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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-17945-4 - China and Maritime Europe, 1500-1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions Edited by John E. Wills Index More information

Index

Acapulco, 52, 54 Bangkok, 8, 223 alcalde or Capitan of Manila Chinese, 56 Baohedian, 250 Aleni, Giulio, S.J., 107, 109, 116, 118, Batavia, 3, 17, 68–69, 71, 73–77, 167, 121–124, 127, 131–132, 161, 260, 186–187, 189, 192, 195–199, 205, 269–271, 284 215, 218, 223–224, 249, 257, 260, Almeida, Antonio, S.J., 86–88 266, 272, 280 Almeida, Sebastian, S.J., 148 Baykov, F.I., 190 Almeida, Simão d’, 37 Beale, Daniel, 241 Alvares, Jorge, 26, 258 Beijing, 10, 23, 28–30, 32, 37, 40, 47, 49, Amherst, Lord, 250 62–65, 69, 82, 90–91, 94, 98–101, Amiot, Jean-Joseph, S.J., 171 103, 105–107, 110–112, 116–118, Amoy (Xiamen), xiii, 17, 61, 66, 69, 188, 121–122, 124–125, 128–129, 194, 196, 198, 201–203, 215, 224, 134–137, 139, 141–142, 144–146, 228, 282 149–150, 152, 155–158, 160–164, Amphitrite, 200 166–172, 175–177, 179–182, 187, Ancient Theology, 21, 81–82, 96, 281 189–191, 206, 223, 226, 238–240, Andrade, Simão de, 28 242–245, 247–251, 253, 260, 262, Anhui, 179 269–271, 275–276, 278, 280, Annam. See Vietnam 282–285 Anne, 198, 201 Beitang (North Church), 152, 155, 175 Anqua, 203 Bellarmine, Robert, S.J., 81, 85 Anson, Commodore George, 223, 281–282 Bengal, 22, 27, 193, 213–215, 218, 223, Antonio de Santa Maria Caballero, 234, 253–254, 270, 273–274 O.F.M., 143 Bian Ji (A debate on memorial rites), 158 Aristotle, Aristotelian, 79, 81 Bian Ji (On memorial rites), 159 Arithmetica Practica, 98 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 167 Arroceros Street, 55 Binondo, 51, 55 Astronomia Europaea, 146, 280 Blaeu, cartographic publishers, 153, 270 Astronomy, Directorate of, 18, 105, 115, blanc de Chine, 211 128, 131, 136, 138, 141, 145, 160, Board of Ceremonies (Li Bu), 63–65, 165, 170, 177, 181, 265–266, 272 166, 245 Audiencia de Manila, 56, 58–59, 260 Board of Punishment (Xingbu), 177 Augustinians, 62, 83, 152, 158, 162 Board of Works (Gong Bu), 165 Australia, ix, 236 Bogue(Humen), 223

287

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-17945-4 - China and Maritime Europe, 1500-1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions Edited by John E. Wills Index More information

288 Index

Bohea(Wuyi), 207, 210 Changshu, 63 Book of Documents (Shu jing), 96 Changtai, 45 Book of Poetry (Shi jing), 96 Charmot, Nicolas, M.E.P., 155 Bort, Balthasar, 188, 241 Chaunu, Pierre, 53–54, 58–60, 197, 259 Botany Bay, 236 chazhuang (tea processors), 209 Bouvet, Joachim, S.J., 149, 154, 156, 161, Chen Jiru, 109, 122 163, 257, 280 Chen Mao, 166, 198 Boym, Michał, S.J., 66 Chen Rui, 42 Brahe, Tycho, 80, 130 Chincheo (Zhangzhou estuary), 32 Brazil, 74, 168, 215 Chine de Commande porcelain, 211–212 Brockey, Liam, 43, 65–66, 80, 198, Chinese Rites controversies, 55, 142–143, 258, 275 147, 151, 155–157, 159–160, Buddhism, 5, 9, 13, 16, 78, 106, 110, 115, 165, 173–174, 269, 271–272, 120–121, 123–124, 138, 153, 163, 275, 280, 285 170, 179, 258, 276, 285 Chinese traitors (Han jian), 11 Budeyi, 140–141, 258, 271 Chinoiserie, 211 Budeyi bian, 140 Chongzhen emperor, 135 Buglio, Ludovico, S.J., 140–141, 258 Chongzhen li shu (Writings on the calendar from the Chongzhen reign), 131 Calcutta, 214, 219, 237, 253 Christian Doctrine (Dottrina calendar, Chinese, 64–65, 85, 90, 100, 105, Cristiana), 103 112–115, 117, 128–132, 138, 141, chronology, Chinese and European, 148, 150, 152, 170 140, 170–171 Cambodia, 68, 197 Circle Gate (Porta do Cerco), 42 Canton (Guangzhou), xiii, 1, 3, 14–16, 18, Clavius, Christopher, S.J., 85, 98, 128, 256 22, 24, 26–31, 36–42, 44–46, 48–49, Clement XI, Pope, 164, 167 62, 66, 82–84, 114, 136, 141–144, client-merchants, 186, 193 148, 152–153, 156–158, 163–164, clocks, 87, 90, 92, 100, 216, 222, 227, 166–167, 169, 181, 184–194, 196, 232, 244 198–206, 209–215, 217, 219, Coal Hill (Meishan), 135 221–224, 226–245, 247–250, 253, coastal evacuation, 190–191 258–261, 263, 279, 281, 283 Coen, Jan Pietersz, 76 Canton system, 193 cohong (gong hang), public guild, Capital Report (Di bao), 114 231–233, 235 Captain-General, Macao, 43 Coimbra, University of, 85, 146, 264 Captain-Major of Japan-China voyage, 43 College of the Holy Family, Naples, 180 Carvalho,Valentim. S.J., 112 Commutation Act, 236 Castiglione, Giuseppe, S.J., 171–172, Concordia, 80 226, 256 Confucianism, 64, 82, 106, 115, 140, 151, catechists, 65, 143, 179 154, 164, 180, 269, 272, 275, 284 Cathcart, Charles, 243 Confucius, 21, 82, 87, 91–92, 95, 113, Catholicism, Roman, 13, 15, 18, 50, 127, 134, 143–144, 151, 153, 156, 151, 169, 173, 177–178, 186, 199, 160, 164, 260, 275 224–227, 239, 253 Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, 82, Cattaneo, Lazaro, S.J., 46, 87, 90, 101, 153, 260 103, 105, 108, 110, 116, 118 Congou (Gongfu) tea, 210 Cavite Peninsula, 56 Consoo Fund, 234 Celiang fayi (Methods and Interpretation Constant, Charles de, 217, 241, 260 of Surveying), 104–105 Cook, Captain James, 236, 268 certified student shengyuan( ), 87 Copenhagen, 22, 74, 196, 209, 212, 237, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 223 264, 267, 271

