framework, published 426, 493–4, 498 licensees 205–6, 283 benefits 290 life cycle 288, 315–16, 445, 447, 449, 451, 453, 456 Local Government 139, 190, 499, 506, 541 analysis (LCA) 260, 394 Local Planning Authority see LPAs assessment 449 Local self-government in England and Wales 28 carbon dioxide emissions 260, 262 London Dumping Conventions 221–2, 273 GHG emission analysis of power generation London Low Emission Zone 193 systems 268 long-range transboundary air pollution (LRTAP) 57, GHG emissions 261, 263 395 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment long-term contracting process 243 Regulations 232 long-term liability 272–5, 278–9, 281, 283–6 light duty vehicles (LDVs) 397–8 regulation 275, 280 624 Index

Longman 31 Marine Environment Protection Committee of IMO Lord Cullen 231 (International Maritime Organisation) 8 Low Carbon Development 89 Marine Pollution 48, 57, 220–1, 273, 287 low carbon technologies 77, 88, 125, 139, 174, 181, marine resources/ecosystems 222 266, 272, 286 market 62, 65–6, 69–71, 163–5, 166, 177–8, 227, Low Income Countries 100 270, 289–90, 293–4, 338–41, 451, 453, 457, 459 Lowe 42, 57, 213, 215, 223 breakdown 290, 293 LPAs (Local Planning Authority) 493–4, 496, 498, conditions 250, 285 501–2, 504 common 21, 122 LRTAP Convention (see also long-range competitive 68, 70, 130, 538, 557 transboundary air pollution) 43, 57 development 320 Luxembourg 20, 122, 194, 202, 345, 351, 365, 371, international 62, 64, 68, 70, 72–3, 399 567, 572–3 for Corporate Environmental and Social Responsibility 559 MAC (maximum allowable concentration) incentives 61, 67–8, 289 349, 467 power 122, 244 machinery 420, 482 prices 62, 212, 250 Mackenzie 563, 576–7 marketplace 76 Mackenzie Valley Resource Management Act 359 Marpol 8, 214 Macrory 41, 56–7, 570–1, 573, 576–7 Marrakech Accords 148–9, 154, 157, 289, 563 Maggs 298 Marsh 298 maintenance management 233 Martin 89, 535–6, 560 majeure (force) clause (see force majeure) mass 479 major economies meetings (MEMs) 159 releases 587 Makuch 31, 172, 192–3, 270, 273, 287, 457, 462, material considerations 426, 493–4 533, 546, 560 material effects 542 Makuch, Karen E. 3, 37, 61, 75, 92, 119, 141, 172, material information 534, 538, 542, 544 199, 225, 240, 439, 465, 508, 581 annual reports lack 539 Management materials 30, 32, 37–8, 314–15, 317–18, 320–2, decisions 69 324–5, 331–5, 338–9, 342–3, 420–1, 432, 458, integrated water resources 365 503–4, 542 water resource 103 conventional 448 and Controlling Stakeholders 300 test 480–1 of irrigation systems 104 recovery facilities (MRFs) 326 of land contamination 428 science, environmental 11 management approach 552 matrices, environmental 473 participatory water 347 http://www.pbookshop.comMauritanianentity 208 management systems maximum allowable concentration (MAC) 349, 467 certified environmental 61 maximum participation 30, 142 environmental 71, 73, 82, 90, 540, 545 Mayagna 208 good energy 378 Mayor of London 9, 137, 395, 405, 408, 417 well-developed waste 323 Mbiti 106, 112 Mandatory Site Waste Management Plans 320 McEldowney 31 manganese 337, 360, 587–8 MCERTS (Monitoring Certification Scheme) 484 Mann 261, 269 McGraw 142, 563, 577 manufactured nano-particles 443 McHarg 205–7, 211–12, 223 manufacturing industries 449 MEAs (Multilateral Environmental Agreement) 16, manufacturing process 583–4, 586, 589 23, 32, 83, 86–7, 89, 144, 222, 264, 562–3, 575, Marangopoulos Foundation for Human Rights 578, 590 (MFHR) 562 measurement procedures 335, 468, 473, 477–8, marine environment 45, 47–8, 57, 214, 220–2, 258, 481–3 265–7, 366, 523, 525–6 measurement results 465, 477, 479, 481, 486–7 pollution 214 three pillars of reliable 483, 485–6 protection 209, 214, 220 measurement scientists 476–7 Index 625 measurements 52, 382, 400, 402–4, 408, 410, 444, Mendelsohn 104, 114 459, 465–6, 468, 474–80, 483–4, 520–1, 528, mercury 221, 331–3, 337, 349, 360, 396, 406, 429, 547–9 467, 588 biological 480 meta-principle 42, 55 fixed 400, 408 metallic 586 indicative 400, 408 Metalliferous Mines Regulation Act 228 making 468, 477–8 metals 54, 182, 514–15, 585, 587, 589 making environmental 478 heavy 330, 333, 335, 389, 419, 586–8 physical 479–80 Method Statements 472 reference methods of 475 method validation 477, 483, 485 measures methodologies 126, 151, 163, 289, 292–3, 295, 305, border-adjustment 81 382, 429, 483, 518, 520, 526 border adjustments 80 methods, analytical 472–3, 484, 520–1 corrective 275, 277, 279 metric units 475, 480 concerning Meat and Meat Products 460 metrological traceability 479–81, 483, 485 energy/environmental efficiency 70 metrology 458, 466, 480–1, 485, 487–8 necessary 20, 128, 147, 322, 378 Metz 89, 113–14 precautionary 8, 145 Meyer 89, 114 programme of 348, 351, 471 MFHR (Marangopoulos Foundation for Human protective 454 Rights) 562 relevant site remediation 50, 376 MFN (most favourite nation) 169 technical 383 microbiological 356, 467 waste-minimisation 342 Middle East 121–2, 213, 310 mechanisms 76–7, 83–4, 87, 97, 102, 105, 158, 166, miles, nautical 213, 215–16 169, 204, 227–8, 240, 307–8, 570–1, 578 milk 8, 455 flexible 67, 150, 154, 163, 194, 341 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 19, 366 international 76–7, 200 Miller 463, 482, 488 market-pull 76–7, 87 mineral oil 53–4, 58 offsetting 194 mineral reserves 210 project-based 151, 290, 311 mineral resources 205, 207, 209, 211, 217, 219, 315 state-of-the-art non-compliance 171, 576 mines 228, 319, 424 for Promoting Innovation and Development 113, Mines Regulation Act 228 115 Minimum Criteria for Environmental media attention 234 Inspection 386 Mediterranean environment 525 minimum standards/principles 32 Mediterranean Sea 523–4 mining, seabed 216, 219 Meeting of the Parties (MOPs)http://www.pbookshop.com 147–8, 153, 216, Mining Code 220 295, 518, 576–7 mining companies 220, 550 Mehta 447, 462–3 mitigation 14, 83–4, 86, 88–9, 93, 102, 113–14, MELs (Maximum Exposure Limits) 412 143–5, 153–5, 157–8, 161–2, 170, 178, 281, 293 Member State data collection systems 519 action 143, 156, 170 Member States mitigation projects 153 acceding 128, 517 favoured industrial-scale 293 current 468 support climate change 153 first 368, 377, 387 mitigation technologies 84, 102 free 53 mobile communications 92, 106 individual 22, 161, 163 mobile phones 106, 112 local conditions of 333, 336 modelling 90, 183, 400, 408–9, 411 new 161, 482 techniques 400, 429 Member States (MS) 20–3, 49–53, 122–9, 163–5, Modern waste disposal facilities 420 168–70, 277–81, 321–6, 331–6, 351–2, 369–73, Modernisation Directive 540 385–9, 396–404, 468–71, 519–22, 566–72 modified organisms 24, 30, 510, 548–9 Members of Parliament (MPs) 26 Moiwana Community 208 MEMs (major economies meetings) 159 monarch 25 626 Index

Monitini 38–9, 42 manufactured 442, 447 monitoring 166–7, 233, 267–8, 274–5, 277, 279, nanoproducts 448, 457 350–1, 381–2, 384, 396–7, 399–400, 408, nanoscale 440, 443, 453 467–70, 483–4, 521–7 nanoscalematerials 445, 452, 461 continuous 466, 586, 588 nanoscaleparticles 440 emission 381, 385–6 nanotechnologies 439–49, 451–64, 485–6 environmental 365, 455, 470, 486, 585, 587 context of 450, 454, 485 investigative 350, 469 governance of 442, 456 operational 350, 469 identified 444 particulate 587 molecular 464 post market 455, 457 present 442 surface water 351 regulating 455, 462–3, 486 surveillance 350, 469 using 445, 457 Monitoring Certification Scheme (MCERTS) 484 Nanotechnologies Action Plan 452 monitoring/control 458 Nanotechnologies for Regulations and Risk monitoring networks 102, 350–2 Assessment 462 monitoring water quality 475 nanotechnologies research 459 water level 469 Nanotechnologies Technical Committee 442 monitoring of environments 49, 373 nanotechnology risks 448, 460, 462 monitoring programmes 347, 430, 470–1, 527 nanotubes, particular carbon 459 monitoring requirements, suitable emission 381 NAPAs (National Adaptation Programs of monitoring systems, continuous emissions 484 Action) 100, 115, 153 monopoly companies 131 NAPs (national action plans) 59, 129, 164, 167, 516 Montreal Protocol 63, 86–7, 89, 148, 152, 562, 566 NAs see negotiated agreements Moore 60, 492, 507 Nation states 30, 195 MOPs see Meeting of the Parties national action plans see NAPs most favourite nation (MFN) 169 National Adaptation Programmes of Action 100, Mowery 85, 90 115 MPs (Members of Parliament) 26 National Adaptation Programs of Action see NAPAs MRA (Mutual Recognition Arrangement) 480 National Air Quality Strategy (NAQS) 405–6 MRFs (materials recovery facilities) 326 National Association of Insurance Commissioners see MRV (Measurement Reporting & Verification) 157 NAIC MS see Member States National Audit Office (NAO) 180–1, 183–4 Muizon 182–3, 192 National Contingency Plan (NCP) 220 Mulholland 9, 31 National Emission Ceiling Directive 382, 392 Multilateral Environmental Agreement see MEAs national emission ceilings 380, 397 municipal waste 330, 339–41,http://www.pbookshop.com 344 National Environmental Policy Act 499 biodegradable 329, 340 National Exposure Reduction Target (NERT) 404 collected 340 National Grid 588 Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) 480 National House Building Council (NHBC) 429 National Laboratory and Information Services NAIC (National Association of Insurance (NLIS) 27 Commissioners) 542–3, 560 National Laboratory Service (NLS) 473 NAMAS (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation national law 16, 22–3, 56–7, 119, 132, 141, 143, Action) 155, 170, 194 160, 273, 285, 333, 351, 404–5, 561–2, 565–7 nano 455–6, 464 National measurement institutes (NMIs) 479–80 nano-regulation 444, 454, 459 National Parks and Wildlife Service and Shoalhaven nano-technologies 23, 486 City Council 9 nanoform 453 National Physical Laboratory (NPL) 479–80 nanomaterials 439, 441–2, 444–9, 452–3, 460–3, National Policy Statements (NPSs) 138, 500 486 National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) 530, regulation of 439, 447 533 nanoparticles 443, 449, 462 National Pollution Inventory (NPI) 530 magnetic 440 natural gas 174, 181, 240–1, 244, 260–1, 336, 421 Index 627

