The Media Map Project: DRC 1990-2010
The Media Map Project The Democratic Republic of the Congo Case Study on Donor Support to Independent Media, 1990-2010 by Marie-Soleil Frère
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About the Author - ( Acknowledgements - Credits
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Contents
4 6 12 26 42 46 61 62 64
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The Media Map Project Case Studies: An Introduction
By Tara Susman-Peña
- - - 1 2 The - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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4 - - - landscapes - - - - - - - - - - -
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ACRonyMS AnD AbbRevIATIonS
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Part 1: executive Summary
- Today, the DRC tops the African charts in the number of registered media outlets, be they print media, - radio or television. Despite a hugely - diverse media landscape, citizens in the provinces are often deprived of access to information, as the media are most concentrated in the capital city, Kinshasa. - - - - -
-
The technical cabine of Radio 7 in Kinshasa (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2007)
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- - - - - - -
A newspaper reader in Kinshasa (credit: Institut Panos Paris)
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Part 2: Media overview
Historical and development background Key political, social, and economic events and trends (1990-2010) - is the - -
- - - - - - - -
-
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The Congolese media background - - - - - - - - - Donor priorities in the DRC - 10 6 This - - - - - 10 Page 9 The Media Map Project: DRC 1990-2010
- - - - - 11 - 12 Its staff and its -
11 12
Adversiting for radio television Mwangaza in Lubumbashi (credit: Pierre Martinot) Bukavu (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2011)
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- -
- -
-
(credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2007)
- A journalist presenting the news at the private radio Kivu One in Goma (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2011)
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The media sector in the DRC lacks quality journalistic content, and the credibility of information disseminated by the Congolese media is regularly called into question.
The Congolese media 16 landscape - - -
- 14 - - - - - - - - - -
14 16 - -
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- Major features of the media landscape The Congolese media landscape is unusual and very The large number of media - - - site - - - - 21 20 Poor content - -
- 21 - 20
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- - - - - - 22 - - - 24 - - - Lack of internal organization ters - - - - - Poor business structures - - and
Low administrative requirements - 22 - - 24
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- -
Random taxation - - - - - - - -
- no public broadcaster apart from Radio okapi - 26 - - Lack of sustainability and independence - - -
-
26 - - Radio Okapi (credit: Radio Okapi)
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- - - - - - - - - is dispropor- - - -
Radio listener (credit: Institut Panos Paris)
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- - Wages and social position of the journalists - -
- - Unequal access to information - - - - - - - - - The state of journalism and journalists - - - - - -
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The practice of “coupage” is widespread; most journalists have become little more than mercenaries, giving coverage to those who are willing to pay for it. In fact, there are standard rates: $10 to $20 for a newspaper reporter, $20 to $30 for a radio journalist, and $50 to $200 for coverage by a TV team.
The practice of “ - - - - Security - - - - - The practice of “ - -
- -
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- - 41 - - 42 - - 40 - - - - - - - - 41 - 42 - 40 Page 19 The Media Map Project: DRC 1990-2010
Figure 1.
- - - - Professional organizations - - - - - - - - - - -
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- -
-
Legal and regulatory framework - -
The existing framework
The technical cabine of Mishapi TV in Goma (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2011)
for the application of this constitutional principle, is as
44
44 peace conference in Nairobi (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2006)
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- -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
A new regulatory body - - -
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The existing, though rudimentary, legal and regulatory framework is totally un- known to most of the media industry. 46 Weaknesses in the legal framework - - - - - - - - The media audience Sources of data - - - - - 46
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Media consumption in the DRC - Access to equipment - - - In Popularity of local media - - - -
Frequency and duration of media consumption - and - - hind a local radio station and ahead of the international - - - -
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- - - - - - The impact of the media - - - obstacles to media consumption - -
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- - - Impact on political authorities - - Impact on citizens - The director of the - - - JDC - - - - - Le Potentiel - - - The state of the media industry - - - -
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Constant threats to media survival The Congolese media do not gen- erate enough resources to sustain themselves financially, which makes them dependent on external support, - sourced from political and religious circles or from international assis- tance.