Index 289

Copernicus, 80, 132, 276 East India Company, English. See England, Cordier, Henri, 2, 154 English cotton, 215, 217, 220–221, 237 Eastern Sea (Dongyang), 76 country trade, 184, 215, 217–218, eclipses, 65, 100, 105, 128–131, 145 235–237, 253 Edict of Toleration, 112, 150–151, 160, Couplet, Philippe, S.J., 82, 149, 152–154, 166, 178 260, 266, 268 El Piñal, “Pine Grove”, 45 Courteen Association, 72 Emperor’s Son’s Merchants, 202 crown attorney (procurador), Macao, 42 Empoli, Giovanni de, 26–27, 262 crown attorney, Manila (fiscal), 58 Encheiridion, 104, 276 England, English, xiii, 22, 25, 36, 50, 71, d’Entrecasteaux, Jean-Antoine, 241 85, 110, 113, 133, 154, 182, 192, Dai Yao, 45, 47 194–196, 198–205, 208–210, Dalai Lama, 187 212–219, 222–223, 227–238, Danes Island, 231 240–241, 243–250, 253–254, 259, Danshui, 40, 72 266–267, 271–272, 276, 281 Daxiyang (Great Western Ocean), 64 Ershiwu yan (Twenty-five Discourses), 104 De bello Tartarico in Sinis Historia, 153 Estado da Índia, Portuguese, 20, 22, debts of hong merchants, 227, 234, 241 67, 267 deer hides, 73 Euclid, 98, 146, 262 defensiveness, 4, 16, 18, 243, 251–252 Évora, city and University, 37, 42, 80 Dehua, 211 Ex illa die, 164, 167 Demiéville, Paul, 170, 264 Ex quo singulari, 174 Dengzhou, Shandong, 49 exclusive guild (zhuanhang), 203 Denmark, Danish, 205, 234, 264 Depei, 179 Fabre-Bonjour, Guillaume, O.S.A., 162 Dermigny, Louis, 196, 200, 208, 210, factory buildings, Canton, 232 215, 217, 220, 223, 236, 242–243, Fairbank, John King, xi, 4 260–261 Fan Shaozuo, 165 DeUrsis, Sabatino, S.J., 101, 105–106, 112, Fang Congzhe, 116 117–118, 127–128 Ferreira Gaspar, S.J., 26, 101, 278 Di tian kao (Investigation of the terms figurism, 163–164 Lord and Heaven), 180 Flint, James, 229–230 Diaz, Manoel, S.J., 112, 118, 127 Flynn, Dennis, 12–13, 222, 263–264, Diderot, 155 271, 280 Dinwiddie, Dr., 244 Folangji, 32, 67 discourses on learning (jiang xue), 89, Fontaney, Jean de, S.J., 149 108 Foucquet, Jean-François, S.J., 21, 149, 161, Discovery, 36, 236, 258 163, 278, 283 Diu, 28 Four Books (si shu), 86, 120, 153 Divinity of Heaven (Tian di), 94 France, French, 82, 147–149, 151, 154, Divinity on High (shang di), 93, 104 163, 175, 180, 206, 213, 273 Dominicans, 21, 55, 66, 80, 83, 138, 141, Franciscans, 21, 66, 83, 138, 143, 147, 143, 147, 152, 172–173, 180, 224 152, 158, 173, 180, 239 Dong Qichang, 109 French Island, 231 Donglin Academy, 109–110, 124 Fuan, 15, 66, 159, 172–173, 224, 282 Dongyang, 76, 198 Fuheng, 226 Dorgon, 136–137, 187 Fujian, 10, 15–16, 22, 24, 28, 31–34, 36, 38, 40–41, 44–45, 52, 54, 56, 58–59, East India Company, Dutch. 63, 66–69, 71–73, 75–76, 84, 122, See Netherlands, Dutch 131, 138, 141, 151, 158, 160, 172,