Natural Gas Markets and Contracts 244 NI-NFFO (Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel natural resources 13, 18, 21–2, 40–1, 52, 62–3, 66, Obligation) 188 71–3, 199–204, 207, 210, 215, 217–18, 222–4, nickel 337, 349, 361, 396, 406, 429, 472, 372–3 585–8 conservation of 62, 200 Nigerian National Oil Company (NNOC) 211 exhaustible 443 nitrates 355, 468, 474 exploitation of 39–40, 203 Nitrates Directive 352, 474 exploration and exploitation of 199–200 nitrogen compounds 474 sustainable use of 41, 61, 372 nitrogen dioxide 336, 395–6, 401, 407, 416–17 natural resources contracts 203 nitrogen monoxide 336 Natural Resources Forum 30 NLS (National Laboratory Service) 473 natural resources industry 209 NMIs (National measurement institutes) 479–80 Natural Resources Law 73, 199, 223 NNOC (Nigerian National Oil Company) 211 natural resources management 66, 210 NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) 336, 360, 395–6, 399–404, natural resources sector 66, 202 407–10 natural resources utilization 73 noise 13, 25, 28, 187, 315, 322, 326, 413, 427, natural systems, interacting 14 502–3, 510, 544, 582, 587 nature 6, 51, 57, 187, 250–1, 295, 382, 385, 395–6, environmental 587 413–16, 418–20, 499–500, 502–3, 524, 526 nomenclature 458–9 Navigable Waters Protection Act 359 non-compliance 7, 71, 194, 221, 252, 277, 307, 341, NCP (National Contingency Plan) 220 377, 562–3, 568, 573–5 NEC (National Emissions Ceilings)Directive 397 non-compliance procedures 562–3, 575, 578 NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) 398 non-criminal measures 572–3, 577 negative impacts 460 study on 573 negligence 235, 271, 285, 296, 427, 430, 549, 556, non-environmental purposes 80 564, 569 non-financial information 541, 559 main principles of 427, 435 Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation see NFFO serious 569 non-governmental organisations see NGOs negotiated agreements (NAs) 172, 175, 182–3, 185, non-hazardous, green wastes 321 192, 299 non-hazardous waste inert 326 negotiations 23, 79, 83, 87, 108, 122–3, 147–8, non-hazardouswastes 323, 326, 566 153–6, 158, 183, 295, 305, 574 non-implementation 169, 389 international 16, 27, 79, 85 non-inclusion 48 international environmental 75–6 Non-navigational Uses of International NEPA (National Environmental Protection Act) 499 Watercourses 39, 58 NERT (National Exposure Reduction Target) 404 non-participation 155 net costs 63, 68 http://www.pbookshop.comnon-parties 105, 214 net present value (NPV) 134, 152, 307 non-waste 324, 345 Netherlands 20, 31, 56–7, 80, 122, 205, 216, 222, NONS (Notification of New Substances) 446 273, 282, 351, 560, 571, 573, 576–7 Nordhaus 77, 90 Netherlands Environmental Assessment Nordic countries 560 Agency 316 norms 42, 121, 203, 466, 493 New Economic Order 203 North American states 542 New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) 398 North Sea Continental Shelf 217 Newell 77, 83, 90, 108, 114 Northern Ireland 24–7, 29, 172, 180, 188–9, 234, NFFO (Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation) 188 387, 391, 428, 497 NFFO arrangements in England and Wales 188 Northern Ireland Assembly 25–6 NGOs (non-governmental organisations) 16, 76, 84, Northern Ireland Obligation 188 104, 142, 152, 369–70, 375, 380–1, 442, 464, Norway 80, 163, 205, 262, 273, 281, 284, 286–7, 501, 508, 552, 562 311, 417 NGOs, environmental 51–2 Notification of New Substances (NONS) 446 NH3 (Ammonia) 397, 409–10 notification scheme 457–8 NHBC (National House Building Council) 429 notification systems 458 Ni (Nickel) 337, 396 Novel Materials 463 628 Index

NOx(nitrogenoxides) 264, 336, 372, 396–7, 416, OECD Environment Directorate 345 585, 587 OECD Guidelines 448, 540 NPI (National Pollution Inventory) 530 OECD Member States 83 NPL (National Physical Laboratory) 479–80 OECD Paris Convention on Third Party NPRI (National Pollutant Release Inventory) 530, 533 Liability 563 NPSs (National Policy Statements) 138, 500 OECD states 563 NPV (net present value) 134, 152, 307 OECD Waste Management Policy Group 345 nuclear accidents 5, 563–4, 575, 578 OECD WPMN (Working Party on Manufactured nuclear power 31, 122–3, 161, 272 Nanomaterials) 459 nuisance 315, 410–16, 427, 503, 549 OELs (Occupational Exposure Limits) 406, 412–13 Nunavut Waters and Nunavut Surface Rights Tribunal offences 66, 230, 234–7, 239, 412, 428, 432, 566, 570 Act 359 offender 567, 570–1, 575 Nwaokoro 244 individual 565, 571 Nyquist 538, 560 Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) 26 Official Development Aid (ODA) 97, 101, 144, 151 Oberdorster 463 Official Journal 162, 166–7, 318–19, 344, 365, 417, objectives 463, 487–8, 569 essential 21 offshore energy resources 205, 213 general sustainable development 539 offshore installations 199, 218, 220, 222–3, 231–2, particular 119 234, 253 water-quality 526 offshore oil 29, 205, 220, 222, 226, 230–2, 237–9 obligations 18, 42, 45–7, 134–6, 142–5, 185–9, offshore pipelines 222 246–7, 249–50, 276–9, 283, 297–9, 301–2, offshore safety regulation 232, 237–8 304–5, 307–9, 561–2 offshore sources 222 contingent 279 offshore storage, particular 268 emissions reduction 160 Ofgem(The Office of Gas and Electricity Markets – energy supplier 133 regulatory body) 131, 134–5, 140, 189 exposure concentration 403 Ohio Oil Co 206 extended 134 oil 5, 121–2, 204–7, 209–13, 217, 223, 225–6, general 48, 218, 222, 356, 467 239–40, 244, 253, 260, 265–6, 270–2, 328, 523–4 international 16, 37, 40 profit 211–12 new 148–9 Oil and Gas Industry 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, statutory 134, 176, 414 237, 239 of participants 304 Oil and Gas Production Contracts 240 obligations Suisse 240, 249 oil company 72, 205, 209, 211–13, 223 ObservatoryNANO 458–9, 463 foreign 209, 211–13, 223 Occupational Exposure Limitshttp://www.pbookshop.com (OELs) 406, 412–13 national 209, 212–13 Occupational Health and Safety Law 225, 227, 229, Oil Concession Contracts 223 231, 233, 235, 237, 239 oil crisis 122, 241 occupational safety 226, 239 oil industries 206, 213, 398 oceans 7, 110, 214, 223, 260, 267 oil platforms 218, 221–2 octylphenols 349, 472–3 oil pollution 214, 564 ODA (Official Development Aid) 97, 101, 144, 151 Oil Pollution Civil Liability Conventions 214 Odeh 261, 268 Oil Pollution Damage 220, 223 ODI (Overseas Development Institute) 84, 90, 113 Oil Pollution Liability Convention 564 odour 315, 323, 326, 361, 414, 427 Oil Spill Prevention and Response Advisory Group ODPM (Office of the Deputy Prime (OSPRAG) 238 Minister) 136–7, 140, 491, 494, 507 oil spillage 556 OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and oil spills 226, 282, 564–5, 578 Development) 11, 58, 64, 70, 77–9, 89–90, OJ (Official Journal) 51, 58, 273, 287, 315, 331, 371, 114, 143, 324–5, 442, 476, 528–9, 531–2, 399, 401, 474–5, 515, 568, 572 539–40, 560 Olympic Development Authority Press Office 431 OECD countries 64, 77, 529 omissions 179, 387, 511, 572 OECD Decision 321, 323 On-scene information offices 513 Index 629 on-site 137, 335, 562 OSPAR Recommendations 48, 59 on-site provision 137 OSPRAG (Oil Spill Prevention and Response onshore industries subject 232 Advisory Group) 238 onshore resources, natural 204 OSS Group Ltd v Environment Agency 317–18 OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Outokumpu 585–6, 588–90 Countries) 89, 122 Outstanding Natural Beauty and Sites of Special OPEC countries 146, 211 Scientific Interest 493 OPEC states 213 over-regulation 70 Operational policies 99 overseas companies 68 operations 19–20, 191–2, 231, 276–7, 299–301, Overseas Development Institute (ODI) 90 324–6, 328, 369, 428–9, 478–9, 514–17, 529, owners 542–3, 548–50, 553–4 present 543 company’s 536–7, 548, 550, 552, 554 ship 564 incineration 335–6 ownership 94, 205–7, 209, 211–13, 223, 299, 303, waste recovery 317 305, 535 waste treatment 324 absolute 206 operator Flexibility 275–6 natural resource 207, 223 operators 163–6, 170, 183–4, 231–2, 273–80, Ownership of Natural Resources in International 282–6, 373–4, 376–9, 382–3, 385–6, 514, 516, Law 223 520–1, 563–5, 573 ownership regimes 204, 206, 253 activity/installation 515 private 205–6 industrial 281, 531 qualified 206, 223, 253 installation/activity 515 Oxfam 98, 102–3, 111, 114 Operators of industrial installations 356 oxidation, partial 259 opinion, reasoned 567 oxygen 182, 259, 265 OPOL (Offshore Pollution Liability pure 258, 265, 271 Association) 220 ozone 395–6, 402, 407, 417 OPSI (Office of Public Sector Information) 26 Options for Framing Adaptation and p/kWh 181 Development 114 Pacific Fur Seal Arbitration United States 562 organic substances 336 packaging 321, 332–4, 451 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and amount of 333–4 Development (OECD) 114, 442, 463, 529, Packaging Directive 332–4 539,560 packaging materials 333 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and packaging waste 332–3 Development see OECD packaging waste 1994/62/EC 332 organisations http://www.pbookshop.comPAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) 334, 396, criminal 575, 578 406–7, 467, 473, 585, 587–8 environmental 398, 400, 562 parameters 328, 355, 357, 465, 475 individual 183 equivalent 383 non-governmental 152, 387, 442, 508, 552, 558 PARCOM Recommendation 48, 59–60 nongovernmental 18, 501 Paris Convention 48, 57, 221, 563–4 organisms, living 14, 548 Parliament 21–2, 25–7, 174, 176–7, 187, 192, 228, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 238, 569 (OPEC) 89, 122 Parliament Resolution 238 organizations, non-governmental (NGOs) 362, 375 Parry 95–6, 113–14, 310 OSC (Oil Spill Commission) 556 Partial emissions reductions 296 Oslo Convention 48, 57, 221, 273, 287 participation 10, 23, 100, 178, 183, 212, 289, 301, Oslo-Paris see OSPAR 303, 332, 343, 351, 364–5, 478, 511 OSPAR (Oslo-Paris) 48, 214, 221–2, 273, 287, 347, local 94 366, 523, 525 parliamentary 7 OSPAR and London Dumping conventions 287 private entity 302 OSPAR Commission 48, 222 public sector 283 OSPAR Convention 43, 45, 48–9, 55, 57, 347 stakeholder 364 630 Index participation agreement 212 contractual 251 participation rights 212 economic 376, 379–80 Participatory Governance 89 performance indicators 552–3 participatory workshops 94 additional environmental 552–3 particle size 445 environmental 552 particles 461 Performance Liquidated Damages (PLD) 304–5, suspended 416 307 ultrafine 463 performance requirements, minimum energy 127 particulate filtration 586 Performance risk 295–6 particulatematter 289, 395–6, 399, 401, 407, 410, Performance Standard 399, 487 417, 467–8 and Test Procedures for Continuous Monitoring fine 402, 468 systems 484, 488 particulates 411, 488, 587 Perillo 245 low 588 period, sample 337 removing 586 permanent sovereignty 199, 201–3, 210, 222–3, 253 suspended 396 principle of 199, 202–3, 213 parties permit affected 248–9, 251, 284 emission 515 aggrieved 298–9, 307–8 industrial 586–8 conservative 71 non-hazardous waste 588 contractual 228 permit application 275, 380 disadvantaged 246–7 permit conditions 50, 53–4, 274, 277, 284, 377, injured 299, 567, 571 381–2, 385–6, 390, 514, 516, 518, 526, 584 legal 301 individual 383–4 