Data on media budgets - Le Potentiel - - - - Sources of income for media companies - - - - -
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in - - so,
- - - - - - - The issue of media ownership The advertising market Use of media market data by the business sector - - - - - - -
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- - - - - - - The main advertisers in the Congolese market - - - - - NGOs and UN agencies Total 100% - - - -
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-
- - - - ket - - -
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Hirondelle Communication: An attempt at creating Conclusion to Part Two an advertising agency - - - - - - 60 - - - - - -
-
- ment -
-
60
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Part 3: Literature Review
- 62 - - - - - - 61 - - - - - 64 - - 62 61 64
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- - - - - - - - - - - 66 - - - - - - - - - - - - 66 - -
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- Given that hundreds of media outlets are spread out over a very wide area, - and that there are many regional particularities, it is almost impossible - to obtain a complete picture of the Congolese media landscape. - - - - - - - - paratus, political authorities, institutions, and their - - - - - - (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2007)
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Part 4: Donor-Funded Media Development
After the 1994 genocide of the Tutsi people in Rwanda and the infamous role played by the Rwandan hate radio, many donors became concerned with the role of the media in both the con- flicts and in peace-building efforts, and wanted to counteract or neutralize ethnically motivated hate media in favor of nation- building. The establishment of Radio Okapi, in the wake of the UN peace-keeping mission, reflected this concern.
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
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- - - - Specialized international nGos (InGos) - - Institut Panos Paris (IPP) - Donors and media operators in the DRC - - Fondation Hirondelle (FH) - - - Search for Common Ground (SFCG) -
Research and Technology exchange Group (GReT) - peace conference in Nairobi (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, - 2006)
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- La benevolencija - - - - Radio netherlands Training Center (RnTC) - - - Donor-operators - Syfia International - French development aid Development and Peace (Développement et Paix) - Internews - APeFe and Wallonia-brussels International (WbI) - other organizations - - - UneSCo - -
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- United nations Development Program (UnDP) - - belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs - - - and the production cen- bilateral and multilateral donors - -
DFID: Department for International Development USAID (UK) - - - - - -
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Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) -
- JDC - - -
- Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) - european Union Technical cabine of Television Mwangaza in Lubumbashi (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2011) - - - other occasional donors - Lubumbashi (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2011)
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Summary of the support provided by donors to the media sector: 2004-2010 estimates69 Approx. total amount Donors Operators, institutions, projects supported Period (not detailed)
Radio Okapi (Fondation Hirondelle) Institut Panos Paris (support for local actors) 2004-2008 €18,400,000 United Kingdom Center Lokolé (Search for Common Ground) 2004-2008 (DFID) FCI (France Coopération Internationale) 2004-2007 €10,000,000 privileged partners: IPP, Okapi 2008-2012 (end of 2010) other partners
FSP – Support for Congolese audiovisual media (ICA, 2002-2007 €2,200,000 training, community radios) (France also provides of- Plan Radio Afrique (8 countries, incl. the DRC) 2007-2010 France fices, telecommunications, RFI : support for community radios 2005-2008 and other in-kind contribu- HAM 2005-2006 tions) Radio Okapi (Fondation Hirondelle) 2006-2010 FCI (France Coopération Internationale) 2008-2012
HAM (via APEFE) 2005-2008 Journal du Citoyen (via APEFE) 2005-2007 Support for the press (on-site training with OIF) 2003-2007 UPEC 2004-2006 Belgium 3 Tamis 2006-2008 (federal and commu- Radio Maendeleo 2007 nity level) Syfia Grands Lacs 2007-2008 2010-2011 €4,000,000 La Benevolencija 2007-2008 Center Lokolé 2007-2008 Radio Okapi 2009-2010
Syfia Grands Lacs 2006-2008 Switzerland (SDC) Radio Okapi (Fondation Hirondelle) 2004-2010 €5,000,000 Institut Panos Paris (regional projects) 2004-2008
Radio Okapi (Fondation Hirondelle) (USAID) 2005-2006 Center Lokolé (State Department + USAID) 2004-2010 €7,500,000 United States HAM 2005-2006 Internews 2011- (just started)
Radio Okapi (Fondation Hirondelle) 2007-2010 Sweden Center Lokolé 2006-2008 €1,880,000 FCI/FEI 2009-
Radio Okapi (Fondation Hirondelle) 2005-2008 Journal du Citoyen (Institut Panos Paris) Canada 2006 GRET: co-funding EU project €4,000,000 2004-2007 Development and Peace (support for radios)
-
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RNTC (Informorac -DRC project) 2007-2010 2010-2015 Niza / WorldCom 2004-2006 Netherlands Radio Okapi (Fondation Hirondelle) 2003-2010 €1,700,000 La Benevolencija 2007-2008 Center Lokolé 2007-2008
Ireland (Irish Aid) Institut Panos Paris 2006-2008 €360,000
Germany Radio Okapi 2009-2010 €750,000
GRET: national program DRC 2004-2007 GRET: regional project 2007-2009 Syfia Grands Lacs /ICM 2007-2008 European Union (EU) Institut Panos Paris (regional projects) 2001-2004 2009-2012 €3,445,000 RFI (Local calls for proposal) 2010- Institut Panos Paris (regional project) 2009-
UNDP/AIT (UK, Italy) HAM 2005-2006 €1,562,000 UNDP/APEC Radio Okapi (Fondation Hirondelle) 2005-2006
UNESCO Ministry of Press and Information: support for the €135,000 2005-2006 (funding: Belgium) elaboration of the Master Plan
3 community radios in Bandundu 2002-2004 (via Ministry of Rural Development / Ministry of Press OIF (La Francophonie) and Information) Support for the press – “on-site” training €500,000 2003-2007 Support fund for the Southern press: Le Potentiel
Catholic charities (ac- Community and denominational radios 2004-2010 €2,000,000 cording to Cameco)
€63,432,000 [approx. USD Total $82,880,250]
million.
