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National Defence University BULLETIN OF ”CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 2 / 2021 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION HIGHLY ACKNOWLEDGED IN THE FIELD OF ”MILITARY SCIENCES, INFORMATION AND PUBLIC ORDER” OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR ATTESTATION OF ACADEMIC DEGREES, DIPLOMAS AND CERTIFICATES, INDEXED IN INTERNATIONAL DATABASES EBSCO, CEEOL, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, INDEX COPERNICUS, PROQUEST, DOAJ & ERIH PLUS . PUBLICATION FOUNDED IN 1937 ”CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING HOUSE BUCHAREST, 2021 Cover: Andreea GÎRTONEA © Reproductions are allowed under the condition of specifying source. Full responsibility for the articles lies with the authors. The articles of journal are under the similarity verification standard using sistemantiplagiat.ro. The articles published in the Bulletin of ”Carol I” National Defence University, ISSN 2284-936X, L 2284-936X, are also found in full text – title, author, abstract, content and bibliography – in the Romanian version of the journal, ISSN 1584-1928. Bulletin of ”Carol I” National Defence University EDITORIAL BOARD 1. HONORIFIC BOARD Brigadier Gen. Dorin-Corneliu PLEȘCAN ”Carol I” National Defence University Georgeta GAVRILĂ, PhD Ministry of National Defence Brigadier Gen.Prof. Constantin Iulian VIZITIU Military Technical Academy Brigadier Gen.Prof. Ghiță BÎRSAN, PhD ”Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy Commander Conf. Eng. Alecu TOMA, PhD ”Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy Commander Assoc.Prof. Marius ȘERBESZKI, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Assoc.Prof. Marius-Victor ROȘCA, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Prof. Valentin DRAGOMIRESCU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Prof. Daniel GHIBA, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Prof. Ioana ENACHE, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Assoc.Prof. Cosmin-Florin OLARIU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Prof. Doina MUREŞAN, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Lect. Florin CÎRCIUMARU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Prof. Marinel-Dorel BUŞE, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col. Alin CRIVINEANU ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Assoc.Prof. Ștefan-Antonio DAN ȘUTEU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Conf. Daniel ROMAN, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Maj.Assoc.Prof. Marinel-Adi MUSTAȚĂ, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Lect.Florian BICHIR, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Col.Prof. Cezar VASILESCU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Inspector Carol Teodor PETERFY Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical (Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013) Weapons – OPCW 2. SCIENTIFIC BOARD Assoc.Prof. Iulian CHIFU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Prof. Daniel DUMITRU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Prof. Gheorghe MINCULETE, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Prof. Teodor FRUNZETI, PhD ”Titu Maiorescu” Christian University Prof. Sorin TOPOR, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Prof. Marian NĂSTASE, PhD The Bucharest University of Economic Studies CS II Alexandra SARCINSCHI, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University CS II Cristina BOGZEANU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Pavel OTRISAL, PhD University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic June, 2021 3 Bulletin of ”Carol I” National Defence University Assoc.Prof. Elena ŞUŞNEA, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Elitsa PETROVA, PhD ”Vasil Levski” National Military University Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria Jaromir MAREȘ, PhD University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic Lect. Cris MATEI, PhD Center for Civil-Military Relationships, USA Assoc.Prof. Tengiz PKHALADZE, PhD Georgian Institute of Public Affaires, Georgia CS Richard WARNES, PhD RAND Europe Piotr GAWLICZEK, PhD ”Cuiavian” University in Wloclawek, Poland Assoc.Prof. Piotr GROCHMALSKI, PhD ”Nicolaus Copernicus” University in Torun, Poland Marcel HARAKAL, PhD ”General Milan Rastislav Štefánik” Armed Forces Academy, Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovak Republic Lucian DUMITRESCU, PhD Romanian Academy Prof. Anton MIHAIL, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Prof. Constantin IORDACHE, PhD ”Spiru Haret” University Prof. Gheorghe ORZAN, PhD The Bucharest University of Economic Studies Prof. Gheorghe HURDUZEU, PhD The Bucharest University of Economic Studies CS II Mihai-Ștefan DINU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University Assoc.Prof. Maria-Magdalena POPESCU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University CS III Sorin CRISTESCU, PhD ”Carol I” National Defence University 3. SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS Col.Prof. Cristian-Octavian STANCIU, PhD Col.Prof. Alexandru HERCIU, PhD Col.Prof. Andrei ION, PhD Col. Dan PETRESCU, PhD Lt.Col.Lect. Cristian ICHIMESCU, PhD Lt.Col.Sup.Instr. Gabriel CIAPA, PhD Lt.Col.Assoc.Prof. Ciprian PRIPOAIE, PhD Maj.Assoc.Prof. Vasile-Ciprian IGNAT, PhD Assoc.Prof. Mihaiela BUȘE, PhD Assoc.Prof. Alexandru LUCINESCU, PhD Assoc.Prof. Diana-Elena ȚUȚUIANU, PhD 4 June, 2021 Bulletin of ”Carol I” National Defence University CONTENT One army, two systems. Military justice in Transylvania, during the second 7 campaign of the war of reunification 1918-1920 Col. (ret) Prof. Ion GIURCĂ, PhD Col. Liviu CORCIU, PhD Candidate Multilateralism, democracy, Concert of Powers: Russia’s Red Lines 19 Assoc.Prof. Iulian CHIFU, PhD Russia’s geopolitical determinations in the Black Sea 27 Ilie-Răsvan DUMITRU, PhD Candidate Operational concepts applicable to air space security in the Land Forces’ area 40 of responsibility for the integration of VSHORAD, SHORAD, SAM Air Defence Missile Systems Col.Assoc.Prof. Daniel ROMAN, PhD Operational approach of Land Forces in the hibrid context 49 Lt.Col.Assoc.Prof. Paul TUDORACHE, PhD State-of-the-art technologies to be used in command and control systems 54 Col. Cezar POPA, PhD Candidate Col. (ret) Prof. Ion MITULEȚU, PhD The Arctic region, european union and climate change, as a global threat 64 to security Assoc.Prof. Mihaiela BUȘE, PhD The persistent conflict, a characteristic of the concept of approaching 69 the hybrid war in the Eastern European operational environment Lt.Col. Valentin PETRESCU, PhD Candidate The Russian Federation energy policy, an instrument for reconsolidating 76 the status of high power Lt.Col.Assoc.Prof. Andi Mihail BĂNCILĂ, PhD June, 2021 5 Bulletin of ”Carol I” National Defence University Medical protection, a key element in ensuring the continuity 83 of the military centers activities, under the constant pressure of contamination with the SARS-CoV-2 virus Lt.Col. Ionel COTOARBĂ, PhD Candidate Relevant principles in the ECHR and CJEU jurisprudence 89 regarding national security Maj. Sorina Ana MANEA, PhD Candidate Ukraine between peace and war with Russia 95 Ilie-Răsvan DUMITRU, PhD Candidate The character of interdependence between ISR structures for Land Units 107 and those of Air and Naval Units Lt.Col. Valeriu Adrian JIANU, PhD Candidate Prompt physical availability of the military ‒ concepts, principles, components 112 Lt.Col.Sup.Instr. George-Florin BĂIŢAN, PhD Considerations regarding building motor skills specific to military 119 physical activities Col.Adv.Instr. Alin PELMUȘ, PhD Hand-to-hand combat with or without portable armament ‒ 124 fundamental elements for the training of the modern military Lt.Col.Sup.Instr. George-Florin BĂIŢAN, PhD Common values of the military organization and of the field 133 of physical education and sport Lt.Col.Sup.Instr. Marius Constantin ISTRATE, PhD Candidate Col. (ret) Prof. Ion BĂLĂCEANU, PhD 6 June, 2021 Bulletin of ”Carol I” National Defence University ONE ARMY, TWO SYSTEMS. MILITARY JUSTICE IN TRANSYLVANIA, DURING THE SECOND CAMPAIGN OF THE WAR OF REUNIFICATION 1918-1920 Col. (ret) Prof. Ion GIURCĂ, PhD* Col. Liviu CORCIU, PhD Candidate** In the middle of the campaign for Transylvania’s liberation, the Governing Council of Sibiu had decided to support the efforts of the Romanian army and ordered the establishment of a Territorial General Commandment meant to begin recruitment in Transylvania, Banat and the Romanian provinces in Hungary, in order to constitute an unit of volunteers. Ulteriorly, out of their ranks, 6th and 7th Army Corps have been established, recruited exclusively from Transylvanians regardless of their nationality. Under Decree I passed by the Governing Council of Sibiu, laws, ordinances, regulations and legal statutes issued prior to December 18th1918, when Transylvania was proclaimed independent of Budapest, were temporarily in force. Within this context, militaries of Transylvanian divisions were subject to military jurisdiction under Austro-Hungarian Military Criminal Code of 1855, whereas Romanian militaries who were under the command of Transylvanian Commandment of Troops were subject to the jurisdiction of Romanian laws, implicitly to the Code of military justice. Keywords: military justice; discipline; disobedience; court martial; campaign. The topic approached in this current paper is 13th 1918, across the flow line of Mureș river a specific not only to the military body, but also to the demarcation line was established which underwent entire legislation within Romanian territories united a sinuous course, from Rodnei Mountains, to subsequent to the War of National Reunification. the North, crossing Bistrița, Târgu Mureș, Alba At the time the Great Unification took place in Iulia, Deva, southern Arad and further westwards the Old Kingdom, the Criminal Code and the towards Szeged and Pecs, line which set up the Criminal Procedure Code of 1864 were into force, boundaries up to which the Romanian army could in Transylvania the Hungarian Criminal Code of march forward in
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