liable 422 permitting process 282, 328, 390, 513 multiple 305 Permitting Regulations 586 non-diligent 247 Permitting Regulations of England and Wales 583 private 562, 568 permitting requirements 378, 388 respective 142 individual environmental 406 responsible 220 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 152 various 428 persons parties negotiating 298 appropriate 424–5 parties post-2012 155 states sponsoring 18 parties voting 147 perspective, expert disciplinary 225 partnership 152, 212, 234, 273, 289, 341, 535 pesticides 6, 25, 59, 221, 355, 357, 360, 452, 463, patent pools 86 468 patent protection 106, 109 http://www.pbookshop.competrol 69, 397, 399, 405, 419 patenting 85, 106–7, 109 petrol stations 318–19 patents 76, 85–7, 90, 107, 115, 443, 463, 547 petroleum 206–7, 209, 211, 213 payments 186, 210, 213, 216, 278, 284–6, 303, 307, Pew Center on Global Climate Change 112 341, 564, 572–3 PFCs (Per Fluoro Carbons) 148, 291–2 Pb(lead) 337, 396, 407, 434 phase PBB (polybrominated biphenyls) 332 demonstration 283–5 PDDs (Project Design Document) 151, 289, 309 pilot 163–4, 166 Peeters 171, 533 Phase II 163, 165, 168, 169 penalties 7, 47, 133, 135, 164, 169, 194, 236, 276, Phase III 69, 167–9, 173, 195 314, 341, 389, 563, 569–70, 574–5 phosphates 384 criminal 565–6, 570 phthalate 349, 360, 472–3 introduction of 569–70 pillars 387, 483, 485–6, 508, 510–11, 516–17, 532, levels of 569–70 578 Pendergrass 454, 461 third 511 Pereira, Ricardo 3, 37, 61, 75, 92, 119, 141, 172, three 577–8 199, 225, 240, 257, 288, 439, 561 Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience performance (PPCR) 100 Index 631

Pioneer Natural Resources Company 242 higher-level 497 pipelines 214, 218–19, 222, 258, 265, 271, 290, 292, inadequate water management 346 382 innovative 286 particular 261 integrated maritime 238 Pipelines Safety Regulations 232 main water management 352 Piper Alpha 231–2 national 137, 174, 295, 343 planning 28, 77, 90, 137, 139, 189, 238, 284, 288, outline 23, 28 320, 329, 393, 491–3, 505, 507–8 pricing 204, 352 Planning and Climate Change 137, 139, 190 stable long-term 82 Planning and Climate Change Supplement to Planning policy developments Policy Statement 190 major features of environmental protection 23, 28 planning applications 131, 411, 415, 491, 493–4, regulatory 6 499–501, 506 policy formulation 130–1 planning authorities 426 policy goals, main environmental 7 local 136–7, 426, 493–4 policy instruments 90, 96, 114–15, 177, 185, 187, planning permission 426, 430, 492–4, 496, 504, 506 192–3, 449 Planning Policy Statement 136–7, 139–40, 190, policy interventions 76 426, 507 policy makers 4–6, 8, 65, 73, 80, 96, 143, 145, 147, Planning Policy Statement on Eco-towns 497 257, 262–3, 268, 362, 460 planning system 28, 137, 329, 425, 491–4, 504–5, policy measures, environmental 22 507 Policy on Industrial Emissions 56 plans policy statement 190 area action 495–6 policymakers 134, 145, 286, 290 individual installation 379 political influence 148 national allocation 163, 165, 167, 194, 296, 516 political parties push, conservative 71 river basin 363–4 politicians 67, 70 short-term action 401–2, 408 pollutant release 27, 394, 449, 517, 519, 532–3, 578 site decommissioning 379 nationwide 517 plants Pollutant Release and Transfer Register see PRTRs co-incineration 335–6, 388 pollutants comparable conventional fossil fuel 260, 266 environmental 465 conventional 260, 262, 405, 416 various 330, 396 engine 328 pollutants concentrations 394–5, 400–1 industrial 42, 58, 68, 291, 515–16, 520, 549 Polluter Pays Principle 343–5 waste water treatment 319 polluters 23, 67–8, 80–1, 193, 227, 286, 322, 347, platforms 97, 159, 221–2, 231, 396 427, 515, 517, 568–9, 572 PLD (Performance Liquidatedhttp://www.pbookshop.com Damages) 304–5, polluting 10, 63, 68–9, 335, 515, 549 307 polluting companies 73 pledges 156–7 pollution combined emissions reductions 194 atmospheric 141, 187 PM2.5 395, 400–4, 407–8, 468 chemical 523, 528 PM2.5 concentrations 400–1 effects of 508 PM10 395, 400, 403–4, 407–8, 410 industrial 12 Pohlmann 164–5, 171 reducing 63, 65, 398–9 Poland 168, 205, 389 ship source 569 policies pollution abatement 64–5, 68 central state 351 pollution control development management 495 atmospheric 334, 344 developmental 18 industrial 431 effective 138, 170 integrated 29, 347 first comprehensive European integrated 396 local authority air 30 general development control 495 pollution control benchmarks 467 government procurement 78 pollution control equipment 76, 85 governmental best practice 286 pollution control measures 53 632 Index pollution control provisions 388 practice pollution control regimes 64, 73, 421 divergent state 215 industrial 28, 431 inadequate environmental 508 pollution control sector 67 traditional development 101 pollution emergencies 523 pre-combustion 260, 264–5, 271, 311 pollution linkage 424 precautionary 9, 18, 131, 145, 286 pollution monitoring system 523 precautionary approach 9, 18, 41, 145, 221, 406, pollution prevention 53, 222, 328, 370, 375, 524, 447–8, 454–5, 458 586 precautionary principle 8–9, 16, 31, 38, 47–8, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) 29, 131, 105–6, 145, 170, 222, 347, 442, 447, 453–5, 181, 319, 391, 586 461–3, 485 Pollution Prevention and Control Act 24, 29, 391, Precautionary Principle and International Law 584 31, 463 Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations 183, Precautionary Principle in Environmental Law 442 391, 410, 584 preferred option 423–4 pollution reduction 65, 470, 519 preferred water resource management process 365 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons see PAHs prejudice 46, 202, 277, 336, 381, 384 POPs (Persistent OrganicPollutants) 152 serious 109 populations, sensitive 399–400 premises 107, 230, 249, 319, 413, 458 Porter 63–7, 72, 74, 81, 90, 461 control of 230 Porter’shypothesis 63–5, 72 prescribed processes 24, 29, 415 Portugal 20, 60, 161, 351–2, 521, 567, 572–3 prevention 8, 17, 23, 222, 226–7, 230, 273, Position Statements 28 276–7, 287, 315–16, 319, 333, 379–80, possession 565–6, 568 lost 208 Prevention of Marine Pollution 48, 57, 273, 287 traditional 208 price post-combustion 258, 264–5, 271, 311 predetermined 297 post-Kyoto Prichard 465, 477, 482, 487–8 climate change action 194 Prime Minister 25, 173 climate change agreement 155 Principle of Sustainability 56 post-Kyoto agreement 154–5, 194 principle of sustainable use 39, 55 post-Kyoto framework 159, 301 principles post-transfer obligations 279 binding 41 potential responsible parties (PRP) 543 business 70 Potential serious risks 441, 455 differentiated responsibilities 146 Potentially Contaminated Sites 429, 433 enlightened shareholder value 556, 560 power generation 120–1, 128http://www.pbookshop.comenvironmental 56, 434 power generation technologies 268 equitable 217 power plants 110, 258–60, 265–6, 303, 328 equitable result 216–17 first landfill gas-to-electricity 328 final 379, 481 near-zero emissionfossilfuel 125 general 56, 119, 248, 378–9, 507 power sector 169, 282 good laboratory practice 465, 476 power stations 164, 177, 181, 258, 501, 504 guiding 8, 57, 142, 362 conventional thermal 258 key 3, 16, 98, 132, 137, 264, 347, 434, 459 power turbines 271 legal 170, 299 powers, liability management 274 new 18, 339, 378 PPC see Pollution Prevention and Control polluter-pays 67, 222, 334 PPC Regulations 29 producer responsibility 450 PPCR (Pilot Programme for Climate proximity 322–3, 343–4 Resilience) 100 regulatory 339 PPPs (public-private partnerships) 76–8, 94, 96–7, Principles of contract law 298 111 Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment Best PPS (Planning Policy Statement) 136–7, 426 Practice 507 Practical Action 107, 114 Principles of European Environmental Law 57 Index 633

Principles of Good Laboratory Practice for production capacity 374, 520 Environmental Protection 465, 467, 469, 471, production control 218 473, 475, 477, 479, 481, 483, 485, 487 production costs 212, 450 Principles of international environmental law 145 production sharing contracts see PSCs Principles of International Environmental Law 31, production volume 451 57, 224, 577 productivity 62–3, 72, 104, 130, 548 Principles of International Law 41, 56, 223 products principles of valid analytical measurement 476, 484 conventional 457 priority hazardous substances 350, 470, 472–3 energy-efficient 64 priority substances 348–50, 446, 467, 470, 472–3, energy-using 124, 190 484, 486–7, 588 industrial 79, 449 priority substances list 473, 475 marketable 318 private estates 548 medicinal 452 private ownership 205–6, 223, 253 nano-related 458–60 Private R&D spending 77 particular 82 private sector companies 96, 262 secondary 338 Pro-Poor Agricultural Development 113 water-using 359 probabilities 102, 279, 284, 572 professionals 3–4, 45, 111, 232, 270, 439, 503–4, problems, global 141 515, 532, 557 procedures proficiency 478, 487–8 administrative 511, 514, 574 Proficiency Testing (PT) 478 environmental 511 profitability 250, 539, 541–2, 554 environmental permitting 370 profitable environmental criminality 575 permitting 386–7 profits rules of 147 in order to maximise 85 Process Industries Regulation 27 personal 535 process innovations 82 programmes process water 588 environmental 17 processes environmental risk transfer 282 appropriate 317, 358 national waste prevention 338 comparable 47, 50 operational 352, 469 cooling 587 progress decision-making 375, 505, 510–11, 513–14, 516, environmental 539 522 technological 16, 45, 228, 277, 520 energy-intensive 265 prohibition 65, 203, 230, 326, 450, 452–3 energy-saving 65 project activities 152, 166, 294–5 particular 449, 552 http://www.pbookshop.comproject appraisal process 296 policy-making 52 project contract 298 productive 317 project delivery 305–6, 308 regulatory 441, 447 project design 498, 503 site-selection 277 Project Design Document see PDDs steel-making 587–8 project design process 503 using 315, 326 project developers 137, 151, 299–302, 309 verification 289, 309 project development 294, 298 processes redevelopment 64, 73 including 550 processing 62, 146, 182, 317–18, 323–5, 343 subsidised 294 metal 182, 374 project development process 505 productionand 263 project directors 94 processing plant sector 300 project implementation 98, 298, 301, 306 product certification 484, 488 project/installation 514 product standards 394 project life cycle 298, 303 production project management 305, 515 petroleum 211–12 project operators 284 projected 150 project participants 298–9, 304 634 Index project planning stage 505 PRTRs (Pollutant Release and Transfer