290 Index

179, 183, 186, 192–193, 195, 201, Hanlin Academy, 104–105, 112, 208–209, 211, 218, 224–225, 264, 114, 122, 156 266, 282 Harvey, William, 80 Fukang’an, 247 He Ao, 29 Furtado, Francisco, S.J., 119 Heaven (tian tang), 126 Fuzhou, 53, 122–123, 138, 152, 158, 189, Heaven and Earth Society (Tiandihui), 17 192, 195, 266 Heilongjiang, 177 Helena, empress dowager, 136 Galen, 79, 131 Hell (di yu), 126 Galileo Galilei, 80, 99, 127, 129, 261 Hermes Trismegistus, 81 Gama, Luis de. S.J., 144 Heshen, 218, 234, 237, 247, 253 Gama, Vasco da, ix, 8, 20, 25–26, 278 Hickey, William, 232, 266 Gansu, 173 Hideyoshi, 44, 50, 62 Ganzhou, 138, 160 Hindu, 20 Gao Cai, 41, 56, 68 Hirado, 70, 267 Gao Panlong, 110, 264 Histoire générale de la Chine, 171, 260–261 Gaubil, Antoine, S.J., 170, 264 Holland (Chinese Helan). See Netherlands, Geng Jimao, 186 Dutch George III, 232, 246, 248 Holy House of Mercy (Santa Casa de Gerbillon, Jean-François, S.J., 149, 161, 278 Misericordia), 43 Giráldez, Arturo, 12–13, 263–264, 271 Holy Office, 143–144, 155, 174 gold, 52, 56–57, 137, 206, 215 hong, 164, 209, 211–212, 214, 219, Golovkin, 250 230–234, 238, 241, 253, 281 González, Gregorio, 38 Hongwen yuan, 137 Gouvea, Alexandre de, 66, 242 Hongwu Emperor, xiii, 6, 113, 115 Goyer, Pieter de, 187 Hoorn, Pieter van, 189 Great Learning (Daxue), 83 hoppo. See superintendents of maritime Great Wall, 8, 16, 31, 162, 179, 187, customs. 264, 281 Howqua (Wu family), 209 Great West Ocean (Da Xiyang), 112 Huang Zongxi, 109, 138–139 Gregory XIV,Pope, 81 Huangyu quanlan tu (Complete survey Grimaldi, Claudio Filippo, S.J., 146, 156 map of the empire), 162 Gu Yanwu, 138 Huanyu shimo (Comprehensive Account Guangdong, 24, 31, 33–37, 40–42, of the Universe), 132 44–46, 49, 58, 62, 69, 84, 86, 90, 96, Hubei, 137, 173, 176 102, 112, 138, 176, 183, 190–191, Huguang, 66, 138 193–195, 198–199, 206, 218, 230, Hun gai tong xian tushuo (Explanation 233, 240, 268, 273, 278 of the Comprehensive Rules for the Guangxi, 42, 45, 86, 102, 136, 176, Celestial Dome), 98, 108 191, 199 Hunan, 86, 176, 201 guild, guilds, 199, 203, 231, 233–235, Huozheyasan, 32 237, 241 Guo Huaiyi, 74–75 Ildefonso of the Nativity, O.C.D., 206 Guo Shangbin, 47 Ilha Verde (Qingzhou), 46 Imperial College (Guozijian), 122 Haicheng, 17, 35, 40–41, 185, 195 Imperial Household, 183, 200, 204–205, Hami, 32 237, 259, 279 Hamilton, Alexander, 201, 265 inculturation, 142, 144, 147, 156, 168, Han Tan, 156 177, 181, 277 Hangzhou, 33, 63–64, 107–110, 112, indigenization, x, 18, 181 116–118, 122, 128, 139, 150, 153, innate moral knowledge (liang zhi), 120 159, 270, 272 Innocent X, Pope, 136, 143

