Afryka Północna: Czynniki Zmiany Kulturowej

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Afryka Północna: Czynniki Zmiany Kulturowej Polskie Towarzystwo Afrykanistyczne Tom I Warszawa 2009 Publikacja dotowana przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego Projekt okładki Barbara Kuropiejska-Przybyszewska Redakcja Zofia Boroś Skład i łamanie OFI [email protected] © Copyright by Jacek Jan Pawlik, Małgorzata Szupejko © Copyright by Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR, Warszawa 2009 Wszelkie prawa zastrze¿one. Ka¿da reprodukcja lub adaptacja ca³oœci b¹dŸ czêœci niniejszej publikacji, niezale¿nie od zastosowanej techniki reprodukcji (drukarskiej, fotograficznej, komputerowej i in.), wymaga pisemnej zgody Autorów i Wydawcy. Wydawca Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR 03-982 Warszawa, ul. Dedala 8/44 tel. 0 602 247 367, fax (0-22) 615 34 21 ISBN 978-75-45-011-8 Spis treści Wstęp . 11 Część I: Lekcja z przeszłości Małgorzata Grzesiewicz-Sałacińska Kongo z lat 1930–1938 we wspomnieniach i fotografiach Witolda Grzesiewicza (1900–1987) i Kazimierza Zagórskiego (1883–1944) . 23 Kinga Lendzion Historia działalności społecznej Kościoła na Madagaskarze . 37 Karol Myśliwiec 70 lat polskiej archeologii w Afryce . 51 Bronisław Kazimierz Nowak Niewolnictwo na Wyspie Św. Heleny w XVI–XVII wieku . 61 Hanna Rubinkowska Etiopskie źródła do historii Etiopii pierwszej połowy XX wieku – kształtowanie się współczesnej historiografii . 73 Część II: Wierzenia i rytuały religijne Lucjan Buchalik Doroczne święto Apilan-donda jako ilustracja mitu etiologicznego Kurumbów (Burkina Faso) . 85 Laura Łykowska Etiopskie pielgrzymowanie: Debre Libanos i Zeqwala Abbo w świetle obserwacji socjologicznych i etnologicznych . 97 Jacek Jan Pawlik Rola sztuki w afrykańskim kulcie przodków . 107 Grzegorz Wita Aszancka koncepcja opatrzności Istoty Najwyższej . 119 6 Spis treści Henryk Zimoń Społeczny wymiar rytuałów pogrzebowych u ludu Konkomba z północnej Ghany . 133 Część III: Afrykańska sztuka i jej kolekcje Jolanta Koziorowska Kolekcja sztuki Czokwe w zbiorach Państwowego Muzeum Etnograficznego w Warszawie . 147 Jacek Kukuczka Afryka zaklęta, magiczna i niewinna. Kilka uwag o problemach współczesnego obrazowania Afryki w wystawiennictwie muzealnym . 157 Aneta Pawłowska Zjawisko akulturacji na przykładzie sztuki z południa Afryki . 167 Dariusz Kazimierz Skonieczko Ptaki w mitologii i rzeźbie ludu Szona – Zimbabwe . 179 Anna Nadolska-Styczyńska Kolekcje i historia. Rzecz o kilku wybranych zbiorach afrykanistycznych . 189 Część IV: Kobieta – kontekst kulturowy i społeczny Anna Barska Stowarzyszenia kobiece w Afryce Północnej . 201 Mariusz Kraśniewski Trokosi jako współczesna forma niewolnictwa . 213 Iwona Anna Ndiaye Literatura afrykańska z perspektywy gender. Współczesna proza senegalska . 225 Nina Pawlak Kognitywny obraz ‘matki’ i ‘ojca’ w języku i kulturze hausa . 237 Donata Pawłowska Doktryna islamu i muzułmańskie autorytety wobec praktyki okaleczania żeńskich narządów płciowych: przeciwnicy i obrońcy . 249 Spis treści 7 Część V: Strukturyzacja i rozwój społeczny Bara Ndiaye Międzynarodowa Organizacja Frankofonii. Historia i stan obecny . 263 Elżbieta Rekłajtis Afryka Północna: czynniki zmiany kulturowej . 