project process 504 Register) 371–2, 508, 512, 517–18, 528–30, project/programme 99 532, 578 project proposals PSCs (production sharing contracts) 211–13, 223, environmental-related 511 253 project review 309 PT (Proficiency Testing) 478 project sectors 290 public access 28, 185, 510–11, 517, 522, 528, 546, project success 94, 329 548–9, 588 project type 292, 303 public apparatus 572 projects public authorities 9, 66, 127, 205, 509, 511, 516, adaptation-related 100 544–7, 562, 568 carbon reduction 151 public consultation 27, 175, 352, 408, 417, 459 demonstration phase 280, 284 public health 28, 85, 87–8, 112, 270, 322, 394, 452, development-related 505 456 developmental 71 public liability companies 545 emissions reduction 150 public limited companies 535 environmental 39, 80 public participation 39, 41, 49, 55, 185, 351, funded 155, 294 365–6, 368, 370, 386, 434, 499, 508–11, 514–17, individual 290, 303 532–3 industrial 151, 551 Public Participation and Access to Justice 391 large-scale engineering 102 Public Participation Directive 511, 516 major 132, 550 Public Participation in Decision making and Access to methane reduction 293 Justice in Environmental Matters 517 new 136, 297 public participation procedures 514–15 particular 297, 375, 551 public participation requirements 499 potential 551 public participation steps 514 private 328, 492, 499 Public/Private Liability Funds 284 voluntary land remediation 585 public-private partnerships see PPPs Promoting Innovation 113, 115 public prosecutor 571 proof, standard of 572 publicity orders 236 property rights 66, 208, 215, 224, 302 Pulp Mills 9, 562 intellectual 75, 85, 106, 109, 305, 540, 547 punishment 570–1, 574, 576, 578 private 85, 205, 207 purchasers 297 Property Rights and Natural Resources 223 pyrene 349 property title, state-granted full 208 pyriproxyfen 361 proportionality 22, 161, 164–5, 216, 402 prosecution 234–6, 415, 565,http://www.pbookshop.com 571, 574–5 QELROs (Quantified Emission Limitation and protected areas 209, 351, 469, 525 Reduction Objective) 153, 301 Protecting Public Health 463 QRA see Quantitative Risk Assessment protection measures quality assessment 222, 518 environmental 72 external 478, 481 protection of human health 334, 401, 409, 482 quality assurance 465, 468, 476, 481, 483–8, 520 Protocol on Water and Health 523 quality control 324, 465, 481, 483, 485–6, 518, prototype kilogram 479 520–1 provisions analytical 487 clear 557–8 external 481 common 373, 375 internal 481 contractual 240, 247, 299 well-defined 476, 481 environment-related 187 quality control blank 481 legislative 190, 212, 324 Quality Control Chemistry Laboratory 488 majeure 240, 243, 251 Quality Management Systems 476, 481, 488 proximity 258, 322–3, 574 quality standards PRP (potential responsible parties) 543 established environmental 467 PRTR Regulation 519 quantified emission limitation 149, 153, 289 Index 635

Quantified Emission Limitation and Reduction registrant 542, Objective (QELROs) 153, 301 registration dossiers 451, 453 Quantitative RiskAssessment (QRA) 232, 429 registries 158, 163, 166 quarries 228, 319 Regulating Energy and Natural Resources 223 Regulating Environmental Information and Radioactive Substances Regulation 27 Environmental Data 508–9, 511, 513, 515, 517, Rahaman 363–5 519, 521, 523, 525, 527, 529, 531, 533 Rajamani 41, 57 Regulation 259/93/EEC 321, 323 ratification 16, 22–3, 149, 156, 173, 221, 564–6, 570 Regulation 2003/2003/EC14 475 raw materials 51, 129, 200, 227–8, 317, 320, 325, Regulation of Chemicals 5, 448–9, 456 379–80, 418, 449, 554 Regulation of Chemicals and Laboratory Razzaque 61, 65–6, 70, 73, 223 Safety 437, 440, 442, 444, 446, 448, 450, 452, RBMP (River basin management planning) 347, 454, 456, 458, 460, 462, 464, 466 471 Regulation of Dumping 221 RCEP (Royal Commission on Environmental Regulation of Exposure Limits 409, 412 Pollution) 394, 417, 441, 443–5, 449, 463 Regulation of Functional Foods and R&D Nutraceuticals 461 energy-related 77 Regulation of Nanoscale Materials 461 RDF (refuse-derived fuels) 336 Regulation of Nanotechnologies 439–41, 443, re-use 46, 316, 331, 339, 342–3, 378–9, 432, 449, 445–7, 449, 451–5, 457, 459–61, 463, 485–6 586, 589 Regulation of Whaling 57 REACH (Restriction of Chemicals) 444, 446, Regulation on Prospecting and Exploration for 450–3, 457–9, 463, 482, 485, 584, 589 Polymetallic Nodules 220 REACH, scope of 452–3 regulations REACH Enforcement Regulations SI 584 appropriate 121, 459 REACH Regulation 450 associated 230, 398 REACH Regulation EC 446, 450 building 132–3, 139, 185, 188–9, 415 REACH regulations 439, 458, 482 business 25 reagents 477, 481 chemical 451, 453 recovery coercive 72 waste heat 293 commodity trade 199 Recovery of municipal waste 339 comprehensive 321 Recovery Operations 317, 325 concerted 342 recycling 28, 46, 50, 62–3, 72, 135, 222, 316, 323–4, current 190, 409, 423, 435, 444 329, 331, 333–4, 339, 342–3, 372 current air 435 redevelopment 425 designing 448 Redland 425 http://www.pbookshop.comdeveloped 358 reduction commitments 149, 289 domestic 67 ambitious long-term emission 154 effective 214 Reduction Objective 153 energy/climate 4 Reduction of methane emissions 174 environmental impact assessment 586 reduction targets equivalent 422 binding emissions 155, 280 financial 341 carbon emission 188 financial instrument 275 clear emissions 143 food safety 463 mandatory quantified emissions 155 implementing 587 national emissions 194 individual Party 527 quantified GHG emission 149 legal 526 refrigerators 330–2 main planning 500 refuse-derived fuels (RDF) 336 mining 5 regeneration, waste oil 316 multilateral 461 RegionalEnvironment Centre (REC) 518 national 13, 327, 329 registers negative 229 pollutantemission 529 novel foods 458 636 Index regulations (Continued ) remediation costs 285, 424 prescriptive 231–2 remediation of environmental damage 276–7, 428 prescriptive industry 229 remediation process 419, 433 process-based 455–6 remediation project 432 product-based 455 remediation strategy 431 reduction of hazardous material 5 remediation works 431, 433 regulated using existing chemicals 448 removal 78–9, 86–7, 144, 218, 222, 320, 430, 520, reporting 342 585 standards-based 81 partial 218 statutory 406 particulate 258–9 strict eco-labelling 62 renegotiation 244–5, 248 stringent environment 72 renewable energy 14, 76–9, 84, 119, 124–9, 131, supplementary 455 135, 137–8, 140, 193, 203–4, 262, 268–9, 290–1, technical 7 309 waste management licensing 315, 319, 584 including 64, 123 Regulations for Northern Ireland 497 renewable energy CDM project contract regulators negotiators 303 environmental 558 renewable energy developments 128–9, 137 state insurance 543 renewable energy directives 128 regulatory approaches 86, 237, 447–8, 453, 459, 461 Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries 100 regulatory frameworks renewable energy obligations 177 effectiveness of existing 439, 441, 446 renewable energy planning policies 136 national 309, 443, 448 renewable energy programmes 294 regulatory gaps 444, 447, 453, 455 Renewable Energy Project Contractual regulatory instruments 62, 68, 72, 132, 141–2, 314 Framework 300 regulatory interventions 454–5, 543 renewable energy projects 137, 188, 291–2, 294–5, regulatory options 453–4 299–300, 302–3, 305, 309 regulatory regimes 65–7, 142, 226, 270, 319, 323, incorporating 137 428, 448, 458 most 305 process-based 447 renewable energy storage system 268 stringent environmental 64 renewable energy systems 263 regulatory risk 295–6, 309 renewable energy targets 159 regulatory standards 238, 323, 410, 538 Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) 136 stringent environmental 63 Renewable Obligations Certificate see ROCs Reichmann 86, 90 renewable sources 79, 123, 127–9, 135–6, 181, reinforcing energy efficiency legislation 124 188–90, 262, 327–8, 582 Reinvigorate Global Action onhttp://www.pbookshop.com Climate Change 171 Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Reisman 207–8, 223–4 Repealing Directives 2001/77/EC 140 release estimation techniques (RETs) 529, 531 Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews 88, 268 release-monitoring requirements, suitable 382 Renewable Transport Fuel (RTF) 128, 186 release of information on damage 547 Renewable Transport Fuel Obligations Order 186 releases renewables 5, 125, 127–8, 135, 138, 162, 174, 193, controlled 29 262–3, 502 reliable measurement results 483, 485–6 Renewables Directive 129, 193 relief 186, 246–8 Renewables Directive target 128 relocation 80–1, 168, 515 Renewables Obligation (RO) 135–6, 139–40, remedial options 430 188–90 remedial orders 236 Renewables Obligation Banding Review Remedial Processes for Contaminated Land 430, Process 139 434 Renewables Obligation Certificates 135, 188 remediation 10, 267–8, 285, 346, 414, 418–26, Renewables Obligation Order 188 428–30, 432–3, 484 renovation, major 126–7 standard of 426 reparation 208, 573–4 voluntary 423, 425 reporting environmental data 517 Index 637 reporting obligations 469, 562 reverse engineer 86 reporting requirements 163, 274, 341, 455, 471, 474, rewards, financial 213 518, 520–2, 524, 526, 532 RHI (Renewable Heat Incentive) 136 reporting schemes, mandatory 459–60 Rhine 523, 528 reporting standards, global environmental 552 Richard 90, 114 reporting systems, harmonised environmental 528 rights Republic of Ireland 387, 572 contractual 247, 308 requirements contractual termination 308 agreed 476, 485–6 environmental 509, 544, 562 appropriate 373, 381–2 exclusive 211, 219–20 first 149 tradableemission 150 formal 243, 478, 502 Rio Conference on Environment and fundamental 240, 248 Development 18–19, 32, 105, 142, 194, 363, land-use 503 517 legislative 447 Rio Declaration on Environment and minimum 232, 243, 377, 551 Development 18, 39–40, 57, 75, 90, 144–6, 369 regulatory 482, 587 risk assessment technical 132, 381, 388 full 446 requirements of article 332, 517 preliminary 429 res nullius 209, 253 quantitative 232, 429 reservoirs, common 206 risk control measures 297 resilient livelihoods 92, 106 risk management 23, 239, 274, 276, 285, 297, 462, resolution 16–17, 39, 147, 201–3, 219, 238, 288, 449 304, 433, 458, 535 risk management measures 272, 286, 295–6, 451, environmental 71 453 resource allocation 99, 208 risk management systems 459 Resource and Energy Economics 74 risk regulation 454, 462–3 resource productivity 65, 67 risk service contracts 212–13, 223, 253 Resource Section of National Measurement risk types 295 System 476 regulatory 295 resources risks environmental 550 addressing engineering 270 exploration and exploitation of 219 