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The Inter-Donor Media group was created to start a mechanism for coordinating amongst donors. It turned out to be very useful as a dialogue organization and as a means to enable donors to adopt agreed positions on certain issues related to the govern- ment’s handling of the media sector.
GIBM - A forum on media support among donors - - Strategies for supporting the media sector - The creation of media outlets or media content - -
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- -
- Thus, for instance, in Direct support for existing media - - - - - - - - - - -
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Support for Capacity building and training - - - - - - - - - - -
- -
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- - - - - - Support for regulation and legal reform - - - an - - Support for local organizations of the media sector
- - - -
Indeed, the - - - -
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The impact of donor support to the media sector is seen positively by most people interviewed.
- Positives and negatives of donor support
Positives and negatives of support by InGos - - - - - - - - - -
- - bashi (credit: Marie-Soleil Frère, 2011)
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The creation of media or media content - , , the -
Positive impacts Negative effects - - - - - - - - - International projects that - create new content for media - - have lured skilled human resources away from many local media outlets by offer- - ing higher salaries. - -
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Support for existing media mass
Positive impacts Negative effects - - - - - - - -
- -
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Positive impacts: Negative effects: - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
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- dantes Maisons de la
Positive impacts: Negative effects: - - - -
-
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- -
Positive impacts: Negative effects: - - - -
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Some radio stations are much in demand, their schedule is full of “sponsored” programs with little airtime left for their own pro- gramming.
-
Negative effects: Positive impacts: - - - -
- - - -
-
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Training staff
Positive impacts: Negative effects: - - - - -
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To improve the contents of media marred by “purchased infor- mation,” the international partners paradoxically seem in fact to participate in the practice of rewarded journalism known as coupage. Journalists taking part in training courses receive a per diem, which compensates for the coupage they will have missed out on by not working that day.
Positive impacts: Negative effects: - - - - - - - - - - -
- -
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Negative effects (continued): - - - - - - - The cost - - - - -
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The number of “not for profit” organizations has increased in the hope of benefiting from various forms of support. Opportunistic organizations born in such circumstances with the sole aim of collecting funds are more inclined to satisfy the donor’s agenda than to provide adequate responses to local needs.
Support for professional organizations
Positive impacts: Negative effects:
- - - - - - - - -
-
- -
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Negative effects (continued): - - - - - -
-
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Legal and regulatory reform has become an important element of Congolese media development projects in recent years, as do- nors have recognized that direct support to journalists and media outlets cannot take hold in the absence of a supportive enabling environment for media.
Support for the regulator and legal reform -
Positive impacts: Negative effects: - - - -
- -
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Problems with media - development in the DRC - The beneficiaries’ point of view - Conflicting priorities and strategies - - - - - - - - per Le Potentiel - - Unequal access to funding A feeling of dependency - - - - The Northern partners see the Southern partners as - In- - -
- March 2011
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- Ready-made ideas and projects - - Substitution phenomena - - - 100 opaque management - - - Inappropriate procedures - - - - - - 101 Lack of coordination
100 - 101 -
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- “Paranoia” of some Congolese media partners Problems: Donors’ and international operators’ point of view On the other side of the coin, donors and INGOs also -
Unrealistic expectations Limited capacity of many leaders of Congolese organizations - - - - - 102 - Misunderstandings The polarization of Congolese organi- zations - Competing consortia of InGos The high cost of implementing programs in the DRC -
102
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Most INGOs think that the evaluation process can be useful and inspiring, but also that it is sometimes expensive and time-con- suming, without generating consistent impact on the quality of the projects.