Index 291

Innocent XIII, Pope, 168 Kangxi Emperor, xiv, 18, 78, 138–139, Intorcetta, Prospero, S.J., 150 141, 144, 149, 152–154, 157–158, Intramuros, Manila, 55 161–162, 165–169, 171, 178–179, Islam, Muslim, 10 195–196, 198–199, 239, 268, 274, 279–280, 284 Jakarta, 76 Kangxi yongnian lifa (Perpetual astronomy Jan Con, 76–77 of the Kangxi era), 145 Japan, ix, 12, 19–20, 32–34, 36–37, 39–40, Kao Yi (Doubts), 159 43–47, 50–51, 54, 66, 69–70, 73, Keelung, See Jilong 83–84, 87, 112, 142, 144, 156, 184, Kepler, Johannes, 80, 99, 128–129, 197–198, 213, 215, 255–257, 262, 256, 268 266–267, 271, 278, 282 Keyser, Jacob de, 187 Japanese pirates (wokou), 8, 34 Koffler, Andreas, S.J., 136 Jartoux, Pierre, S.J., 162 Kong Youde, 49 Java, 10, 25, 68, 76, 187, 196, 217–218, Kong Youqi, 160 223, 272 Kong Yuxun, 199 Jesuit Archives, Rome, 181, 258 Korea, ix, 17, 33, 44, 62, 142, 162, 195, Jesuits, i, 135, 13, 18, 20–21, 38, 42–43, 262, 271, 274 48, 55, 62–66, 79–80, 82, 84, 86, koutou (kowtow), 245–246, 250–251 90, 98, 101, 110–111, 114, 116, Kunyu quantu, 145 118, 125, 128, 130–133, 135–137, Kyushu, 17 139, 143–144, 146–147, 149–150, 152–158, 160–165, 170, 172–173, L’Estat présent de la Chine en figures, 175, 177, 180–182, 186, 191–192, 154, 257 194, 231, 251, 256, 258, 260, 262, La Perouse Jean-Francois de Galaup, comte 266, 271–277, 282, 284–285 de, 236 Jesus, 42, 62, 66, 86, 89, 94, 100, 120, 124, Lady Hughes, 240–241 126, 129, 140, 144, 166, 175, 181, Laguna de Bay, 59–60 258, 271, 277 Lang Shining. See Castiglione, Ji fa (The Art of Memory), 89 Giuseppe, S.J. Ji Zu Kao (On memorial tablets), 159 Latin, 21, 32, 83, 86, 91, 98, 125, 137, Jiading, 63, 118, 129 145, 157, 160, 164, 170, 256, 281 Jiangnan, 18, 34, 109, 124, 139, 195, Lazarists, 164, 175, 182 214, 228 Le Comte, Louis, S.J., 149, 154–155, 268 Jiangxi, 49, 78, 88–89, 102, 108, 138, 163, Lead, 216 172, 179, 201, 209, 211 Leanqua, 203 Jianning, 224 Learning from Heaven (Tian xue), 92, 95 Jiaqing emperor, 175, 179 Learning from Heaven (Tianxue), 78 Jiaxing, 109 Learning of the Way (Daoxue), 78, 95, Jihe yuanben, 98, 105, 262 101, 109–111, 120, 123 Jilong, 40, 72 LeComte, Louis, S.J., 82 Jin Dynasty, 6, 237–238, 267 Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de, 51 jin gong, “presenting tribute”, 192 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 133, 154, 268, jin he, “presenting congratulations”, 192 272, 281 Jinan, 152, 238, 285 Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, 154, 158, Jing Bao (imperial gazette), 165 173, 255 Jing Tian (Honor Heaven) inscription, li (principle, coherence), 95, 99, 106, 109, 144 119–120, 123, 126, 128, 130, 133, Jingdezhen, 211, 244 256, 265 Jiren shipian (Ten Essays on the Li Dan, 70 Extraordinary Man), 108 Li Dao, 67