associated 110, 308, 396 genetic 105, 109 environmental liability 273 human 320, 364 execution 295 less concentrated 262 financial 234, 261, 273, 278, 285, 295, 543 limited 425 http://www.pbookshop.comlarge extent 452 renewable 137, 204 legal 288, 303, 543 world’s oil 200 liability-related 281 responsibility limited 280 criminal 577 managing contaminated land 426 differentiated 18, 40–1, 146, 148, 154, 158, 160, material 542 170, 194, 214 non-regulatory 288, 295–6, 309 environmental 71 operational 285, 296 transfer of 275–6, 279, 285 permissible 394 Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful political 244 Acts 576 potential 71, 302, 446, 449, 452–3, 460 responsible parties, potential 543 regulatory/financial/technological 297 restoration 245, 354, 566, 568, 572 resource concentration 121 Restriction of Chemicals see REACH significant 358, 428, 467 restrictions significantadditional 281 disguised 65, 144, 443 unacceptable 426, 429 state aids/competition law 280 unique 447, 456 RETs (release estimation techniques) 529, 531 unreasonable 445–6 638 Index river basin districts 348, 350, 352, 470–1 safety regulation 226, 229, 231, 460 river basin management plans 351, 470–1, 523 safety regulation offshore 231 river basins 347–8, 352, 365, 475 safety report 380 River Danube 7, 19, 523, 526 chemical 451, 482 River Uruguay 9, 42, 60 Safety Representatives and Safety Committees rivers 20, 42, 71, 221, 355, 359, 441, 475, 477, 583 Regulations 230 RO see Renewables Obligation safety requirements 253 road vehicles 187, 397 sales units 333 roads 265, 402, 404, 408–9, 505, 510 samples 465–6, 475, 481–4, 586 Robens Committee 228–9 100-ml 362 Robens Report 229, 232 sampling 329, 335, 466, 474–5, 477, 483–4, 486–8 Roche 550, 560 conduct emissions event 409 rocks 271–2 environmental 469 ROCs (Renewable Obligations Certificate) 135–6, Sampson 443, 463 186, 189 Samuelson 86, 90 ROCs, sufficient 135, 189 San Diego 560 ROCs/MWh 136 sanctions 144, 156, 163, 241, 566–7, 569, 572–4, RoHS Directive 331–2 576–7 RoHS Directive Article 332 economic 241 Rothwell 215–16, 224 Sands 15, 18, 21, 31, 38–9, 41, 43, 57, 224, 310, Royal Assent 25–6, 175 561–3, 577 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution see SBI (Subsidiary Body for Implementation) 147 RCEP SBSC (Sustainability Balance Score Card) 554 Royal Society 463, 488 SBSTA (Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Royal Society of Chemistry 487–8 Advice) 102–3, 107, 114, 147 rules Scandinavian countries 72 environmental 62 scarcity 62, 81, 200, 212 general 15, 147, 165, 220–1, 298, 408, 547 SCCF (Special Climate Change Fund) 100, 153 no-harm 17–18 SCE (substances concentration efficiency) 338 state aids 281 SCENIHR (Scientific Committee on Emerging and surface water treatment 359 Newly Identified Health Risks) 452 Rural Affairs 25, 27, 131, 173, 183–4, 409, 416 SCF (Strategic Climate Fund) 84, 100, 102 Rural Affairs EA UK Government Environment Schedule 179–83, 210, 236, 501–2, 551 Agency 464 scheme 66, 81, 133, 135–7, 150–1, 163–8, 178–9, Rural development 25 185, 187, 189, 191–2, 195, 289, 447, 582 Rylands 427, 435, 572 classification 471 http://www.pbookshop.comSchoengold 104, 114 SA (sustainability appraisal) 498, 506 Schrijver 56–7, 200–2, 224 safeguard 15, 23, 85, 131, 334, 342, 434–5, 531, 584, science 3–6, 10, 14, 25, 30, 32, 44–5, 52, 90, 112–14, 589 269, 365, 460, 462, 464 safety 4, 10–11, 28, 220, 223, 225–34, 236–9, 334, Science and Innovation for Development 112 358, 405, 414, 416, 456–7, 461–3, 556 Science and Technology for Development 113 environmental 458 Science of Climate Change in Africa 112 management of 231–2 Science Total Environment 365 workplace 228 scientific advice 5–8, 32 safety assessment 451, 460 scientific advisors 6–8 chemical 482 Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Safety Case 231–2 Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) 452 safety control 459 scientific evidence 143, 175, 351, 394, 409, 454, 549 safety law 5, 14, 225–9, 231, 233–7, 239, 253 new 7 safety legislation 235, 409 scientific knowledge 47, 51, 142, 175, 285, 459 safety management systems (SMS) 231, 233 scientific/technological dimension 52 Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials 463 scientific uncertainty 8–9, 145, 441–2, 454, 460 safety of offshore oil 220, 238–9 state of 8, 145 Index 639 scientists 3–6, 10, 13–14, 32, 175, 319, 432, 465–6, horticulture 181, 185–6 470, 508–9, 581 industrial/agricultural 369 air emissions 416 intensive 185 technical 4–5, 10, 39, 44, 164, 393, 434 private 77, 111, 133–4, 152, 179, 278, 289–90, scoping 501–2 511 scoping direction 502 public 179–80 scoping opinion 502 Secure Energy 123, 139 scoping study 461 Securities 275, 300 Scotchmer 86, 90 Securities and Exchange Commission 541–3, 556, Scotland 25–6, 29, 172, 188–9, 227, 234–5, 237, 560 328, 339, 391, 407, 428, 494, 497 Securities and Exchange Commission Guidance Scotland and Northern Ireland 3, 25–6, 188 Regarding Disclosure 559 Scots law 26 security 52, 162, 199, 201, 205, 267, 275, 305, 307, Scott 31, 171 321, 570, 576 Scottish Environment Agency 369, 390 security of energy supply 23, 120 Scottish Environment Protection Agency seed varieties 92, 104, 106, 109, 111 (SEPA) 173, 318, 405, 521 seeds 85, 106, 109, 112, 186 Scottish Environmental Protection Agency 24, 29 terminator 109 Scottish Executive 26, 173, 188 SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Scottish Parliament 25–6 Plan) 160 scrap 585 self-determination 202, 207 scrap metal 586 self-regulation 70, 74 screening 445, 501 corporate 70 screening opinion 501 effective 229 SDRs (Special Drawing Rights) 564 self-sufficiency 322–3 sea 14, 39, 57, 87, 162, 199, 205, 213–14, 217, 221, self-supplies 180–1 223–4, 524, 526, 557, 562 seller 250, 297, 303–5, 310, 340, 433 SEA (Strategic Environmental Assessment) 15, SEPA (Scottish Environment Protection 226, 491–3, 495–9, 501, 503, 505–8, 511, 516, Agency) 173, 318, 405, 521 577, 582 service provider 307–8 sea, territorial 213–15, 217 services SEA Directive 496–9 ecosystem 66 SEA Directive’s overarching objectives 498 environmental 66 sea level 102, 115, 143 natural resource 551 Second Daughter Directive 396 set emission limits 399 Second Strategic Energy Review 124 SET-Plan 125, 139 Second World Water Forumhttp://www.pbookshop.com 363 settlement 202, 242, 304, 495 Secretary of State 27, 134–5, 175–6, 181–3, 187–9, inter-State 222 195, 230, 318, 341, 405, 408, 424, 494, 502, 538 Seveso Directive 232 Secretary of State and OFWAT 545 Seveso II Directive 232 Secretary of State/Department of Energy and Climate Seville 370, 385 Change 176 Sewage Sludge Directive 356 Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Sewer management projects 545 Change 237 SF6 (sulphur hexafluorides) 148, 291–2 Secretary of State for Environment 27 SGP (Small Grants Programme) 153 Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 25 Shanghai Declaration states 11 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry 192 shareholders 62, 71, 535–8, 541, 547, 550, 553–4, sector specific-regulations, various 445 556–8, 578 Sectoral breakdown of CDM projects 290–1 institutional 548–50 sectors Shareholding 300 agricultural 8, 92–3, 103–4, 107, 111, 228 Sheffield City Council Contaminated Land bioenergy 319 Strategy 587 economic 141, 159–60, 176, 521 Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan energyintensive 181 (SEEMP) 160 640 Index ship-source pollution 224, 563, 567, 569–70, 575, 569 Small Grants Programme (SGP) 153 ship-source pollution amending Directive 570 small island developing states (SIDS) 97, 99 shipments 321–3 Small sites 182, 420 transfrontier 321 Smart Regulation 89 shipping 160, 169, 176, 194–5, 519 smells 410, 413–14 ships 8, 48, 57, 160, 214, 258, 266, 271, 520, 523–4, smog 395 563–4 smoke 395, 405, 410–11, 413–14, 582 Short-term exposure 360 SMS (safety management systems) 231, 233 Short-term exposure limits (STELs) 412 SO2 (sulphur dioxide) 81, 289, 336, 371, 395–7, 407 shutdown 573–4 SO2 emissions control 82 SI (Statutory Instrument) 28–9, 230, 232, 315, 417, SO2 emissions trading scheme 81 479, 500–1, 545 social development 15, 39, 74, 121, 181 SIDS (small island developing states) 97, 99 social/environmental 62 signatory parties 566 social factors 47, 95 requiring 566 society 6, 10, 12, 65, 95, 97, 134, 297, 343–4, 454, significant deterrent effects 572 460, 462–3, 509, 552 significant developments, most 562 Society Programme Paper Number 74 significant effects 379, 413, 499, 501, 513, 542 sodium dichloroisocyanurate 361 likely 497–8, 500, 503 soft-law 16–17 significant infrastructure projects 137–8, 500 soil 14, 114, 207, 318, 326–7, 356, 358–9, 372–4, significant irregularities 277, 279 381–2, 384–5, 429–31, 484, 502–3, 508, 548 significant negative effects 376, 387 state of 376, 385 Significant Trends in United States 282 Soil and Water Resources 359 Simazine 349, 361, 472–3 Soil Association 105, 115 Single European Act 21–2 soil removal 430–1 Sintra Statement 222 soil treatment 430 SIRA 484–5, 488 Soils Directive 372 SIs see Statutory Instruments solar panels 6 site solidwaste 324 contaminated 425, 431, 454, 587 biodegradable municipal 326 hazardous waste 327, 543 Solid Waste Management 342 illegal 66, 578 Solid Waste Management and Regulation 314, 316, individual 182, 384 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 336, long 267–8 338, 340, 342 natural 544, 548 solidification 145, 430, 433 particular 495 solids, total suspended 337 special 422, 424–5, 471 http://www.pbookshop.comsolutions 28, 40, 43–4, 74, 86, 94, 109, 111, 130, site investigation 426, 429–30 181, 245, 248, 257–8, 415, 482–3 site operators 273, 328 diagnostic 406, 415 potential storage 278 provisional 20, 217 site protection 428 technological 111, 115 site restoration 29, 320 win-win 62, 73 Site Waste Management Plans (SWMPs) 320 solvents 264, 419, 481 SIWI (Stockholm International Water Solvents Directive 373, 375 Institute) 364, 366 sound management, environmentally 43 Sixth Community Environment Action source protection 361 Programme 396, 399 source reduction 64, 73 slag 335, 588 sources Sleipner Project 283–4 agricultural 474 Slovakia 7, 19–20, 60, 331 formal 202 sludge 319, 358, 465, 588 land-based 45–6, 48, 57, 214, 221, 523–4 sewage 221, 319, 356, 366 natural 402, 404 SMACC (stainless melting and continuous non-point 526–7 casting) 585–6 South Yorkshire 581–2 Index 641 sovereign 16–18, 205, 207, 210 state liability 561 sovereign rights 200, 204–5, 215, 217 state monopolies 124 sovereignty 20, 25, 46, 142, 200–1, 207, 223–4 State of California 81 Spain 