- - - 106 104
Corruption - - - evaluation methods - - - - - -
106 104 - -
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- - - - - - - - 110
111 - 112 - - - - - - Conflicts between donors and government - - - 110 111 - 112 - -
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- 114 - Sustainability of donor-funded activities - - - - 116 - - - of -
Conclusion to Part Four - - - - - - 116 - 114 - -
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Donors and operators often do not seem to bother trying to tack- le new approaches to development or creative project models. To prepare the DRC journalists who would be covering the 2006 elections, the media sector received significant support and atten- tion from the international community. In 2011, as new elections are being organized, it seems that exactly the same programs have to be supported again.
- - - - - - - - 120 - - - - -
The necessary commitment by the - government 120 -
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Donors should also understand that media support in the DRC should focus on supporting access to information rather than us- ing the media merely to promote issues of peace-building, poverty reduction or good governance. Media have to be supported for what journalists are supposed to do: ensuring the right of citizens to access reliable news and information.
The need to tackle the real problems of - the Congolese media -
- - Political pressure by donors - - Targeting a limited number of media to generate more impact of the JDC 121 - - - - - 122 124 121 - 122 124 -
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Focusing attention on media as an Giving real responsibility to local orga- industry nizations - - - - - Taking into account the challenge of Developing, not instrumentalizing, the media access media - - - - -
-
Kinshasa (credit: Philippe Delchambre, 2007)
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References
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, Master Thesis
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Appendix 1: List of Interviews and Methodology
th th th th
Interviewees / Visits
Donor
Lubumbashi Kinshasa Le Phare), Kinshasa Kinshasa Paris), Kinshasa Lubumbashi NGO projects Amicus Kinshasa Bukavu
INGO headquarters :
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Le Potentiel), Kinshasa Journal du Citoyen), Kinshasa 24), Kinshasa bashi gaza), Lubumbashi Nyangila, Antoine Mukunga, Antoine Kapenda Mambwe (RTNC Katanga), Lubumbashi Okapi Katanga), Lubumbashi Le Patriote), Lubumbashi Quiproquo), Lubumbashi from media that receive donor funding: Media organization (NGO or for-profit) Round-table about media developement (within IPP training session, Lubumbashi)
Participants : Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi) de Moanda)
Kinshasa Associations Lubumbashi
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Kinshasa Kinshasa HAM, Founder of Le Potentiel, Radio 7 and Tele 7), Kinshasa Academia and Experts development Univesity of Kinshasa), Kinshasa Biduaya (Department of Communication, University of Kinshasa), Kinshasa Development), Kinshasa
Media Industry Research by the media
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Case Study Report Template
PART TWO: MEDIA OVERVIEW not
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Sampling guide - Interviews Type of organization Category Informants Ideal interview Actual total notes quota Donor High level programmatic decision 3 makers
In-country (e.g. embassy or donor office) NGO Advocacy, legal, watchdog organi- 4 zation
Umbrella organization / network
Media monitoring
Implementer of media development projects Media organization 4 (NGO or for-profit) managers from media that receive donor funding: o Radio o internet o Mobile o Newspapers or magazines
Associations Professional association 1 Academia Experts on the media and media 1 development Media Industry Conduct research and data collec- 1 Research tion used by the media Government Ministry of Communications / Infor- mation Donor coordinating organization Other Total 10-15
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Appendix 2: List of Registered n ewspapers in Kinshasa and the Provinces (2008)
and the
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Appendix 3: number of Radio Stations (2008)
Public UN Private broadcasters Total service
Radio Denomina- Associa- Local L.R. Provinces Nationwide International Okapi tional tive Radios
Bas-Congo 1 1 1 19 9 2 - 30 35
Bandundu 1 1 15 8 2 4 29 30
Equateur 1 1 1 8 2 - 4 14 18
2 1 1 2 17 13 - 32 38
1 1 0 6 10 24 - 40 45 Katanga 1 1 1 12 14 12 - 38 44
Kinshasa 2 1 4 3 19 16 - 41 41
Maniema 1 1 1 9 - 6 - 15 19
North Kivu 2 1 1 23 12 4 - 39 45
Prov. Orientale 1 1 1 16 10 7 2 35 39
South Kivu 1 1 1 20 3 5 - 28 33
TOTAL 1 (+12) 1 4 133 104 91 10 341
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Appendix 4: Television Stations in the DRC
Public Broad- Provinces Private Total cast
* Local TV Interna- Denomina- Nationwide With tional tional RTNC Loc. Rel. out included Incl. RTNC
Bas-Congo 1 - 2 2 3 4 3 8
Bandundu 1 - 1 2 3 4 3 7
Equateur 1 - 4 1 0 5
1 1 3 3 3 8 7 11
1 3 3 4 3 7
Katanga 1 - 2 6 3 9 8 13