292 Index

Li Feng, 45 Madre de Deus, Portuguese ship, 47 Li Gong, 178 Magalhães, Antonio de, S.J., 168 Li Ji (Book of Rites), 159 Magalhães,Gabriel, S.J., 140–141, 153, Li Madou mu (Matteo Ricci cemetery), 182 168, 270, 273–274 Li Rihua, 109 Maigrot, Charles, 151, 155–157, 164, 280 Li Tianjing, 130–131 Maillard de Tournon, Charles, 156–158, Li Xitai. See Ricci, Matteo, S.J. 206, 275 Li Zhizao, 49, 79, 87, 94, 98–99, 101, Malabar Rites, 156 105–108, 110–111, 118–119, Malay Peninsula, 67, 76, 198, 217–219 121–122, 126–129, 263, 269, 284 Maluku, 60 Li Zicheng, 135 Manchu Anatomy, 161 Li Zubo, 140–141 Manchu, Manchus, 14–16, 48–49, 118, Liampo, 32 136, 140, 145–146, 161–162, 164, Liang Tingnan, 200, 229, 249, 268–269 169–171, 176, 178–179, 186, 205, Liangang Island, 32 269, 277, 281, 283–284 Lin Feng, 52 Mandarin, 86, 233 Lin Xiyuan, 33 Manila, 3, 12–13, 17, 21, 35, 40–42, Ling Yunyi, 40 44–45, 51–62, 68–69, 72, 74–77, 167, lion, 192 173, 185, 197–199, 201, 211, 213– Liu Wende, 148 214, 223–224, 236, 242, 259–260, Liu Xiang, 71–72 263, 266, 274–275, 282 Liu Yuanqing, 109 map, ii, 62, 86, 96–97, 103, 107, 145, 153, Liu Zhaoguo, 137 162–163, 176 Loarca, Miguel de, 52 map of the world, 86, 96, 107 Longobardo, Niccolo, S.J., 101, 105, Marin, Jerónimo Marin, 52 116–117, 119, 125, 128 Martini, Martino, S.J., 143, 153–154, 186, Lord of Heaven (Tianzhu), 79, 89, 94–95, 261, 270 99, 103, 108, 110–113, 116–117, mathematics, 79, 85, 98, 100, 104, 119–120, 123–126, 140, 143, 106–107, 111–112, 121, 127, 129, 160, 165 142, 161, 181 Louis XIV, King of France, 149–150, measurement fee, 40, 195, 200 153, 278 Meissen, 212 Loyal Senate (Leal Senado), Macao, 43 Melaka (old spelling Malacca), xiii, 9, 11, Loyola, Ignatius de, S.J., 80, 271, 274 17, 20, 24–29, 31–32, 34, 36–39, 50, Luo Wenzao, 148, 174 76, 83, 197, 237, 267, 278, 281 Luzon, 51–53, 59–60, 70 Mello Coutinho, Martim Affonso de, 31 Mémoires concernant l’histoire, les Macao, ix, xiii, 3, 12, 17, 20, 32–51, 61–62, sciences, les arts, les usages, etc. des 66–68, 72, 77, 80, 82–85, 87, 101, Chinois par les missionnaires de 105, 112, 118, 129, 137, 142, 147, Pékin, 171 149, 152–153, 158, 167, 173, 175, Metello de Sousa e Menezes, Alexandre, 180, 183–187, 190–192, 194–196, 170, 206 198, 202, 204–205, 211, 215, Mezzabarba, Carlo Ambrogio, 167–168, 218–219, 223, 225–227, 229–232, 174, 206, 261, 268 236–242, 248, 250, 252, 257–258, Mind of Heaven (tian xin), 111 263–264, 269–271, 273, 279 Mind of the Way (dao xin), 111 Macartney, George Lord, 2, 4, 18, 243– Mindanao, 60 249, 251–252, 256, 260, 266, 270 Mindoro, 51 Macclesfield, 200 Ming Dynasty, 6 Madeira, 39, 264 Ming Loyalism, 17, 50, 66, 183 Madras, 22, 195–196, 201, 218, 271 Ming Shi, 9, 32, 40, 45, 58, 67, 271, 281

Index 293

mirrors, 216 Oboi, 138, 140–141, 191 Misericórdia, Macao, 43, 198, 275 Ölöds, 172 Missions Étrangères, 21, 152, 176 opium, 1, 22, 176, 183, 216, 218–220, Molina, Luis de, S.J., 80–81 222, 237–238, 253–254 Mongols, Mongolia, 6, 8, 10–11, 16, ordination of Chinese priests, 174 78, 195 organsin, 213 Montesquieu, 155 Ostend Company, 203, 205, 209 Morales, Juan Bautista, O.P., 143 Morse, H. B., 2 Paats, Vincent, 194, 226 Mourão, João, S.J., 169, 261 Pacheco de Sampaio, Francisco Moyriac de Mailla, Joseph de, S.J., 171 de Assis, 226 Mozambique, 20, 192 padroado, 147, 151, 158 Mukden, 162 pancada, 54 Muslim. See Islam Pang Shangpeng, 39 Pang Tianshou, 66, 136 Nagasaki, 16, 40, 47, 50, 54, 76, 184, Pangasinan, 52 197 Pantoja, Diego, S.J., 90, 101, 105, 111–112, Nanchang, 49, 62, 88, 90, 93–94, 101, 114, 117–118, 124–128, 258 138, 161 Parennin, Dominique, S.J., 161, 170 Nanhai, 204 Parian, 51, 55–61, 275 Nanjing, 10, 29, 62, 64, 78, 88, 90, Pasig River, 51, 55, 60 101–105, 109, 111–114, 116–118, 122, Pasio, Francesco, S.J., 84, 95 148, 152, 157, 160, 164, 176, 285 Patani, 30, 67 Nankeen cotton cloth, 215 Patrizi, Francesco, 81 Nantang (South Church), Beijing, 137, patterns of heaven (tianwen), 79 144 Pedrini, Theodoric, 164 Nantou, 27 pei chen, adjunct ministers, ministers of Nanyang, 198–199 ministers, 7, 115 Navarrete, Domingo, O.P., 144, 260 Penang, 237, 267 Needham, Joseph, 8, 130, 162, 181, Penghu (Pescadores) Islands, 52, 68 265, 272 pepper, 217, 220–221 Nepal, 7, 247 Pereira de Faria, Bento, 192 Nerchinsk, 149, 276 Pereira, Diogo, 34, 36, 38, 149, 258, 276 Netherlands, Dutch, 2–3, 7, 13, 22, 25, 41, Pereira, Tomas, S.J., 147 46–50, 54, 60, 67–77, 114, 141–142, Peres de Andrade, Fernão, 26, 28 150, 167, 184–192, 194–196, 202, Perestrello, Rafael, 26–27 204–205, 209, 212–215, 217–218, 220, Perez Dasmariñas, Gomez, 56 223–224, 236–237, 240, 242–243, Philippines, 21, 51–61, 84, 147, 197, 199, 249–252, 255–258, 261–262, 264, 241, 255, 259, 263, 275 266–267, 269, 272–273, 279, piao (certificate),157 282–283, 285 Piccolomini, Francesco, S.J., 136 New Philosophy of the Universe (Nova de Ping Shu (Comprehensive plan for the Universis Philosophia), 81 reform of government), 178 Nguyễn Huệ, 245 Pires, Tomé, 2, 20, 26–28, 30–31, 273 Ningbo, 152, 201, 228–229 Pitt, Thomas, 196, 260 Noailles, Louis, 155 Pitt, William, 236 Nobili, Roberto de, S.J., 20 Pius XI, Pope, 175 Nouveaux mémoires sur l’état présent de la Plaskowitz, Gotthard, O.C.D. 206 Chine, 82, 154, 268 Plato, 81 Novissima Sinica, 154 Poankeequa (family name Pan), 209, 214, Nunes, Belchior, S.J., 37, 195, 276 229, 231–233

