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Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: the Emergence of the Yunnanese
Between Winds and Clouds Bin Yang Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese Introduction As the state began sending soldiers and their families, predominantly Han Chinese, to Yunnan, 1 the Ming military presence there became part of a project of colonization. Soldiers were joined by land-hungry farmers, exiled officials, and profit-driven merchants so that, by the end of the Ming period, the Han Chinese had become the largest ethnic population in Yunnan. Dramatically changing local demography, and consequently economic and cultural patterns, this massive and diverse influx laid the foundations for the social makeup of contemporary Yunnan. The interaction of the large numbers of Han immigrants with the indigenous peoples created a 2 new hybrid society, some members of which began to identify themselves as Yunnanese (yunnanren) for the first time. Previously, there had been no such concept of unity, since the indigenous peoples differentiated themselves by ethnicity or clan and tribal affiliations. This chapter will explore the process that led to this new identity and its reciprocal impact on the concept of Chineseness. Using primary sources, I will first introduce the indigenous peoples and their social customs 3 during the Yuan and early Ming period before the massive influx of Chinese immigrants. Second, I will review the migration waves during the Ming Dynasty and examine interactions between Han Chinese and the indigenous population. The giant and far-reaching impact of Han migrations on local society, or the process of sinicization, that has drawn a lot of scholarly attention, will be further examined here; the influence of the indigenous culture on Chinese migrants—a process that has won little attention—will also be scrutinized. -
"National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment. -
From the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, Southwest Cambodia
Zootaxa 3388: 41–55 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A new species of kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, southwest Cambodia THY NEANG1,2, L. LEE GRISMER3 & JENNIFER C. DALTRY4 1Department of National Parks, Ministry of Environment, # 48, Samdech Preah Sihanouk, Tonle Bassac, Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 2Fauna & Flora International (FFI), Cambodia. # 19, Street 360, BKK1, Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Biology, La Sierra University, 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside, California, 92515-8247 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4Fauna & Flora International (FFI), Jupiter House (4th Floor), Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2JD, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species of kukri snake Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 is described from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Carda- mom Mountains, southwest Cambodia. Oligodon kampucheaensis sp. nov. differs from other Indochinese and Southeast Asian species of Oligodon by having 15–15–15 dorsal scale rows; 164 ventral scales; 39 subcaudal scales; anal plate un- divided; deep bifurcated hemipenes, lacking papillae and spines extending to subcaudal scale 11; 17 transverse cream and black-edged bands on body; three bands on tail; eight or nine scales long between dorsal bands; white ventrolateral spots on the lateral margin of every dark brown squarish or subrectangular ventral blotch. The hemipenial characters place it as the tenth species of the O. cyclurus group but it has a lower dorsal scale count than other species in this group. -
Flavonoids Derivatives from Arundina Graminifolia and Their Cytotoxicity
Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 25, No. 15 (2013), 8358-8360 http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.14743A Flavonoids Derivatives from Arundina graminifolia and Their Cytotoxicity 1 1,2 1 1,* 1 LIDAN SHU , YANQIONG SHEN , LIYING YANG , XUEMEI GAO and QIU-FEN HU 1Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan University of Nationalities, Kunming 650031, P.R. China 2Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming 650106, P.R. China *Corresponding author: Fax: +86 871 5910017; Tel: +86 871 5910013; E-mail: [email protected] (Received: 25 October 2012; Accepted: 21 August 2013) AJC-13950 A new flavonoid, 3(S),4(S)-3',4'-dihydroxyl-7,8,-methylenedioxylpterocarpan (1), together with ten known flavonoids derivatives (2-11), were isolated from the whole plant of Arundina gramnifolia. The structure of compounds 1-11 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compound 1 was also evaluated for its cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines. The results revealed that compound 1 showed high cytotoxicity against HSY5Y cell with IC50 values of 2.2 µM and moderate cytotoxicities with IC50 valves 5-10 µM for other four tested cell lines. Key Words: Arundina gramnifolia, Flavonoids, Cytotoxicity. INTRODUCTION JASCO J-810 spectropolarimeter. A Tenor 27 spectrophotometer was used for scanning IR spectroscopy with KBr pellets. 1D Arundina gramnifolia (bamboo orchid) is a terrestrial plant and 2D NMR spectra were recorded on DRX-500 spectrometers belongs to species of orchid and the sole of the genus Arundina. -
