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Toponyms and Cultural Regions

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Toponyms and Cultural Regions . "TOPONYMS AND CULTURAL REGIONS: AN EXAMINATION OF THE PLACE-NAMES OF THE CHOTA NAGPUR, INDIA" fey ESSOP MIA B.A., University of British Columbia, 1967 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF M.A. in the Department of .- Asian Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE. UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 197P In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree tha permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada ABSTRACT The subject examined In this thesis is the relationship between contemporary place-names and cultural regions. It was hypothesised that there would be a relationship between place- names and cultural regions, if place-names, as organized into toponymic systems, correlated with known cultural features of the inhabitants of the Chota Nagpur region of India. The or• ganization of the place-names into toponymic systems was on the basis of spatial and statistical interdependence and interaction of selected terms denoting spaces with different attributes. The known cultural feature for correlation in this study was the spatial and statistical distribution of the languages spoken in the study area. A one-half sample of all the place-names in the Chota Nagpur was collected from 1:250,000 maps of the area, and divided into their component elements. Following subsequent ordering by computer, distribution maps and statistical tables were drawn up for selected denotative components, the element in the name used to distinguish a particular space in the environment in terms of its attributes. Data on the spatial and statistical distribu• tions of the languages spoken in the area was obtained from G.A, Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India and the Census of India 1931. 1951 and 1961. The results obtained from a correlation of the toponymic systems which were identified and the distribution of languages did support the hypothesis. Five toponymic systems were identi• fied within the study area, and their spatial extents corresponded to the distribution of three of the languages in the study area. The sectors of the study area within which no toponymic systems existed also corresponded to the distribution of *fee two languages. This suggested that the principles used in organizing the environment differ between cultures, and that the methodology presented for the identification of toponymic systems has limited usefulness. It was concluded that place-names did bear a relation• ship to cultural regions, and that they could be used to de• lineate these cultural regions. DEPARTMENT OF ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY of BRITISH COLUMBIA VANCOUVER 3, 8. C, CANADA i. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page One 1.1. Theory and Method in Place-Name Study 1 1.2. Languages of the Chota Nagpur 29 1.3. Summary 36 Two •2.1. Denotative Components in the Contemporary' Place-Names of the Chota Nagpur 38 2,2. The Denotative Components 43 Three 3.1. Correlations < 72 3.2. Conclusions 76 Bibliography 78 Appendix 1. Maps 86 Appendix 2. Tables 105 Appendix 3. Tables 12 7 y / ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Fortran Coding Sheet Figure 2. Phonetic Tables Figure 3. Suffix List Figure 4. Total Number of Habitation Site Names in each Sample Square Figure 5. The Number of Compound Habitation Site Names in each Sample Square Figure 6. Location^Denotative Components of the Partial Toponymic Systems ill. MAPS Page 86 Map 1 North-east India 2 The Study Areat Relief 87 3 The Study Area 88 4 Indo-Aryan Languages! Chattisgarhl 88 5 " " " Bengali 89 6 " " " Orlya 89 7 " " " Bihari 90 8 Dravidian Languages 90 9 Austro-asiatic Languages 91 10 Nadi 91 11 Jor. Garo. Khal and Nala 92 12 Mountain Names without a Generic Suffix 92 13 Pahar 93 14 Buru \ 93 15 Parbat 94 16 Dongar and Dongrl 9^ 17 Tungar 95 18 Pur 95 19 Dih ' , - \-- 96 20 Gaon 96 21 Tol , , 97 22 Gara 98 23 Dag 98 24 Tanr i 99 25 Jor (in Habitation Site Names) 99 iv. Page Map 26 Kel 100 27 Pani • 100 28 Pall 101 29 Munda 101 30 Pa~ra 102 31 Mr 102 32 Sai « 103 33 Hatu 103 34 Gutu 104 35 Pos 104 \ V. TABLES Page A. Numerical Occurence of the Denotative Components in each Sample Square. Table I Nadi 105 II Mountain names without a Generic Suffix 106 III PahSr ' 107 IV Buru 108 V Pur 1°9 VI Dih .110 VII Gaon 111 VIII Tol 112 IX Gara 13-3 X Dag ' 11^ XI Tanr 1]-5 XII Jor (in Habitation Site Names) 116 XIII' Kel \ "~~ . 