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Chinese-English Glossary

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Chinese-English Glossary Chinese-English Glossary Listed below is a glossary of Chinese terms and names used in this study and their common English renderings. The romanization is always given in Pinyin with alternative renderings given in parentheses. Chinese characters are given based on the traditional Chinese system. Glossary of Chinese Terms and Names Phonetic Rendering(s) Chinese Characters English Rendering baihua 䘥娙! ! vernacular Chinese language ben-mo 㛔㛓 beginning and end bense jiaohui 㛔刚㔁㚫 indigenous church Chen Chonggui 昛ⲯ㟪 Marcus Cheng (1884–1963) Chen Duxiu 昛䌐䥨 Chen Duxiu (1879–1942) (Chen Tu-hsiu) chengyu ㆸ婆 four-character idiomatic or proverbial phrase dangdai xin rujia / 䔞ẋ㕘₺⭞ / Contemporary dangdai xin ruxue !䔞ẋ㕘₺⬠ Neo-Confucianism Dao (Tao)忻 the Way daojia 忻⭞ philosophical Daoism daojiao 忻㔁 religious Daoism Deng Xiaoping 惏⮷⸛ Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997) Di ⛘ Earth di er ci qimeng 䫔Ḵ㫉! ┇!呁 Second Enlightenment / Second Chinese Enlightenment Ding Guangxun ᶩ⃱妻 K. H. Ting (1915–) (Ting Kuang-hsun) Du Weiming (Tu Wei-ming)㜄䵕㖶 Tu Wei-ming (1940–) Fang Dongmei 㕡㜙伶 Fang, Thom é H. (Fang, Thom é H.) (1899–1977) foxing ἃ⿏ buddha-nature 174 CHINESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY Phonetic Rendering(s) Chinese Characters English Rendering gong ℔ public Guomingdang (Kuomintang)⚳㮹源! ! Chinese Nationalist Party Hanyu Shenxue / 㻊婆䤆⬠ / Sino-theology / Sino- Hanyu Jidu Shenxue !㻊婆➢䜋䤆⬠!! Christian Theology he ␴ harmony He Guanghu ỽ⃱㺔! ! He Guanghu (1950–) He Shang 㱛㭌 River Elegy (1988 CCTV documentary series) hexie shehui ␴媏䣦㚫 harmonious society Hong Xiuquan 㳒䥨ℐ! ! Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864) hou zongpai shiqi ⼴⬿㳦㗪㛇 postdenominational era Hu Jintao 傉拎㾌 Hu Jintao (1942–) Hu Shi (Hu Shih)傉怑 Hu Shi (1891–1962) Jia Yuming (Chia Yu-ming)屰䌱所! ! Jia Yuming (1880–1964) Jiang Zemin 㰇㽌㮹 Jiang Zemin (1926–) jidujiao re ➢䜋㔁䅙 Christianity fever jiefang 妋㓦 liberation / Liberation Jiefang Zhanzheng 妋㓦㇘䇕 War of Liberation jingjiao 㘗㔁 Church of the East / “Nestorianism” jiuguo 㓹⚳ national salvation Juhuichu / Juhuisuo 倂㚫! !嗽 / !倂㚫㇨ Assembly Hall junzi ⏃⫸ profound person Kongzi ⫼⫸! ! Confucius (551–479 BC) Laozi (Lao-tzu)侩⫸ Laozi (fourth-century BC) Li Changshou 㛶ⷠ⍿ Witness Lee (1905–1997) Li Zehou 㛶㽌⍂ Li Zehou (1930–) Liang Qichao 㠩! ┇!崭 Liang Qichao (Liang Chi-chao) (1873–1929) Liang Shuming 㠩㻙㹇! ! Liang Shuming (Liang Sou-ming) (1893–1988) lijiao 䥖㔁! ! Confucian code of ethics Lingshi Jikan 曰梇⬋↲ Spiritual Food Quarterly Liu Xiaofeng ∱⮷㣻 Liu Xiaofeng (1956–) Mao Zedong 㮃㽌㜙 Mao Zedong (1893–1976) (Mao Tse-tung) Mengzi (Meng-tzu)⬇⫸ Mencius (c. 372–c. 289 BC) Mou Zongsan 䈇⬿ᶱ Mou Zongsan (Mou Tsung-san) (1909–1995) Mozi (Mo-tzu)⡐⫸! ! Mozi (c. 470–c. 391 BC) nei sheng, wai wang ℏ俾⢾䌳 inner sage, outer king Ni Tuosheng (Nee Shu-Tsu)ῒ㞅倚 Watchman Nee (1903–1972) pu 㧠 primordial simplicity (Daoist) CHINESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 175 Phonetic Rendering(s) Chinese Characters English Rendering puti 厑㍸ enlightenment (Buddhist) qigong 㯋≇ qigong qimeng ┇呁! ! enlightenment (intellectual movement) Qu Qiubai 䝧䥳䘥 Qu Qiubai (1899–1935) ren (jen)ṩ benevolence rendao Ṣ忻 the human way renjian fojiao Ṣ攻ἃ㔁 humanistic Buddhism Renmin Jiefangjun Ṣ㮹妋㓦幵 People’s Liberation Army sanjiao ᶱ㔁! ! three teachings shehuizhuyi shichang jingji 䣦㚫ᷣ佑ⶪ⟜䴻㾇 socialist market economy shengren 俾Ṣ sage shenxue sixiang jianshe 䤆⬠⿅゛⺢姕 theological reconstruction si 䥩 private si xiao long ⚃⮷漵 four little dragons sige xiandaihua ⚃ᾳ䎦ẋ⊾! ! Four Modernizations Song Quansheng ⬳㱱䚃! ! C. S. Song (1929–) (Choan-seng Song) Song Shangjie ⬳⯂䭨 John Sung (1901–1944) (Sung Shang-chieh) Sun Zhongshan ⬓ᷕⰙ! ! Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) taijiquan (tai chi chuan)⣒㤝㊛ tai chi chuan Taiping Tianguo ⣒⸛⣑⚳ Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Taiping Tianguo Yundong ⣒⸛⣑⚳忳≽ Taiping Rebellion Taixu (Tai Hsü )⣒嘃! ! Taixu (1890–1947) Tian (Tien)⣑ Heaven Tian ren heyi ⣑Ṣ⎰ᶨ Heaven and humanity in unity Tiandao ⣑忻 the Heavenly way Tiandi ⣑⛘ Heaven and Earth Tiandi sheng zhi, ⣑⛘䓇ᷳ炻俾Ṣㆸᷳ! ! Heaven and Earth create it, shengren cheng zhi the sage perfects it Tianming ⣑␥ Heavenly Mandate Tiansheng rencheng ⣑䓇Ṣㆸ Heaven engenders, humanity completes Wang Mingdao 䌳㖶忻 Wang Mingdao (Wong Ming-tao) (1900–1991) Wen Jiabao 㹓⭞⮞ Wen Jiabao (1942–) wenhua fojiaotu 㔯⊾ἃ㔁⼺ Cultural Buddhist wenhua jidutu 㔯⊾➢䜋⼺ Cultural Christian wenhua re 㔯⊾䅙 cultural fever wenyanwen 㔯妨㔯 classical Chinese language Wu Leichuan (Wu Lei-chuen)⏛暟ⶅ L. C. Wu (1870–1944) 176 CHINESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY Phonetic Rendering(s) Chinese Characters English Rendering wulun Ḽΐ the five relationships (Confucian; i.e., ruler–subject, father– son, brother–brother, husband–wife, and friend–friend) Wu Yaozong (Wu Yao-tsung)⏛侨⬿ Y. T. Wu (1893–1979) wusi yundong Ḽ⚃忳≽! ! May Fourth movement wuwei 䃉䁢 nonaction xiao ⬅ filial piety Xiaoqun !⮷佌 Little Flock xin qimeng 㕘! ┇!呁 New Enlightenment Xin Qingnian 㕘曺⸜ New Youth journal xin rujia / xin ruxue 㕘₺⭞! / 㕘! !₺⬠ New Confucianism Xiong Shili (Hsiung Shihli)䄲⋩≃! ! Xiong Shili (1885–1968) xiti zhongyong 大橼-ᷕ䓐! ! Western essence, Chinese application xiushen !ᾖ幓 self-cultivation Xu Baoqian (Hsu Po-chien)⼸⮞嫁 P. C. Hsu (1892–1944) Xunzi (Hsun-tzu)!勨⫸ Xunzi (c. 310–237 BC) Yanjing Daxue 䅽Ṕ⣏⬠! Yenching University Yesu Jiating 俞䧴⭞⹕ Jesus Family yin-guo ⚈㝄 cause-effect (Buddhist; hetu-phala ) yuzhou de jidu ⬯⭁䘬➢䜋 Cosmic Christ Zhao Zichen (Chao Tsi-chen)嵁䳓⭠ T. C. Chao (1888–1979) Zhen Yesu Jiaohui 䛇俞䧴㔁㚫 True Jesus Church zhenren 䛇Ṣ perfected person zhongti xiyong ᷕ橼大䓐! ! Chinese essence, Western application zhongxue wei ti, ᷕ⬠䁢橼炻 Chinese learning for essence, xixue wei yong 大⬠䁢䓐 Western learning for application Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai)␐】Ἦ Zhou Enlai (1898–1976) Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi)㛙䅡 Zhu Xi (1130–1200) Zhuangzi (Chuang-tzu)匲⫸ Zhuangzi (369–286 BC) Zhuo Xinping ⋻㕘⸛ Zhuo Xinping (1955–) zisi 冒䥩 selfish zongjiao re ⬿㔁䅙 religious fever zui 伒 sin / crime zui’e 伒ら sin (Protestant) zuiguo 伒忶 sin (Catholic) Notes Introduction 1 . In Chinese, this group is often known by the term jingjiao— the “lumi- nous religion.” In English it is still common to refer to the group as “Nestorian” or the “Nestorian Church,” named after Nestorius, the Archbishop of Constantinople, who was condemned at the Third Ecumenical Council held in Ephesus in AD 431. This usage can be seen in the history written recently by the respected historian