Culture and Fruit Quality of Rambutan \(Nephelium Lappaceum L.\)
Technical paper Culture and fruit quality of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) in the Soconusco region, Chiapas, Mexico Eva Johanna Maria VANDERLINDENa, H. Alfred Juergen POHLANb, Marc J.J. JANSSENSc* a Hogeschool Gent, Culture and fruit quality of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) in the Voskenslaan 270, 9000 Gent, Soconusco region, Chiapas, Mexico. Belgium Abstract –– Introduction. In Mexico, the rambutan is not a well-known fruit tree, but it has great [email protected] potential for its establishment and development in the Soconusco region because of the local good agro-ecological conditions for the production of its fruit. Currently, there are already 200 ha of plan- b Ecosur, El Colegio de la tations in the region with a good adaptation and a rewarding yield. Rambutan history, cultivation Frontera Sur, Carretera practices, post-harvest operation and commercialisation in the Soconusco region were studied to Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2,5, identify the possibilities of an expansion of the species. In particular, the work aimed at identifying Apdo. Postal 36, CP 30700 different varieties inside the rambutan orchards. Materials and methods. Four areas were studied Tapachula, Chiapas, from a survey in 14 farms. Different parameters of fruit quality were analysed (ten trees sampled México per farm): fruit diameter, fruit length, rind colour, spintern appearance, aril diameter, aril length, aril weight, flesh colour, flavour, succulence, adherence of flesh, and presence of pests and [email protected] diseases. Results. Fruit quality was dissimilar for the four studied areas. Among the different fruit [email protected] samples collected, it appeared that the environment and cultivation management play an important role in fruit size. -
Potential Impact of Climate Change
Adhikari et al. Journal of Ecology and Environment (2018) 42:36 Journal of Ecology https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-018-0095-y and Environment RESEARCH Open Access Potential impact of climate change on the species richness of subalpine plant species in the mountain national parks of South Korea Pradeep Adhikari, Man-Seok Shin, Ja-Young Jeon, Hyun Woo Kim, Seungbum Hong and Changwan Seo* Abstract Background: Subalpine ecosystems at high altitudes and latitudes are particularly sensitive to climate change. In South Korea, the prediction of the species richness of subalpine plant species under future climate change is not well studied. Thus, this study aims to assess the potential impact of climate change on species richness of subalpine plant species (14 species) in the 17 mountain national parks (MNPs) of South Korea under climate change scenarios’ representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and Migclim for the years 2050 and 2070. Results: Altogether, 723 species occurrence points of 14 species and six selected variables were used in modeling. The models developed for all species showed excellent performance (AUC > 0.89 and TSS > 0.70). The results predicted a significant loss of species richness in all MNPs. Under RCP 4.5, the range of reduction was predicted to be 15.38–94.02% by 2050 and 21.42–96.64% by 2070. Similarly, under RCP 8.5, it will decline 15.38–97.9% by 2050 and 23.07–100% by 2070. The reduction was relatively high in the MNPs located in the central regions (Songnisan and Gyeryongsan), eastern region (Juwangsan), and southern regions (Mudeungsan, Wolchulsan, Hallasan, and Jirisan) compared to the northern and northeastern regions (Odaesan, Seoraksan, Chiaksan, and Taebaeksan). -
Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas
Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas - Based on the outcomes of experimental reforestation activities at ex-coal-mining areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia - Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO) March 2015 Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas - Based on the outcomes of experimental reforestation activities at ex-coal-mining areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia - Eiichiro Nakama, Seiichi Ohta, Yasuo Ohsumi, Tokunori Mori and Satohiko Sasaki Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center Fakhrur Razie, Hamdani Fauzi and Mahrus Aryadi Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center March 2015 Foreword During the past decades, deforestation and forest degradation continues especially in developing countries. According to the report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), approximately 13 million hectors of global forests have been lost annually due to forest land conversion to other land uses, forest fires and natural disasters, while reforestation and natural regeneration account for an increase of approx. 7.8 million hectors of forest cover. This means the net loss of global forest is estimated at 5.2 million hectors. Adverse impacts of forest conversion to farmland can be minimized as far as the land is properly used and managed in a sustainable manner. However, in some cases, problem soils are exposed and abandoned as degraded land. Deforestation by mining is a big issue these years. Problem soils such as strong acid soils and/or too much heavy metal soils appear at the ex-mining areas. In some cases it is too difficult to reforestate. -