20, 205, 352, 370–1, 521, 562, 572–3 State of Kuwait 242 Spath 261, 269 state-of-necessity 241 SPDs (Supplementary Planning Documents) 495 state of the environment reports 486 Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) 100, 153 State of Washington 17 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 564 state ownership 122, 205 Special Provisions for Installations 373 state participation 212 Special Provisions for Installations and host 210 Activities 373 state parties 212, 562, 564, 575 Special Provisions for Waste Incineration Plants and signatory 143 Waste Co-incineration Plants Chapter 373 state practice special purpose vehicle see SPV consistent 202 Special Purpose Vehicles 299–300, 305, 311 following consistent 18, 202 specialised environmental courts 7 repeated 16 SPV (special purpose vehicle) 299–300, 305–8, 311 state/province 358 stabilisation 143, 244, 328, 433 state regulations 229, 447 stabilisation clauses inpetroleum state responsibility 17, 203, 561, 565, 576 developmentagreements 244 state sovereignty 142, 203 stability 44, 216, 243, 252 Statement on Disposal of Disused Offshore stack 335, 405, 411, 415 Installations 222 stack emissions 406, 415 states stack heights 397, 405, 411–12, 415 adjacent 216 staff 413, 476, 478–9, 481, 483, 485 affected neighbouring 241 stakeholders 19, 76, 80, 94, 178–9, 192, 299, 302, claimant 9 314, 363–5, 459–60, 509–10, 541–2, 546, 552–3 competing 272 industrial 271–2, 280, 285, 398 constant 130 Stallworthy 176–7, 179, 193 contracting 246 standard contract forms 178 current 44–5, 273, 287, 497 Standard Contractual Mechanism 243 developed 40, 143, 219 Standardization 487 developing 32, 146, 201, 219 standards 16, 65, 68, 75, 81–3, 109, 394, 397–9, 405, existing 20 442–3, 458–9, 465–8, 479–80, 484–5, 539 failure of 70, 203, 223 associated water 346 flag 214, 218, 221, 565 corporate environmental disclosure 539 general international law 204 higher 68, 70, 540 http://www.pbookshop.comimplementing 281 lower 68 importing 122 minimum 82, 85, 126, 199, 316, 492 independent 201 technological 107 individual 23, 203 standards set, environmental 435, 561 injured 561 start-up 282, 335–6, 381, 383 laissez-faire 71 state actors 16 liberal 227 State Aid 82, 280–1 like-minded 8, 142 State Aid measures 82 most 212–13, 223 state aids disciplines 281 non-nuclear 564 state boundaries 475 signatory 47, 204, 562, 575 state contracts 244 sovereign 16, 201 state expropriation 244 unitary 25, 172 state government 25, 207 status state intervention 62, 456 current environmental 379 direct 227 good 347, 350, 352, 470, 472 heavy-handed 65 legal 37–8, 42, 535 state jurisdiction 16, 68, 203 quantitative 347, 434, 469–70, 472, 484 642 Index status quo 67, 73, 237, 455 most 69, 73 statute 26, 202, 204, 414, 445, 459, 536 very 447 federal environmental 576 structures, man-made 13, 221–2, 548 statute law 26 Stuart, Spencer 534, 560 Statutory Instrument 180–3, 190, 407, 476, 487, subsidiarity, principle of 22, 54, 96, 161, 164, 402 497, 500 Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) 147 Statutory Instruments (SIs) 24, 26–7, 132, 500 Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice statutory nuisance 24, 29, 410, 412–14, 428 see SBSTA non-health-based 414, 416 subsidies 10, 78–9, 108–9, 116, 159, 177, 204, 263 statutory nuisance law 413 actionable 108–9 steel 68, 122, 182, 184, 585–6, 588–9 non-actionable 109 stainless 585 prohibited 79, 108 Stefano 351, 364–5 Subsidies Agreement 108–9 STELs (Short-term exposure limits) 412 subsoil 205, 215, 219, 282 Stephens 215–16, 224 subsoil resources 205 Stern Review 79, 87, 90, 107, 115, 140, 345 substance registration 451 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic substances 5–6, 206, 221–2, 230, 315–16, 326, 332, Pollutants 152 348–50, 361, 411–12, 424, 445–6, 450–3, 472, Stockholm Declaration 17–18, 32, 40, 57, 561 482 Stockholm International Water Institute conventional bulk 440–1 (SIWI) 364–5 existing 445, 450, 452–3 Stokes 444, 454–8, 463 polluting 337, 381–3, 470 storage substances concentration efficiency (SCE) 338 ocean 267 Substances Hazardous 393, 406, 409, 412, 527 storage capacity 261, 266–7 substitution 47, 332, 452 storage Directive 278 subsurface 206 storage locations 266–7 sulphur dioxide 67, 81, 336, 388, 395–6, 407, 410, storage operators 273, 278 416–17 storage permit 275, 277 Supercritical Conventional Coal 261 new 277 Supervision and Control of Shipments of Waste 321 storage project 268 Supplement to Planning Policy Statement 137, 139 storage regulation 311 Supplementary Information 193 storage reservoirs 260–1 Supplementary Planning Documents (SPDs) 495 storage site operators 273–4, 276–7, 281, 283–4 Supplementary Protocol 564 storage sites 258, 268, 273–7, 282–3, 286, 342 suppliers 64, 71, 82, 134–5, 186, 189, 250, 305, 331, Storage Technologies 257, 261, 270 455, 457, 482, 510, 541 strata 271–2, 275 http://www.pbookshop.comsupply 64, 73, 120–1, 124, 180–1, 186, 190, 227, rock 271 240, 300, 381, 425, 451, 457, 582 Strategic Climate Fund see SCF security of 119, 123, 129–30, 190, 200 strategic deployment 76, 78 supply companies, major 134 Strategic Energy review 126 supply/energy 139 Strategic Environmental Assessment see SEA Surface Water Classification Schemes 366 strategies surface water status 348, 350 core 494–5 surface waters 104, 326, 347, 349, 358, 466, 468, energy management 133, 179 470, 487–8, 528, 584, 588 national environmental 18 inland 470 national waste 339 sustainability 11, 15, 30, 35, 38, 40, 42, 56, 70–2, 82, providing control 46 88–90, 106–8, 133, 362–5, 552 resource 315, 343 environmental 362 thematic 372–3, 378, 396 sustainability appraisal see SA streamline monitoring requirements 522 Sustainability Balance Score Card (SBSC) 554 Streck 171, 290, 310 sustainability framework 542 strict liability 427, 572 Sustainability Management Control 560 stringent regulations 69 sustainability measures 554–5 Index 643 sustainability principles 131 plan-led 494 sustainability reports 542, 552–3 sustainable development target emission rate see TER achieving 289, 363 target period 129, 183–4 addressed 28 target units 182–4 context of 115, 155 target value 402–3, 408 definition of 15, 38 target years 203, 327, 341 dimensions of 15, 498 targets element of 39–40 absolute 182–3 legal nature of 41 nation-wide 159 legal status of 41, 55 sector 183–4 principle of 21, 37–8, 41–2, 44, 115, 145, 396, targets set, ambitious emissions reduction 272 449, 499 tariffs 79, 81, 108, 135, 242, 300, 464 procedural elements of 39, 41 feed-in 82, 136, 189 Sustainable Development Agenda 11 Task Force 529 Sustainable Development and Best Available taxation 80–1, 122, 182, 204 Techniques 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, taxes 67–8, 80, 178–80, 192, 211–12, 242, 303, 342 55, 57, 59 environmental 61, 67 Sustainable Development and Best Available new 180 Techniques in International and European uniform environmental 184 Law 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59 TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 443, 462, 464 sustainable development claim 310 TC (Technical Committee) 442, 459 sustainable development fields 200 TCSA (Toxic Substances Control Act) 445 Sustainable Development in International and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) 443, 462, 464 National Law 56–7 Technical Committee (TC) 442, 459 sustainable development law 14, 30 technical dossier 451, 482 Sustainable Development Law and Policy 462 technical expertise 96, 210, 574 sustainable development measures 554 Technical Working Groups see TWGs sustainable development mechanisms 545 techniques 43–5, 50–1, 53, 107, 111, 267, 329, 374, sustainable development nexus 515 376, 379–81, 383–4, 394, 400, 430, 531–2 sustainable development priorities 150 additional 327 sustainable development-related matters 11 applied 50–1, 376, 586 sustainable development strategy 200 technological advancements 40, 52 Sustainable Development Strategy and Action Plan Technological Advice 84, 114 for Civil Engineering 12 technological change 90, 324, 441 sustainable development triangle 181 induced 90 Sustainable Energy 30, 195 http://www.pbookshop.comtechnological field 286 Sustainable Energy Act 174, 187 technological improvements 63, 323 Sustainable Energy Law and Policy 119, 121, 123, technological innovation 76, 90, 271, 460 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139 friendly 76 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 97 Technological risk 296, 461 Sustainable Rural and Urban Development Technological Sciences 11 Team 114 technologies Sweden 20, 80, 128, 351, 368–9, 538, 572 alternative 329, 344 Swedish Environmental Code 538 cleaner 158, 177, 521 Swedish legislation 368 definition of 76, 107 Swiss Pollutant Emission Register 530 desalination 93, 102 Swiss Supreme Court 246–7 friendly 75, 77–8, 81 Switzerland 88, 113 green 63, 272 SWMPs (Site Waste Management Plans) 320 imported 107, 109 systems 12–13, 54–5, 99, 107, 133, 150–1, 165–6, including 84, 220 230–1, 263–5, 341–2, 355–6, 455, 480–1, 491–2, innovative 270 572–3 low-waste 50 ideal 554 lowemissions 290 644 Index technologies (Continued ) Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) 447 mature 291–3 Therivel 506–7 non-waste/low-waste 47–8 thermal screens 186 novel 270–1, 286 Third Assessment Report 113 particular 81 Third Daughter Directive 396 project-based 297 third parties 55, 177, 208, 230, 248, 297, 304, 307–8, smart grid electricity 124 406, 564, 567, 573 soft 101, 107 affected 413 sound 83, 144 independent 163 strategic 447 Thirlway 43–4, 57 surrounding innovative 270 Thompson 477–8, 488, 507 various emission control 399 Thornton 317–19, 338, 345 Technologies for Adaptation to Climate Change 115 threat, environmental 8 Technologies for Climate change and Intellectual threshold requirement, double 149 Property 89 thresholds 67, 127, 182–3, 247, 284, 374–5, 400, Technology Cooperation Agreement Pilot 402, 445, 452, 500–1, 550, 555 Project 84 lower assessment 400–1, 408 technology development 6, 83, 102, 124, 158, upper assessment 400–1, 408 286–7, 324 tidal 128, 135, 174, 189, 305 edge CCS 285 tighter emission limits 406, 411 joint CCS 283 time limits 47, 275, 283 Technology Development and Transfer 112 time-weighted average (TWA) 412 technology information 84 timeframe 62, 73, 143, 243, 306, 498 Technology Innovation 4, 76, 89, 92–3, 95, 97, 99, title-holder 513–14 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115 TNAs (technology needs assessments) 84, 102–3, technology mechanism 83, 102, 158 158 technology transfer 75–6, 78–9, 83–90, 102, 