294 Index

porcelain, 183, 202–203, 210–212, 214, 256, 258–261, 265, 269, 272, 216, 221, 253 274–278, 280, 282–284 Portrait historique de l’empereur de la Riccio, Victorio, O.P., 60–61, 66, 282 Chine, 154, 257 Ripa, Matteo, 158, 165, 180, 260, Portugal, Portuguese, xiii, 3, 7–9, 11–12, 274, 284 20, 22, 24–51, 62, 67–68, 72–73, 76, Rites Controversy, 18, 55, 143–144, 147, 80, 82–85, 100, 141–142, 147, 151, 151, 155, 157–160, 164–165, 167, 158, 168, 170, 175, 183–186, 173, 177–178, 269, 271–272, 275, 190–192, 194, 196, 198, 202, 277, 280, 285 206, 219, 225–226, 238–239, 242, Rocha, João da, S.J., 101, 103 246, 249, 251–252, 256–257, 259, Rodrigues, Simão, S.J., 28, 159 262–263, 269, 274–276, 278, 282 Royal Society of London, 170 Potosí, 52 Ruggieri, Michele, S.J., 62, 83–86 Prémare, Joseph Henri de, S.J., 163, Russia, Russians, 150, 190, 195, 270 269, 273 Ryukyu Islands, 11, 24, 195 private traders, 183, 196, 234, 253 Propaganda Fide, Congregatio de, 143, Saccam (Chikan), 74 147, 149, 151, 155, 163, 168, Sakugen Shuryō, 33 174–175, 259, 261, 265 Saldanha, Manoel de, 142, 191–192, Provana, Antonio, 158, 164 279 Ptolemy, 79 Sambiasi, Francesco, S.J. 116–118, Putuoshan, 189 127 qi (particles, or material force), 119 San Pedro Makati, 59 Sanchez, Alonso, S.J., 42 Qi ke (Seven [Sins] to Overcome), 111, sandalwood, 183–184, 217 124 Sanz, Pedro, O.P., 172 Qian kun ti yi (The Structure of Heaven Sarmiento, Pedro de, 52 and Earth), 97 Satsuma, 45 Qianlong Emperor, xiii, 2, 16, 172, 226, 245 Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, S.J., Qiu Daolong, 29 65–66, 119, 125, 127–132, 134–142, Qiu Jun, 109 145–146, 153, 155, 182, 186–187, Qu Rukui, 87, 90, 98–99 256, 261, 271, 275, 279, 283 Qu Shisi, 136 security merchant, 204, 224, 227–229 Quanzhou, 9, 34, 53, 275 Semedo, Alvaro, S.J., 116–118 Quemoy (Jinmen), 188 Seminario de Nossa Senhora do quinine, 161 Amparo, 225 Sèvres, 212 Rada, Martin de, 34, 52, 258 Shaanxi, 63, 66, 124–126, 129, 162, Red Hairs (hongmao), 67 176, 239 Red Manifesto (hong piao), 164 Shandong, 64, 66, 119, 138, 162 Régis, Jean Baptiste, S.J, 162 Shang Kexi, 186, 190–191 Rehe, 161, 244, 246–247 Shang Zhixin, 186 Reijersen, Cornelis, 69 Shang Zhouzuo, 69 Resende, Andre de, 93 Shangchuan, 36–37 Resolution, 236 Shangdi, 143, 151, 156, 159 Rho, Giacomo, S.J., 65, 126, 129–132 Shangdi (Lord on High), 143 Ricci, Matteo, S.J., 13, 20–21, 44, 62–63, Shanghai, 24, 35, 39, 41, 45, 63, 66, 65–66, 78–79, 81–108, 110–113, 115, 101–105, 114, 118, 130, 137, 146, 117, 122, 126–127, 133–134, 140, 152, 160, 169, 172, 178, 181, 233, 142–144, 146–147, 150, 152–153, 259, 263, 265–269, 271, 273, 281, 155–157, 160–161, 164, 177, 181, 284–285