275 Jarosław Różański Misjonarze wobec rodzimych kultur . 287 Małgorzata Szupejko Globalizacja kulturowa a wyznaczniki tożsamości u progu XXI w. Kontekst afrykański . 297 Ryszard Vorbrich Etniczność a trybalizm w Afryce . 311 Africa in the Beginning of the XXI Century Volumen I Culture and Society Table of contents Introduction . 11 Part I: Lesson from the Past Małgorzata Grzesiewicz-Sałacińska Congo in the years from 1930 to 1938 in Memoirs and Photographs of Witold Grzesiewicz (1900–1987) and Kazimierz Zagórski (1883–1944) . 23 Kinga Lendzion History of the Social Activities of the Catholic Church in Madagascar . 37 Karol Myśliwiec Seventy years of Polish Archaeology in Africa . 51 Bronisław Kazimierz Nowak Slavery on the Island of St. Helena in XVI and XVII Century . 61 Hanna Rubinkowska Ethiopian Written Sources for the History of Early 20th Century Ethiopia – Shaping the Contemporary Historiography . 73 Part II: Beliefs and Rituals Łucjan Buchalik Annual Feast of Apilan-donda as Illustration of the Etiological Myth of the Kurumba (Burkina Faso) . 85 Laura Łykowska Ethiopian Pilgrimages to Debre Libanos and Zeqwala Abbo in Light of Sociological and Ethnological Observations . 97 Jacek Jan Pawlik Art in African Ancestor Worship . 107 10 Grzegorz Wita Ashanti Formulation of Providence of the Supreme Being . 119 Henryk Zimoń Social Dimension of the Funeral Rituals among the Konkomba People of Northern Ghana . 133 Part III: African Art and Its Collections Jolanta Koziorowska Art of the Chokwe in Collections of National Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw . 147 Jacek Kukuczka A Few Observations about the Museum’s Ways of Showing Cultural Face of Africa . 157 Aneta Pawłowska Art from Southern Africa as an Example of the Phenomenon of Acculturation . 167 Dariusz Kazimierz Skonieczko Birds in Mythology and Sculpture of Shona – Zimbabwe . 179 Anna Nadolska-Styczyńska The Collections and the History. Notes about few Selected Collections of African Art in Poland . 189 Part IV: Woman in Cultural and Social Context Anna Barska Women Associatons in North Africa . 201 Mariusz Kraśniewski Trokosi as a Modern Form of Slavery . 213 Iwona Anna Ndiaye African Literature in Context of Gender Study. Contemporary Senegalese Prose . 225 Nina Pawlak Cognitive Image of “Mother” and “Father” in Language and Culture of the Hausa . 237 Donata Pawłowska Islam and the Muslim Authorities Face to the Female Genital Mutilation . 249 11 Part V: Formation of Structure and Social Development Bara Ndiaye The Internationational Organization of the Francophonie. History and Actual State . 263 Elżbieta Rekłajtis North Africa: the Factors of Cultural Change . 275 Jarosław Różański Missionary and the Local Cultures . 287 Małgorzata Szupejko Cultural Globalisation and Indicators of Identity at the Beginning of the 21st Century. An African Context . 297 Ryszard Vorbrich Ethnicity and Tribalism in Africa . 