Daniel Bays, A New History of Christianity in China (New York: Wiley and Blackwell, 2011 ), 4–16. There has arisen, however, some critique to the appropriateness of this term. Sebastian Brock argues that the so-called Nestorian Church has, in antiquity, preferred to self-describe itself as the “Church of the East”—a term I employ in this present study. He rightly states, “The association between the Church of the East and Nestorius is of a very tenuous nature, and to continue to call that church ‘Nestorian’ is, from a historical point of view, totally misleading and incor- rect.” Sebastian P. Brock, “The ‘Nestorian’ Church: A Lamentable Misnomer,” Bulletin of John Rylands Library 78, no. 3 ( 1996 ): 35. Peter Hofrichter goes on to argue that parts of the so-called Nestorian documents of China tend toward a position closer to Monophysitism—a theological position quite opposite the teachings associated by Nestorius but likewise anathematized by the Fourth Ecumenical Council held in Chalcedon in AD 451. This makes the description of this group as “Nestorian” even more precarious. Peter L. Hofrichter, preface to Jingjiao: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia , ed. Roman Malek and Peter L. Hofrichter (Sankt Augustin, Germany: Institut Monumenta Serica, 2006 ). 2 . Eric Widmer, The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking during the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976 ). 3 . David J. Bosch, Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1997 ), 450–452. 4 . He Ganzhi, Jindai Zhongguo qimeng yundong shi [The History of the Chinese Enlightenment Movement] (Shanghai: Shenghuo shudian 178 NOTES [Life Books], 1937 ). Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986 ). 5 . Confucianism is sometimes described as having three epochs: classic Confucianism coming from the writings of Confucius and Mengzi; Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties; and New Confucianism of the twentieth century. For a detailed description, see Tu Wei-ming, “Toward a Third Epoch of Confucian Humanism: A Background Understanding,” in Confucianism: The Dynamics of Tradition , ed. Irene Eber (New York: Macmillan, 1986 ), 3–21, and Liu Shuxian, Lun rujia zhexue de san ge da shidai [On the Three Great Epochs of Confucian Philosophy] (Hong Kong: Zhongwen Daxue Chubanshe [The Chinese University Press], 2008 ). For a less sympathetic perspective of the three-epoch paradigm, see John Makeham, ed., New Confucianism: A Critical Examination (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 ). While it is widely debated whether or not Confucianism can be considered a proper religion, it is not the purpose of this study to enter into that discussion. 6 . Chen Tu-hsiu (Chen Duxiu), “Christianity and Chinese People,” trans. Y. Y. Tsu, The Chinese Recorder 51, no. 7 (July 1920 ): 454. 7 . Xu Jilin, “The Fate of an Enlightenment: Twenty Years in the Chinese Intellectual Sphere (1978 –1998),” trans. Geremie R. Barné and Gloria Davies, in Chinese Intellectuals Between State and Market , ed. Edward Gu and Merle Goldman (London: Routledge, [1998] 2004), 183–203. Edmond Tang, “The Second Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and Christianity Today,” in Identity and Marginality: Rethinking
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