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The Wall of Berlin - Political Considerations1 The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ THE WALL OF BERLIN - POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS1 Silviu COSTACHIE1, Nicolae DAMIAN1 1University of Bucharest Résumé: L’article proposé met en évidence une période politique de l’histoire moderne d’Allemagne. L’élément central est constitué par ‘Le Mur du Berlin’ et son rôle joué dans le destin d’un seul peuple divisé en deux pays. Ses connotations politiques sont plus qu’une seule référence dans l’histoire d’une nation, devenant une impulsion dans l’écriture de l’histoire moderne de l’Europe et aussi un élément de référence au niveau global. Mots-clés: Le mur du Berlin, Le Berlin de l’est, Le Berlin de l’ouest Immediately after World War II, Germany and its capital, Berlin, entered under the influence of the great world powers of that moment: U.S.A. (The United States), U.K (United Kingdom), France and U.R.S.S (The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). In the year 1948, the soviet army tried to subjoin the whole town Berlin starting a blockade of the west side, with the purpose of total isolation2. Practically, all the controlled sectors by the western allies from the former capital of Nazi Germany became an enclave in the German Democratic Republic. The blockade was arisen in May 1949, after 11 months. Every day, were transported by plane between 4 to 8 thousand tones of aliments, and also other things of basic necessity. To mark the allies` efforts during operations “Airlift” or “Vittles”, on the roof of The Technology Museum in Berlin, there is one of the Douglas DC3 planes, used in this air- bridge. On the 17th of July followed the revolt of construction workers on the Frankfurt Alee, dissatisfied by the increase of productive norm. The facts have been established to be a preamble in the construction of “The Wall”. The division of the city of Berlin in two sectors: the West Berlin, and also the east, that was more symbolic, where the Berliners could swing without much trouble. It is estimated that by the late ‘50s, over 3 millions east-Germans have gone definitely3 in G.F.R., of who more than half came from the Berlin sector that was under the soviet influence. This led the East German authorities to close border with the western sectors of Berlin on August 12 and 13, 1961.The windows of buildings that were situated in the border area have been built. A border fence of barbed wire was set up, which was to become increasingly sophisticated. A 3, 6 meter high wall of concrete walls, covering 45000 sections, was built, with a width of 1, 2 m that had at the top attached a steel cylinder to make any escalation difficult, if possible…Along the ‘Wall’ with a length of 167 km, on the east side appeared’ the death zone’ a strip of mined land, surrounded by barbed wire and permanently controlled by guards. A total of 320 guard towers and 20 bunkers with only one border crossing were added, today functioning as a museum role-Checkpoint Charlie. Built with the aim to 1 The article is a tribute brought to the East Berliners who survived, like the Romanian people to a totalitarian regime – communism, symbolizing 60 years from its construction. The authors have traveled extensively to Berlin for studies. The last journey was undertaken by Nicolae Damian as a member of R.D.R.C for E.I (Regional Development Research Centre and European Integration) – University of Bucharest, between 26th of February and the 1st of March 2011. 2 Recently, a Berliner opened a canned with fatness (lard) from that period (that he kept) , without being altered (on the cap, it wasn’t mentioned the expiration date) (source: BBC) 3 Symbolic, is the case of the entire department of mathematics of the University from Leipzig that left R.D.G-ul in the same day. 137 The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ demonstrate the socialist supremacy, the ‘Berliner Fernsehturm’4 TV Tower was actually an observatory at a height of 203 m. The east metro from Berlin crossed the western part, but didn’t operate in such station. The guards were ordered to shoot at sight! No one knows the exact number5 of Berliners killed in their attempts to cross the border to the West. In spite of the drastic measures, there were successful escape attempts, in most cases requiring great ingenuity. They managed to find freedom on the other side of the ‘Wall’ in the air, with the help of a balloon or an airplane; by digging a underground tunnel; with the help of a small machine so that it can fit under the limiting access barrier etc. Like any living organism, like any political entity, the fall of the Berlin wall had come. After the