311 Wstęp Współczesna Afryka stanowi nie lada wyzwanie dla badaczy kultur tego kon- tynentu ze względu na ich bogactwo – wystarczy wspomnieć, że samych języków jest tutaj około dwóch tysięcy. Należy również pamiętać o różnorodności form organizmów społecznych i politycznych. Kultury Afryki pociągają swoją różno- rodnością i niepowtarzalnym charakterem. Chociaż przekroczyliśmy już próg XXI wieku, to jednak ciągle fascynuje nas świat, który będąc tak odległy prze- strzennie, staje się coraz bliższy dlatego właśnie, że go poznajemy, lecz również dlatego, że sami Afrykanie stają się (czy już są?) „uczestnikami naszego świa- ta”. Globalizacja kulturowa jako zjawisko, niezależnie od sposobu jej analizy, jest faktem obiektywizującym kontakty międzyludzkie. Współczesna polska afrykanistyka, jeśli tym pojęciem obejmiemy wszystkie jej dziedziny, świadczy o rosnącym zainteresowaniu kontynentem afrykańskim samych badaczy, jak również o społecznym zapotrzebowaniu na ich prace. Za- interesowanie to nie jest ograniczone jedynie do kręgów akademickich. Świad- czą o tym coraz liczniejsze inicjatywy podejmowane przez tzw. animatorów ży- cia kulturalnego organizujących wystawy, koncerty, festiwale filmowe, a także happeningi, jak to miało miejsce jednego kwietniowego dnia 2008 roku w War- szawie. Wydarzenie miało na celu spopularyzowanie dokonań mało znanego do tej pory poznańskiego podróżnika i reportera Kazimierza Nowaka (1897–1937), który samotnie, w części pieszo, przemierzył Afrykę z północy na południe i z powrotem w latach 1931–1936, utrwalając życie codzienne na tym konty- nencie. Jako środków lokomocji używał roweru, konia, wielbłąda i czółna. W wydarzeniu tym uczestniczyło kilkuset młodych ludzi na rowerach, przebra- nych w koszulki z logo podróżnika ukazującym jego sylwetkę – pchającego ro- wer wśród piasków pustyni. Do innych inicjatyw przybliżających kultury Afryki należą kolejne edycje objazdowego festiwalu filmowego „AfryKamera”, który już po raz trzeci zaprezentował masowej widowni dorobek kinematografii afry- kańskiej, odwiedzając różne polskie miasta. Podobne popularyzatorskie zadanie spełniają „Dni Afryki” organizowane corocznie przez parę akademickich ośrod- ków w Polsce. Ekspozycje sztuki afrykańskiej również na stałe znalazły swoje 14 Wstęp miejsce w muzeach etnograficznych w Krakowie, Warszawie, Łodzi, Toruniu, Szczecinie czy w Żorach. Inspiratorzy tych działań wywodzą się z kręgów uni- wersyteckich lub są z nimi bezpośrednio związani. Tak więc popularyzacja wie- dzy o Afryce ma profesjonalne związki z nauką. I jest to zjawisko bardzo krze- piące, gdyż daje nadzieję, że nie sensacja z powodu inności, ale rzetelna prezen- tacja wartości innych kultur jest ideą wiodącą wspomnianych inicjatyw, a także są one odpowiedzią na zapotrzebowanie społeczne, o czym świadczy liczba osób w nich uczestniczących. Tak więc z satysfakcją można wskazać na zasad- ność zajmowania się tą dziedziną nauki, nie tylko kierując się skądinąd cennym impulsem poznawania, ale i pracą mającą znamiona pożytku publicznego. Polska afrykanistyka współcześnie skupia się wokół kilku większych ośrod- ków akademickich, aczkolwiek nigdzie nie jest ona reprezentowana przez ze- spół specjalistów od wszystkich zagadnień afrykańskich. Są oni bowiem roz- proszeni w instytutach różnych uczelni oraz w placówkach muzealnych. Prze- gląd tych ośrodków naukowych umożliwia zapoznanie się z bogactwem badań i zainteresowań polskich afrykanistów. Badania z zakresu antropologii kulturowej i socjologii Afryki prowadzone są w paru ośrodkach uniwersyteckich takich miast, jak: Kraków (Uniwersytet Jagielloński),
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