Index 295

Shanxi, 63, 66, 118, 129, 132, 138, 162 Suzhou, 87, 90, 160 Shaozhou, 62, 86–90, 98, 101–102 Sweden, Swedish, 205, 217, 234, 279 Shen Defu, 111, 117, 134, 276 Shen Que, 49, 64, 112–114, 116–118 Taiji (the supreme ultimate), 151 Shi Xing, 62 Taiwan, 17, 22, 35, 40, 44–45, 60–61, Shimabara rebellion, 50 66–75, 77, 162, 184–186, 188, Shoushan Academy, 128 192–194, 196–197, 213, 218, 238, Shuangyu, 32–33 241–242, 255, 257–258, 261, Shun, 14, 95, 261 266–268, 271, 276, 280, 282 Shunzhi emperor, 137, 186 Taixi shui fa (Western Methods Involving Si Dian Shuo (Discussion of sacrificial Water), 105 rites), 159 Tamsui. See Danshui Siam (modern Thailand), 9–11, 22–23, Tan (Chen) Chetqua, 70, 72, 205, 232, 267 25–26, 30, 40, 68, 76, 149, 195–196, Tan Hunqua, 205 202, 276, 282 Tang Dynasty, 5 Sichuan, 15, 66, 129, 176 Taxation of maritime trade Sidereus Nuncius (Sidereal Messenger), 99 measurement fees, 40 silk, 44, 54, 72, 87–88, 193, 197, 201, tariffs on goods, 40–41 213–215, 221, 229, 231, 233, 253 tea, i, ix–1, 14–15, 22, 183, 193, 196, singsong trade, 227 201, 203, 205, 207–211, 213–214, Sinqua, 219 216–217, 221, 229, 232–234, 236, Song Dynasty, 5–7, 9, 106, 123, 145, 171, 253, 264, 269, 271, 279 276, 280 smuggling, 33, 208, 210, 236, 271 Songjiang, 109 Terrenz, Johann, S.J., 65, 119, 125, Sousa, Leonel de, 36–37 128–129 Spain, Spanish, 12, 21–22, 25, 39, 45–46, Tian (Heaven), 92, 94–95, 124–127, 071751–62, 66–67, 70, 72, 74, 80, 84, 143–144, 151, 156, 280–281 88, 154, 167, 185, 199, 223–224, 228, Tian wen lue (Catechism on the Heavens), 242, 255, 260, 282 127 Spiere, Pierre van, S.J., 116 Tianjin, 101, 230, 244, 256 Spiritual Exercises, 80 Tianxue benyi (Essential meaning of the St. Petersburg, 170 teaching of heaven), 156 Standaert, Nicolas, x, 64–66, 78, 83, Tianxue chuhan (First Collection on the 101–102, 109–112, 116, 119–121, Learning from Heaven), 126 137–138, 140, 142, 146, 152, 155, Tianxue quangai, 140 157, 162–164, 172, 175, 180–181, Tianzhu, 79, 89, 94, 99, 103, 108, 112, 262, 264, 266, 273, 277, 280, 285 116, 126, 137, 143–144, 160–161, Statutes and Precedents (Huidian 263, 267, 284 shili), 206 Tianzhujiao Rujiao tongyi kao (Similarities Staunton, Sir George Leonard, 244 and differences between Christianity Su Minggang, 73, 75–77 and Confucianism, 180 Sugar, 215 Tibet, 7, 16, 162, 247 Suma Oriental, by Tome Pires, 27 tin, 217 Sumatra, 9, 76, 217–219 Titsingh, Isaac, 226, 249–250, 278 Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan), 172, 226, tiyong ideas (Chinese learning for essence 244, 250 and Western learning for practice), 178 Sunahai, 189 tolls, 39–40, 70, 74, 77, 193–194, 200, superintendents of maritime customs, 204, 223 193–194, 200, 203, 228, 230 Tong wen suan zhi (Guide to Supreme Ultimate (taiji), 123 Calculating in Our Shared Suqua, 203 Language), 98, 106