1]-7 XIV Panl 118 XV Pali 119 XVI Munda .120 XVII Para ' ' 121 XVIII Ber ' v 122 XIX Sal ^ ' 123 XX Hatu / . ' ^12^ XXI Gutu * '•, • 125 XXII Pos \ ' ' ' vi. Page B. Percentage occurence of the Denotative Components im. i. Table XXIII the Total Watercourse Terms per Sample Square ii,. Tables the Total Mountain Names per XXIV-XXVT Sample Square iii. Tables the Total Compound Habitation XXVII-XLIV Site Names per Sample Square Table XXIII Nadl 127 XXIV Mountain Names Without a Generic Suffix 128 XXV Pahar 129 XXVI Buru 130 XXVII Pur . 131 XXVIII Dih . 132 XXIX Gaon 133 XXX Tol . , 134 XXXI . Gara \ _ 135 XXXII Dag 136 XXXIII Tanr 137 XXXIV Jor (in Habitation Site Names) 138 XXXV Kel r 139 XXXVI Pani ' , - \" ; 140 XXXVII Pali \ , 141 XXXVIII Munda , 142 • • / ' XXXIX Para \ 143 XL Ber 144 XLI Sai 1 145 XLII Hatu S '• 1 146 XLIII Gutu 147 XLIV Pos 148 One. 1.1. Theory and Method in Place-Name Study This study of the place-names of the Chota Nagpur, a highland region in northeastern India, is an attempt to extend the investigation of place-names into the contemporary realm, and to provide an ancillary aid in the study of the cultures of complex societies. To reiterate a statement made often, India is a country of substantial cultural diversity. In addition to the existence of the distinctly separate Hindu and non-Hindu cultures, there is considerable sub-cultural varia• tion within each culture. The latter variations may be con• ceived of as having restricted spatial distributions, ranging from the level of linguistic regions to purely local ones. It is the demarcation of these local cultural regions which may be accomplished through the use of place-names, thus defining a'unit for cultural investigation within which there is a high degree of similarity in cultural forms. These local cultural areas may also be demarcated through the use of other factors, social or economic. However, if any advantages exist in the method proposed in this study, they are in the availability of raw data, especially for the scholar not based in India. Place- name data is relatively more accessible than data on dominant caste marriage or market networks, on the detailed scale neces- sary to demarcate these local sub-cultural regions. In order to demarcate these sub-cultural regions, through the examination of the relationships between place- names and other aspects of the cultures of the inhabitants of the Chota Nagpur, it is assumed that toponyms are symbols in 2 the organization of the environment. Therefore, place-names, when suitably analyzed, may demarcate these cultural and sub- cultural regions, for there is a direct relationship between environmental organization and culture. Place-names arise from, and are. influenced by . the language and speech habits of - people (Wainwright 1962«10). As each culture has its distinc• tive and stylistic patterns (Kroeber 1963)1 naming should vary from culture to culture, and within a culture, where regional variation results in sub-cultural patterns. Perceiving place-names as symbols in the organization of the environment is not unique to this study, but the attempt, to extend the analysis of place-names Into the contemporary realm is. The interpretive studies conducted on place-names thus far have been limited to the historical, for they have been conducted on the premise that toponyms are the fossils of human geography (Dauzat i960). Altering the premise to conceive of place-names as symbols in environmental organization, a concep• tion implicit in viewing toponyms as fossils, has allowed us to conduct the analysis on only the contemporary forms of place- names. This has made necessary a reassessment and adaptation of the methodologies developed hitherto in place-names study, for there is a clear relationship between the nature of the / data and the methods of analysis. Where the data was composed of the various forms of a place-name which occured over an ex• tended period of time, it was possible to etymologlcally deter- i mine the original meanings of the ^elements of the name before 3 any attempts at interpretation. But a different mode of analysis is necessary where the data is composed of a large number of names in a single form of occurence. The method we have used is statistical and systemic analysis, through examina• tion of units larger than the individual place-names. Before proceeding with a presentation of the theoreti• cal and methodological orientation of this particular study, an extended review of the work done to date in place-name study is in order, for it is the source of the theory and methodology of the present study.
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