National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands 1996
National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary Indicator by Region and Subregion Scientific Name/ North North Central South Inter- National Subregion Northeast Southeast Central Plains Plains Plains Southwest mountain Northwest California Alaska Caribbean Hawaii Indicator Range Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes FACU FACU UPL UPL,FACU Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. FAC FACW FAC,FACW Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. NI NI NI NI NI UPL UPL Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. FACU FACU FACU Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. FACU-* NI FACU-* Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. NI NI FACU+ FACU- FACU FAC UPL UPL,FAC Abies magnifica A. Murr. NI UPL NI FACU UPL,FACU Abildgaardia ovata (Burm. f.) Kral FACW+ FAC+ FAC+,FACW+ Abutilon theophrasti Medik. UPL FACU- FACU- UPL UPL UPL UPL UPL NI NI UPL,FACU- Acacia choriophylla Benth. FAC* FAC* Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. FACU NI NI* NI NI FACU Acacia greggii Gray UPL UPL FACU FACU UPL,FACU Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. NI FAC FAC Acacia minuta ssp. minuta (M.E. Jones) Beauchamp FACU FACU Acaena exigua Gray OBL OBL Acalypha bisetosa Bertol. ex Spreng. FACW FACW Acalypha virginica L. FACU- FACU- FAC- FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider FACU- FAC- FACU FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Humm. FAC* NI NI FAC* Acanthomintha ilicifolia (Gray) Gray FAC* FAC* Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl OBL OBL Acer circinatum Pursh FAC- FAC NI FAC-,FAC Acer glabrum Torr. FAC FAC FAC FACU FACU* FAC FACU FACU*,FAC Acer grandidentatum Nutt. -
Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica
PDF Contents Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica 2 Title page 3-4 Table of Contents 5-7 Preface to 3rd edition 9-14 Sample herb entry 15-16 Sample from Table 2: Summary Table of Herb Actions and Indications 17-19 Table 3: The Effects of Taste Combinations 20 Sample from color photo section on adulterants ©Eastland Press 2004, 2015 CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE . Materia Medica PORTABLE 3rd EDITION COMPILED AND TRANSLATED BY Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, and Erich Stõger with Andrew Gamble ILLUSTRATIONS ADAPTED BY Lilian Lai Bensky ©Eastland Press 2004, 2015 General Contents preface to third edition .... ix introduction .... xiii chapter 1 Herbs that Release the Exterior .... 3 chapter 2 Herbs that Clear Heat .... 89 chapter 3 Downward-Draining Herbs .... 235 chapter 4 Herbs that Drain Dampness .... 267 chapter 5 Herbs that Dispel Wind-Dampness .... 323 chapter 6 Herbs that Transform Phlegm and Stop Coughing .... 375 chapter 7 Aromatic Herbs that Transform Dampness .... 467 chapter 8 Herbs that Relieve Food Stagnation .... 493 chapter 9 Herbs that Regulate the Qi .... 509 chapter 10 Herbs that Regulate the Blood .... 559 chapter 11 Herbs that Warm the Interior and Expel Cold .... 673 chapter 12 Tonifying Herbs .... 709 chapter 13 Herbs that Stabilize and Bind .... 857 chapter 14 Substances that Calm the Spirit .... 909 chapter 15 Aromatic Substances that Open the Orifices .... 947 chapter 16 Substances that Extinguish Wind and Stop Tremors .... 967 ©Eastland Press 2004, 2015 viii Table of Contents chapter 17 Herbs that Expel Parasites .... 997 chapter 18 Substances for Topical Application .... 1021 chapter 19 Obsolete Substances .... 1045 table 1 Herbs Associated with Pathologies of the Five Yin Organs ... -
Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment
Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment ASEAN Disaster Risk Management Initiative December 2010 Preface The countries of the Association of Southeast (Vietnam) droughts, September 2009 cyclone Asian Nations (ASEAN), which comprises Brunei, Ketsana (known as Ondoy in the Philippines), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, catastrophic flood of October 2008, and January Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, is 2007 flood (Vietnam), September 1997 forest-fire geographically located in one of the most disaster (Indonesia) and many others. Climate change is prone regions of the world. The ASEAN region expected to exacerbate disasters associated with sits between several tectonic plates causing hydro-meteorological hazards. earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The region is also located in between two great Often these disasters transcend national borders oceans namely the Pacific and the Indian oceans and overwhelm the capacities of individual causing seasonal typhoons and in some areas, countries to manage them. Most countries in tsunamis. The countries of the region have a the region have limited financial resources and history of devastating disasters that have caused physical resilience. Furthermore, the level of economic and human losses across the region. preparedness and prevention varies from country Almost all types of natural hazards are present, to country and regional cooperation does not including typhoons (strong tropical cyclones), exist to the extent necessary. Because of this high floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, vulnerability and the relatively small size of most landslides, forest-fires, and epidemics that of the ASEAN countries, it will be more efficient threaten life and property, and droughts that leave and economically prudent for the countries to serious lingering effects. -
Covered with Appressed
BLUMEA 24 (1978) 395^103 Systematic notes on the Sapindaceae-Nephelieae P.W. Leenhouts Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands Summary the the tribe 1. The interrelations between genera together constituting the Dimocarpus group in In Nephelieae are represented in a scheme. this scheme are added the main characters that are thought to be of phylogenetic importance. A 2. neotype.is proposed for Cubilia cubili (Blanco) Adelb., the single species of its genus. To its distribution can be added the eastern half of Borneo, incl. also the Island of P. Laut. Mention is made of a geographic clinal variation in a few macromorphological characters. 3. Lilchi is considered to comprise only one species, L. chinensis Sonn., which is subdivided into three subspecies: subsp. chinensis, the commonly grown form, cultivated for thousands of years already, apparently adapted (by nature or partly by selection by man?) to a monsoon climate, if actually wild probably originating from northern Indo China; subsp. philippinensis (Radlk.) Leenh., a wild form closely related to subsp. chinensis, known from the Philippines and New Guinea; and subsp. javensis Leenh., strikingly different from both other forms, known only as a cultivated fruit tree from southern Indo China and Java, apparently adapted to an everwet tropical climate. For subsp. philippinensisa lectotype is proposed. 4. Pometia, though macromorphologically distinctly derived and, moreover, palynologically ap- exclusive in the alliance under connected with parently very discussion, seems clearly Dimocarpus, the central genus in the group. I. Introduction brief In an earlier publication (J. Muller & P. W. Leenhouts, 1976: 427) a sketch was given of the phylogenetic relationships within the Sapindaceae-Ne- characters. -
1. EPHEDRA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1040. 1753. 麻黄属 Ma Huang Shu Morphological Characters and Geographical Distribution Are the Same As Those of the Family
Flora of China 4: 97–101. 1999. 1 1. EPHEDRA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1040. 1753. 麻黄属 ma huang shu Morphological characters and geographical distribution are the same as those of the family. 1a. Bracts of seed cones almost completely free, connate only at base, light brown and membranous at maturity ......................................................................................................................................... 1. E. przewalskii 1b. Bracts of seed cones usually connate for 1/3–5/6 their length, red and fleshy at maturity. 2a. Seeds prominently longitudinally ridged, with dense, tiny projections .............................. 3. E. rhytidosperma 2b. Seeds smooth, rarely finely longitudinally striate. 3a. Integument tube 3–5 mm, usually spirally twisted ............................................................. 2. E. intermedia 3b. Integument tube 1–2(–2.5) mm, straight, curved, or slightly twisted. 4a. Shrubs or subshrubs, usually 50–150 cm. 5a. Bracts of seed cones with margin broad, membranous, often erose; integument tube ca. 1.5 mm, slightly spirally twisted; seeds 2 or 3; subshrubs usually to 50 cm .......... 4. E. lomatolepis 5b. Bracts of seed cones with margin narrower, entire or almost so; integument tube 1–2 mm, straight or slightly curved; seeds 1 or 2; shrubs or subshrubs often more than 50 cm. 6a. Apical pair of bracts of seed cones connate for 3/4–8/9 their length; seeds finely striate dorsally ................................................................................................. 9. E. likiangensis 6b. Apical pair of bracts of seed cones connate for 1/2–2/3 their length; seeds completely smooth. 7a. Herbaceous branches virgate, often pruinose, 1–1.5 mm in diam., rigid; integument tube to 2 mm, straight or slightly curved; plants to 100 cm or more .................