107, TOC (total organic carbon) 335–6, 357 112, 141, 144, 146, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 214 tools, useful environmental protection 435 technology transfer contracts 86 torts 227, 288, 427, 463, 571 Technology transfer funds 86–7, 89 total costs of production 65, 69 technology transfer of adaptation technologies 102, Town and Country Planning 500–1, 551 107 Town and Country Planning Act 426, 492–4, 536, Telecommunications and Energy Council 123 577 temperature 93, 104, 143, 156, 161, 265, 335–6, 483 town planning 492 tenants 127, 582 Toxic Substances Control Act see TSCA TER (target emission rate) 132, 189 Toxic waste dumping 578 Tercier 247 http://www.pbookshop.comtoxicity 323, 325, 334, 394, 420, 441, 446, testing laboratories 479 457, 462 TEU (Treaty on the European Union) 15, 20–1, 38, traceability 447, 457, 479, 483, 485 58, 402, 567–8 track record, environmental 84 Texaco 318–19 trade 18–19, 21, 31, 67, 79, 82–3, 87, 89–90, 115, Texaco Overseas Petroleum Co & California Asiatic 123, 150–1, 330–1, 413, 442–3, 456 Oil 242 first emissions 289 Texon Drilling 206 illegal 566 text internal energy market rules liberalise 169 directive 475 Trade and Climate Change 89 negotiating 155 Trade and Environmental Law 31 textiles 182, 374 Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights 105 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European trade secrets 86, 521–2, 547 Union) 9, 13, 21–3, 169, 281, 567–8, 577 trading 24, 74, 132, 150–1, 178, 341, 344, 515, 563 TGA (Therapeutic Goods Administration) 447 forward 341 thallium 337 greenhouse gas emission allowance 162, 166, Thames Water Utilities 414 370, 515 Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution 372, 396, 403 Trading Emission Scheme 304 Index 645 trading period 165, 168 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union see trading schemes 66, 150–1, 163, 167, 178, 340–1 TFEU community emissions 166 tribunals 7, 44, 202, 217, 248, 250, 253, 561–2 first economy-wide greenhouse gas Trifluralin 349, 361, 472–3 emissions 178 TRIPs (Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) greenhouse gas emission allowance 166, 273 Agreement 85–6, 105–7, 109 international emissions 163 TRIPS Agreement 85, 107 national economy-wide greenhouse gas TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 88 emissions 172 Trott 86, 90 national emissions 178, 302 Trucost 540, 560 new domestic emissions 178 trueness 483 trading system trust 10, 40, 88, 459, 535 first GHG emissions 163 trustee 152, 157, 535 greenhouse gas emission allowance 69 TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) 445–6, 459, trajectories, indicative 129 461 transactions, commercial 323 TWA (time-weighted average) 412 transboundary air pollution 396, 402, 435 TWGs (Technical Working Groups) 51–3, 55, 161, Transboundary Water Courses and International 370 Lakes 523 TWN 84, 90 Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes 523 UK 25–8, 88–91, 112–15, 129–30, 171–5, 177–82, Transco plc 234 189–93, 225–8, 327–8, 418–21, 433–5, 461–3, transfer registers 372, 508, 512, 516–19, 528–9, 487–8, 571–4, 582–8 531–3, 578, 588 UK Better Regulation Task Force 444 Transfrontier Shipment of Wastes Destined for UK Building Regulations 132 Recovery Operations 321 UK Climate Change Act 583 transmission, long-range 372, 396 UK Climate Change Adaptation Strategy 97 transnational companies 85 UK Climate Change Bill 175 transparency 383, 404, 457, 537, 546–7 UK Climate Change Law and Policy 172–3, 175, transport 9, 28, 100–1, 119–20, 125, 129, 139, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195 161–3, 173–4, 180–1, 185–7, 209–11, 265–6, UK Climate Change Levy 80, 192 271, 500–1 UK Climate Change Levy Agreements 192 rail 265 UK Climate Change Levy regulations 583 Transport Act 191 UK Climate Change Programme 173, 186–7 Transport Energy Sustainable and Renewable UK Companies Act 550, 559, 578 Fuels 186 UK Department for Environment 409 transport fuels 128 http://www.pbookshop.comUK Department for International Development 77, transport sector 128, 162, 167, 174, 180, 186, 193 106 transportation 9, 62, 260–1, 321, 502 UK emission trading scheme 193 transposition 18, 160, 173, 273–4, 351–2, 389, UK emissions 131, 174–5 405, 408 UK Emissions Reduction Targets 175 Treated water 362 UK Emissions Trading Scheme 178, 193, 341 treaties 9, 13, 15–16, 19–22, 37–8, 40, 43–5, 55–8, UK Energy 261, 345 105, 142, 147, 156, 200, 202–4, 566–8 UK energy policy 131, 190 international environmental 105 UK energy sector 190 main 142 UK Environment Agency 405, 473 major environmental 45 UK Environment Coordinator 585 treatment 106, 131, 178, 182, 234, 281, 289, 315, UK Environmental Protection Act 421 317, 331, 335, 382, 419, 432, 477 UK ETS 178, 185 urban waste-water 366 UK Fuel Poverty Strategy 130, 139 Treatment and Disposal Sites Solvent UK Government 9, 133, 173, 175, 181, 186, 195, Recovery 420, 434 220, 340, 395, 408, 417, 444, 463, 500 treatment plant, urban wastewater 383 UK Higher Education Academy 11 Treaty on the European Union see TEU UK land border 387 646 Index

UK Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme 329 UNEP (United Nations Environment UK legislation 193, 390, 406, 453, 588, 590 Programme) 17, 100, 115, 142, 158, 221, 293, UK National Strategies of devolved countries 317 309, 524, 529 UK net emission of carbon dioxide 174 UNEP Risø Centre 290–3 UK Non-Energy Intensive Sector 185 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific UK Offshore Safety Regulation 237 and Cultural Organisation) 11, 362–4, 366 UK Parliament 25–6, 548 UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on UK pilot emissions trading scheme 177 Climate Change) 40, 57–8, 76–7, 83–7, 89–90, UK-supported CAPPCCO project 257 96–8, 100–2, 114–16, 141–9, 151–2, 157–60, UK waste management industry 334 193–4, 289, 309–10, 548–9 UKAS (United Kingdom Accreditation UNFCCC climate change negotiations in Bonn 76 Service) 485 UNFCCC negotiations 75, 86–7, 102 UK’s Building Regulations 132 UNFCCC principle of historical responsibility 84 UK’s carbon dioxide emissions 129 UNFCCC website 301–2 UK’s Climate Change Levy 193 Unidroit Principles 245, 248 UK’s Climate Change Programmes 174, 180–1 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial umbrella agreements 183–5 Contracts 245–247 UN (United Nations) 16–17, 20, 23, 39, 60, 98, 113, UNITAR (United Nations Institute for Training and 142, 158, 200, 246, 346, 358, 550, 590 Research) 530 UN Conference on Environment and United Kingdom Accreditation Service Development 147 (UKAS) 485 UN Conference on Sustainable Development 19 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern UN Conference on the Environment and Development Ireland 25, 172 see UNCED United Kingdom’s Climate Change Levy 193 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea see UNCLOS United Nations see UN UN Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Conference on Environment and (UNCCD) 152 Development 366 UN Framework Convention on Biological United Nations Convention to Combat Diversity 105, 110 Desertification 57 UN Framework Convention on Climate United Nations Development Programme 115, 366 Change 548 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe see UN General Assembly 147, 201–3 UNECE UN member states 23 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UN-Water 364, 366 Kiev Protocol 517 UNCCD (UN Convention to Combat United Nations Environment Programme see UNEP Desertification) 152 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate UNCED (UN Conference onhttp://www.pbookshop.com the Environment Change see UNFCCC and Development) 18–19, 38, 60, 142, 145, United Nations Institute for Training and Research 363, 366 (UNITAR) 530 uncertainties 8, 41–2, 77–8, 84–5, 145, 246, 251–2, United Nations Research Institute for Social 260–2, 266–7, 308–9, 441–2, 444–5, 453–4, Development 74 460–1, 479–80 United Nations World Commission on Environment UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the and Development 38 Sea) 83, 87, 199, 213–21, 223, 253 United States 17, 65–6, 81–2, 85–6, 105, 109–10, UNCLOS marine environment protection rules 214 122, 286–7, 310–11, 440, 444–5, 448, 459, 541, under-investment 77 556–8 understate 176, 572 continental 265 UNDP (United Nations Development United States and Australia 284 Programme) 94, 115, 362, 366 United States and Canada 456 UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for United States and Europe 464 Europe) 395–6, 398, 417, 509, 519, 529, 533, United States Environmental Protection 536, 544, 560 Agency 283 UNECE Aarhus Convention on Access to United States of America 358–9, 460 Information 499, 517, 536 United States of America and European Union 462 Index 647

United States of America and Norway 272 verification report 433 units verified emissions 169 amine 258–9 vessels 214, 218, 220–2, 265, 585 projected emissions reduction 297 vibration 187, 271, 502–3 up-scaling 272–3 Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties 148, 156, upstream 260 246 uranium 360 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Urban Environment 521 Damage 563–4 Urban Waste 588 VinylChlorideMonomer 59–60 Urban Waste Water Treatment (UWWT) violations 7, 37, 41, 122, 208, 342, 562–3, 566, 570, Directive352, 355, 474, 588 573, 575 Urban waste-water treatment plants 520 VOC Solvents Directive 49, 58 Uruguay 9, 42, 60, 201, 562 VOCs(volatile organic compounds) 49, 58, 289, US-Canadian border 283 371, 373, 397, 584, 587 US companies 63, 70, 534 using 388 US Environmental Protection Agency 67, 289, 543 VOCs Directive 587 US Government 66, 455 Vodafone 106, 115 US pollution regulations 69 Voluntary Codes of Conduct (VCC) 70 US States of California and Indiana 206 Voluntary Reporting Scheme for Engineered USA 114, 143, 149, 154–5, 159, 170, 202, 204, 214, Nanoscale Materials 462 265, 267–8, 443, 446, 458, 460 votes 147, 201, 535, 570 USA US Toxic Substances Control Act 446 vulnerability 93, 95–6, 99–100, 111–15, 147, 158, USD 77–8, 84, 87, 94–6 200 users level of 98–9 harming water 419 vulnerable countries 110 making environmental data 528 most 97 utilitarian 570 Utilities Act 131, 180, 189 Wales 3, 24–6, 28–9, 172, 189–90, 316, 340, 428, Utility Companies 300 472, 497, 536, 583 UWWT see Urban Waste Water Treatment Wales and Northern Ireland 339, 407, 494 Walle Decision 319, 432 valid analytical measurement (VAM) 476, 484 Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Act 130, validation process 309, 475 140 values warranty, partial 307 daily average 336 waste 9, 13, 49–50, 58, 63–5, 72–3, 221, 