Kinshasa 2 2 - 15 32 51 48 51
Maniema 1 - - 2 1 0 3
North Kivu 1 2 - 3 3 2 6
Prov. Orientale 1 1 1 2 3 5 4 8
South Kivu 1 2 3 3 2 6
TOTAL 1 (+11) 2 4 24 52 80
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Appendix 5: The Main Professional o rganizations
UnPC (national Union of the Congolese Press) (2004) - - oMeC (Congolese Media Council) (2004) - -
AneAP (national Association of Private broadcasting Companies) (2004)
AneCo (national Association of Congolese Publishers) (2004)
ARCo (Association of Associative and Community Radios of Congo) (2001)
FRPC (Federation of Community Radios) (2006)
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UCoFeM (Congolese Union of Women in the Media) (1997)
SnPP (national Labor Union for Media Professionals) (1998) -
Provincial organizations -
-
-
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Appendix 6: Recent Initiatives to Improve the Media’s Legal Framework
-
-
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Appendix 7: Figures from Media b udgets
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Appendix 8: Detailed Presentation of InGos Supporting the Media in the DRC
Institut Panos Paris -
2002-2004:
2004-2007: -
-
2007-2010: JDC -
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-
-
Fondation Hirondelle
126 -
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
US X X X X $1,500,000
UK X X X X X X X X X X $11,400,000
Switzerland X X X X X X X X X X $5,100,000
Canada X X X X $4,280,000
Netherlands X X X X $900,000
UNDP X X X $1,570,000
France X X X X X X $1,340,000
Sweden X X X X $1,400,000
Belgium X X X $1,430,000
Germany X X $1,010,000
OSISA X $280,000
Others X X X X X X $60,000
$31,698,000 69,000 1,900,000 2,259,000 3,100,000 3,370,000 3,750,000 4,100,000 5,510,000 4,490,000 3,150,000 Approx. totals Grand Total
126
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Search for Common Ground -
-
-
GReT: Research and exchange of Technologies Group
2003-2007:
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2007-2009:
2010-2011: -
La benevolencija - -
-
-
RnTC: Radio nederland Training Center -
2007-2010:
2010-2011:
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2011-2012: -
Syfia Grands Lacs
-
-
Développement et paix
Le Potentiel - -
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Internews
French Foreign Aid
2001-2004: -
2004-2008:
2007-2012:
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-
-
APeFe and Wallonia-brussels International (WbI) -
2003-2007: -
2005-2007: Le
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JDC JDC
2006-2011: - -
UneSCo -
-
-
UnDP La Maison des Elections -
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Appendix 9: Successes and Failures of Media Support in the DRC
-
-
- or there
The successes129 Radio okapi
-
the
-
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JeD
-
Radio Maendeleo
-
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-
Community radios (Development and Peace) - -
The HAM
The JDC (Journal Du Citoyen) (in its initial formula): -
JDC
JDC -
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JDC
The IPP’s joint reporting sessions
-
Legal reform:
Sector-wide programs: which worked simultaneously with a range of actors from the media sector in a sector-wide approach (like those of IPP, GReT and FeI)
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The reasons for these successes The individual factor -
The amount of support and continuity in support -
Consulting local partners at the moment of the elaboration of the project -
The accompaniment and control mechanisms in the implementation of projects -
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Failures and their reasons
Limited training sessions
Consolidating professional organizations -
The RTnC: the establishment of a public service broadcaster -
-
Le Potentiel
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The reasons for these failures: The poor identification of problems and of potential solutions -
Initiatives that are too limited - -
The lack of any concern for sustainability
The shortage of models
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The Media Map Project is a multi-faceted two-year pilot research collaboration between Internews and The World Bank Institute, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. This report is a product of that research. The findings and conclusions contained within this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily re- flect the positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the World Bank or Internews.
The Media Map Project draws together what we know and precisely defines what we do not know about the relationships between the media sector and economic development and governance. The research also ex- decision-making about media support. Through research, public events, and the data made available on the project website for public use and extended research, the project aims to engage the development sector in greater understanding and exploration of the role of media and information in development.
See www.MediaMapResource.org for more information.
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