296 Index

Tong Yangjia, 186 Wang Honghui, 90 Tongan, 53 Wang Pan, 85 Tongjian gangmu (Summary of the Wang Wanggao, 52 comprehensive mirror for aid in Wang Xi, 160 government), 171 Wang Zheng, 124–126, 129, 263, 281 Tongzhou, 29, 244 Wanwu zhenyuan (True origin of all Tournon, Charles Maillard de, 156–158, things), 161 160, 163–164, 166, War of Jenkins’ Ear, 223 168, 199 War of the Austrian Succession, 223 Trent, Council of, 80, 153–154, 261, 270 Washington, George, 249 tribute embassies, system, 2–4, 7–9, 11, 18, Weddell, John, 72 23–25, 30–32, 38–39, 41, 53, 60, 63, Wedgwood, 212, 244 91, 170, 184–187, 189–192, 194–195, Wei Tian ai ren ji lun (Exemplary 206–207, 224, 244–245, 248–252 Discussion of [the Doctrine of] True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven Fearing Heaven and Loving (Tianzhu shiyi), 89, 94, 103 Mankind), 125 Truth Society (Zhen shi she), 109 Wei Wenkui, 129, 131 Tunmen, 24, 26, 28, 30–31 Wei Zhongxian, 112, 122, 124 Turfan, 32 Western Learning (Xixue), 78 tutenague, 206, 215 Western Sea (Xiyang), 76 Whampoa, 199, 226, 231–232, 238 United States, American, ix, 3, 19, 79, 97, White Lotus teaching. rebellions, 15, 64, 164, 183, 208, 216, 236, 241, 259, 116, 119 271, 273, 283 woolens, 216–217, 220–221, 233–234 Wu Li, 15, 148, 174, 259, 278 Vagnone, Alphonso, S.J., 101 Wu Sangui, 14, 136 Valignano, Allesandro, S.J., 83–87, 91 Wuyi, 207, 209 van Braam Houckgeest, A.E., 249 Wuyu Island, 32, 53 Varo, Francisco, O.P., 158–159 Vaz da Veiga, Tristam, 39 Xavier, Saint Francis, S.J., 20, 36–38, 62, Vera, Juan Bautista de la, 57, 75 83–86, 165, 278 Verbiest, Ferdinand, S.J., 13, 65, 132, Xi ru er mu zi (Western Confucians’ 139–141, 144–149, 153, 155, 160, Aids for the Ear and Eye [in reading 162, 179, 182, 256, 262, 264–265, characters]), 125 269, 275–278, 280, 282–284 Xi xue fan (General Account of Study in Vereador (Weiliduo), Crown attorney of the West), 121 Macao, 35 Xia Yuanji, 10 Veritable Records (Shilu), 101, 206, 247 Xiangshan xian, 45, 82, 225–226, 284 Vernon, Admiral Sir Edward, 241 Xifang da wen (Answers to Questions Vesalius, 80 about the West), 132 Vietnam, 7, 10, 17–18, 22–23, 47, 56, Xing xue cu shu (A General Account of 76, 136, 147, 195–197, 213, 238, the Study of the Natures of Living 269, 282 Things), 131 Visdelou, Claude de, S.J., 149 Xing Yunlu, 128, 130 Voltaire, 155 Xining, 169 Von Glahn, Richard, 6, 12–13, 222, 280 Xinjiang, 16 Xiyang xin fa li shu (Writings on the Waerwijck, Wijbrand van, 67 calendar according to the new method Wan Qiyuan, 148 from the West), 131 Wang Bo, 36–37 Xu Guangqi, 49, 63, 65–66, 94, 98, Wang Fuzhi, 138 102–107, 110–111, 114–116, 118,

Index 297

122, 126–130, 138, 152, 267–268, Zeelandia, Casteel, 60, 70, 73–75, 77, 185, 281, 284 257, 272 Xu, Basil Zuanzeng, 152 Zeng Tianzhu xintang ji, 137 Xu, Candida, 49, 63, 65–66, 94, 98, Zhang Dayou, 45 102–108, 110, 112, 114–116, 118, Zhang Juzheng, 40–41 122, 125–130, 134, 138–139, 146, Zhang Minggang, 47 152, 267–269, 278, 281, 284 Zhang Pengge, 150 Xujiahui Library, 181 Zhang Xianzhong, 66 Zhang Xingyao, 139, 159, 180 Yan Mo, 159, 180 Zhang Yi, 56–58 Yan Yinglong, 56 Zhang Ying, 160 Yan Yuan, 178 Zhang Zai, 111, 119 Yang Guangxian, 139–140, 150, 152, Zhangzhou, 24, 31–33, 40, 45, 53, 158, 271 159, 185 Yang Tinghe, 30 Zhaoqing, 42, 62, 84–86, 89 Yang Tingyun, 64, 66, 108, 111–112, Zhejiang, 32–34, 36, 44, 85, 109, 116–122, 125–126, 277 138–139, 150, 160, 189, 209, Yang Wenqian, 203 228–229 Yangzi River, 6, 10, 34, 88, 176 Zheng Andeluo, 136 Yao, 95 Zheng Chenggong, 17, 60–61, 66, 73–75, Ye Xianggao, 122–123 138, 188 Yi Jing, 21, 23, 154, 163 Zheng He, 7–10, 20, 26, 262 Yili, 176, 178–179 Zheng Jing, 61 Yintang, 169 Zheng Zhilong, 59, 70–72, 184 Yinzhen, 202 Zhifang wai ji (Record of Countries Yongle, xiii, 6–8, 10–11 not Listed in the Records Yongzheng emperor, 168–171, 178–179 Office), 121 Yongzheng emperor, reign, xiv, 18, Zhili (modern Hebei), 179 168–172, 174, 178–179, 199, 203, Zhong Mingren, 90 206, 284 Zhou Xuejian, 172 You lun (“On Friendship”), 89 Zhou, Duke of, 95, 134 You Wenhui, 90 Zhoushan Archipelago, 32, 200–202 Yu Dayou, 39 Zhu Wan, 33–34 Zhu Xi, 95, 109–110, 119–120, Yuan Dynasty, 6–7, 9, 169, 258–259, 278, 280 133, 171 Yuan Xi qi qi tushuo lu zui (Epitome of Zhu zhi qun zheng (A Host of Evidence Illustrated Explanations of Exotic that the Lord Rules), 132 Devices from the Far West), 125 Zhuhong, 110 Yuegang, 24, 32, 40 Zhuozhou, 49 Yuyingtang quan shan wen, 153 Zou Yuanbiao, 109 Zoumaqi, 34