314–31, environmental 23 333–45, 372–4, 378–82, 418–22, 428, 432–4, higher 263 http://www.pbookshop.com588–9 measured 337, 483 agricultural 319, 581 monetary 454, 549–50, 554 amber 323 projected 297 amount of 432, 582 set emission limitation 53 animal 315 VAM (valid analytical measurement) 476, 484 area 314 vanadium 337 authorised 327 vaporous 336 clinical 326 variations 149, 233, 304, 306–7, 315, 333, 336, 414, co-incinerating 335 483, 519 commercial 340, 344 Various countries 79 controlled 432 VCC (Voluntary Codes of Conduct) 70 definition of 315, 338, 343–4 Vedder 21–2, 31 directive 432 vegetation 356, 401, 407, 409–10 disposing of 315, 322 vehicleemissions 398, 416 diverting 331 vehicles domestic 328 electric 9–10, 81, 399 economic 62, 65 motor 394, 397–8 electrical 331 648 Index waste (Continued ) wastedisposal 28, 62, 65, 317, 322, 325–6, 339, 341, electronic 330 419–20, 588 excavation 320 regulating 221 flammable 326 substandard 419 garden 342 waste disposal authorities see WDAs general 331 waste disposal companies 28 green 323 waste disposal plans 340 gully 340 waste disposal restrictions 453 household 339–40 waste disposal sector 575 incineration of 49, 58, 373 Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment industrial 340 Ordinance 330 inert 29, 320, 326–7, 339 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment kitchen 342 (WEEE) 72, 330–1, 452 landfillable 327 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 2002/96/ landfilled 320 EC 330 landfilling of 325, 327 Waste export 9, 221, 321, 323 liquid 326–7 waste framework 315 minimise 496 Waste Framework Directive 315, 319, 338, 343, movement of 321, 323, 342, 433 345, 378, 392, 432, 434, 588 nanotechnology 454 waste-fuel 335 non-mineral 319 waste gas treatment/management 54 non-recyclable 323 waste gases 421 oxidising 326 waste generated, management of 381–2 particular 326 waste generation 62–3, 67, 314, 343, 374, 378 potential 432 waste generation prevention requirements 378 process 316 waste generators 543 quantity of 328, 589 waste handling 327 radioactive 221, 315 waste hierarchy 316, 343 recycled 316 Waste incineration BREF 54 recycling of 315, 339, 344 Waste Incineration Directive 49, 58, 334–7, 344, reducing 589 372, 434, 588 regulating 319 waste incineration plants 373, 376, 388 residual mixed 342 waste incinerators 397 school 340 waste landfills 279 shipment of 322, 324 waste law 432 slag 586 international 324 toxic 321, 323 http://www.pbookshop.comwaste legislation 327, 432 tree 582 waste management 5, 25, 62, 100, 163, 174, 182, unburned 336 189, 272, 314–15, 319, 323, 329, 343, 468 Waste Directive 2000/76/EC 334 strategic 340 Waste Directive 2006/12/EC 322 Waste Management and Regulation 27 waste acceptance criteria 588 waste management decisions 322 Waste and Contaminated Land 319 waste management facilities 276 Waste and Emissions Trading Act 340, 344 waste management hierarchy 316, 434 Waste and Resources Action Programme 320, 339, waste management legislation 5 342 waste management licences 29, 432 waste avoidance 378 suitable 432 waste characteristics documentation 327 Waste Management Licensing (WML) 586 waste co-incineration plants 376, 388 waste management licensing regime 432 waste collection 28 waste management policy 315 waste collection authority (WCA) 340 waste management practices 325 waste collector 322 waste management practitioners 326 Waste Data Flow (WDF) 342 waste management processes 189 Waste Data Strategy 320 waste management regimes 421 Index 649

Waste Management Regulations 319 clean 346, 434 waste management services 317 coastal 355, 470, 474–5 waste management strategies 326 fresh 347, 362, 475 national 339 including 13, 51, 92 waste materials 315, 317–18, 420, 588 inland 355 residual 316 navigable 359 treated 339 potable 14 Waste Oil Directive sets 316 protection of 434, 474 waste oils 316, 323, 338 transitional 355, 470 waste plans 317 water abstraction 471, 584 local 340 Water Act 359, 423, 584, 588 waste policy 338 Water Amendment 359 waste production 316, 344 Water Amendment Act 359 waste reception 329, 335 Water Amendment Regulations 359 waste regime 317–18, 431–2 Water and Environment Journal 366 waste regulation 319, 342, 434, 522 water balances 527 solid 314 water bodies 346–8, 350–1, 365, 466, 469, 474–5, waste-rock 54 484 waste sectors 315, 374 water companies 179, 545 waste solvents 317 water conservation 103–4, 359 Waste Strategy 339 water consumption 103, 133, 320, 589 Waste Strategy for England 320, 339, 344 water cooling 131, 585 waste streams 319, 338, 344, 447 water development 362 fastest-growing 331 water discharges 29, 586 first 338 water efficiency 189, 359 individual 338 Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act 359 municipal 330 Water Efficiency Plans 363, 365 waste subject area 325 Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16 366 waste-to-energy 314 water emissions 588 waste transfers 323, 432, 521 water environment 347, 467 waste transporters 543 Water Framework 365 waste treatment 323, 343, 460 Water Framework Directive see WFD Waste Treatment and Disposal 345 Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC 469 waste treatment processes 342 Water Framework Directive challenges 365 waste typology, current 315 Water Framework Directive obligations 470 waste water 315, 319, 335, 337, 440, 474, 514 Water Framework Directive Produced 365 urban 355–6, 474 http://www.pbookshop.comWater Guideline Values 358, 434 waste water discharging, urban 356 water harvesting systems 103 waste-water treatment plants 520 Water Industry Act 29, 584 operated industrial 520 water information 359 waste-waters 515, 521 water legislation 508 waste wood 582 water management 25, 94, 102, 111, 163, 347, Wastes Destined for Recovery Operations 323 358–9, 362–4, 526 wastewater 319, 352, 383–4 adequate 358 wastewater sewage system 587 included improved 94 wastewater treatment 346 integrated 346 biological 382 longer-term 365 wastewater treatment plants 378 regulatory framework underpinning 346 biological 382 river basin 470 water 12–14, 66, 103–4, 325–7, 333–5, 343–9, shifted 364 351–2, 355–9, 361–5, 378–80, 382–4, 392–4, Water Management and Regulation 346, 348, 350, 467–9, 526–9, 586–8 352, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364, 366 amount of 419, 553, 587 water management measures 94 bathing 355 water management objectives 347 650 Index water management planning 347 Welsh Unitary Councils 28 water management projects 545 Western governments 257 water management regulations 5 Western Sahara 207–8 federal 358 territory of 208 water monitoring instrumentation 484 WFD (Water Framework Directive) 346–8, 350–2, water plans 363 355, 364–6, 378, 392, 394, 434, 467–75, 477, water policy 365, 417, 467, 472, 484, 487–8, 588 484, 486–8, 522–3, 588 water pollutants 335 WFEO (World Federation of Engineering water pollution 7, 80, 424, 467, 526 Organisations) 11 permit programme controls 359 White Paper 24, 28, 95–6, 128, 130–1, 138, 187, water quality 27, 66, 346–7, 356, 359, 365, 466, 471, 537, 543 487–8, 502, 530 Williams 149, 171, 315–16, 322, 325–6, 328–9, 331, bathing 366 333, 345 drinking 356, 359, 467 wind 125, 128, 135, 174, 291–2, 305, 328, 395, 412, improving 346 526 regulatory framework driving 346 wind direction 412 Water Quality Monitoring 522 WML (Waste Management Licensing) 586 water quality objectives 348 WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) 142 Water Regulations 319, 346, 358–9 wood 16, 30, 330, 351, 366, 481, 487–8, 520, 550, water resources 27, 102–3, 346, 351, 359, 362 560, 570, 573, 577, 581–2 nation’s 359 wood pulp 583 natural 526 woodland 510, 582 Water Resources Act 29, 390, 427–8, 536, 584 Worika 301–2, 310–11 Water Resources Management 365 work 4, 15–16, 19–20, 27–8, 78–9, 136, 155–6, water rights 66 172–3, 226–32, 236, 304–7, 420–2, 424–5, 433, Water Science 366 442–3 water source 427 air quality legislation 405 water status 7, 347, 350, 468, 487 directive 468 water status monitoring programmes 470–1 work programme 51, 210 water storage 103 Work Regulations 230, 232 water supplies 362, 492 workers 228, 232, 332, 406, 412, 510, 556 water systems 585 Working Group 112–13, 145, 147–8, 154, 161–2, water tables 104 365, 442 water transport 427 Working Group II 113–14, 147 water treatment 361, 587 Working Group III 89, 113–14, 147 urban waste 474 Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials 442 water vapour 265, 271 http://www.pbookshop.comWorkplace Exposure Limits see WELs water/water-framework/objectives/status 472 workplaces 227, 229, 237, 408, 453–5 waterways 343, 359 World Bank 84, 89, 100, 102, 115, 120, 144, 152, WBCSD 86, 91 157–8, 290, 294, 301, 309, 311 WCA (waste collection authority) 340 World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal 112 WDAs (waste disposal authorities) 340–2 World Bank Development Research Group 114 WDA’s waste strategy 341 World Business Council for Sustainable WDF (Waste Data Flow) 342 Development 91 WDR 104, 115 World Commission on Environment and wealth 32, 40, 146, 202 Development 15, 31, 38 natural 201–2 World Federation of Engineering Organisations WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic (WFEO) on Environment 11 Equipment) 72, 330–1, 452 World Health Organisation(WHO) 334, 358, 366, WEEE and RoHS Directives 434 394, 402, 416–17, 467 WEEE Directive 330–1, 452 World Health Organisation drinking water guideline Weiner 244, 455 values 346 Weiss 56–7, 443, 464 World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) 142 WELs (Workplace Exposure Limits) 393, 412, 416 world price 213 Index 651

World Resources Institute 114 WTO and Sustainable Development United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development see University Press 463 WSSD WTO Doha Development Round 108 World Trade Organisation see WTO WTO law 81, 116, 169 World Water 364–5 WTO member countries 109 World Wildlife Foundation (WWF) 162 WTO regulations 82 wrap-around guarantee 307 WWF (World Wildlife Foundation) 162 Wright 94, 102, 106, 113, 115 WSSD (World Summit on Sustainable Zero Carbon Developments 133 Development) 19, 60, 363, 366 zero carbon homes 132–3 WSSD Plan of Implementation 19, 181 zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) 81 WTO (World Trade Organisation) 31, 78–80, 85, 89, Zilberman 104, 114 91, 105, 108–9, 111, 169, 442–3, 456, 460, 464, zinc 59, 337, 589 562 zone/agglomeration 400, 402–4 WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing zones 15, 213, 218, 396, 400–1, 408, 435 Measures 79, 108 maritime 203, 217–18

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