soviet president Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbaciov visited West Germany in 1989, Hungary opened its Austrian border on 23rd August. By September, 13,000 East German ”tourists” had crossed the borders to G.F.R. through this by-pass. On 18th September, Erich Honecker resigned and was replaced by Egon Krenz, not before he had prophesied that the ”Wall” would last for at least a 100 years. He was off by only 99 years! On the 9 of November 1989, the East-German minister of propaganda, Günter Schabowski, announces in a press conference the opening of frontiers6. Asked about the date of enforcement on this new 4 The tower was built between 1965-1969, with a height of 365m and an observation platform- restaurant, being rotative between the levels 203-207 m when is a good weather it allows a panorama of 40 km. It is in Alexanderplatz, that’s why it is named by the Berliners ‘Alex’. Today it is an important touristic attraction. 5 There isn’t an official number of victims. As with the Jewish victims from Nazi camps, communism victims from political prisons or the soviet gulag-are, the committed atrocities were hidden. There were also ‘visible’ cases when the people shot were left in agony , Peter Fachter, 18 years old, mason (irony) was shot with 21 bullets and raised by the eastern Berliners much later; the last victim was Chris Gueffroy (30 years old) who died on February 1980, shot with 10 bullets. From some sources 192 persons died, most citations appreciate over 100 people, and the maximum number is given by the number 588 victims. Other 239 people were caught and returned to the country. 6 According to a decree. 138 The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ regulation, the minister declared: ” As far as I know, it comes to effectiveness immediately, right now!” however, everything escaladed from a confusion...Recently returned from vacation, the minister was not aware about the new plans regarding the Berlin borders transit. Before the thousand of Berliners that took by assault the passing points of the borders, the soldiers couldn’t shoot. If, by 22nd December 1989, one could have crossed the border only through certain check-points and with a previous visa, after 23rd December traveling became free. The unification of The Democratic German Republic with the Federate Republic took place on the 3rd of October 1990, a day that would also become an official7 national holiday of the new country. The dissolution of the two German countries meant the fall of communism in central and East Europe. If the debut was a peaceful one, not the same could be said about Romania, where the revolts were silenced through a blood bath. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, some countries in the socialist block geopolitically regrouped, due to major political changes. Tributary countries to the soviet system repositioned, revising their options towards the capitalist and democratic system. Step by step (”in waves”) these countries were welcomed into political and administrative structures like the EU and NATO. Photo 1: The Gate of Brandenburg - symbol of unified Germany. It was incorporated in the Wall of Berlin. * * * What does the”Berlin Wall” represent today? Most of it was demolished in the euphoria of changes, by individuals with hammers, called Mauerspechte. On the 13th of June 1990 the official demolition began, process which ended in November 1991. Some parts remained. The most known part of the wall is ”The East Gallery” with a length of 1316 meters, situated between Warschauer Strasse and Ostbahnhof. It represents a metamorphosis of the wall into a giant fresco, consisting of 106 graffiti paintings. Of these, one painting is the famous ”Killer Kiss”, achieved after a photograph taken on the 7th October 1979 by the French photographer Regis Bossu, published in Paris 7 The 9th November was initially suggested as an official date but that could have easily been confused with an unfortunate event in the history of Germany, Kristallnacht (The Crystal night). 139 The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Mach. In this photograph Erich Honecker, the G.D.R. leader, is kissing Leonid Brejnev – the president of The Communist Party in the USSR, who was visiting GDR on the occasion of its 30th anniversary. The graffiti was painted by the Russian artist Dimitri Vrubel and it is called: ”God! Help me survive this killer love!” another famous painting is the image of a successful attempt of escape with the help of an automobile. These paintings degraded, because of weather conditions or deliberate destruction with writing or other overlap graffiti. A restoration was necessary in 2010.
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