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The Great War and Medicine in Africa: in Pursuit of New Questions and in Search of New Results 293 Margarida Portela MILITARY UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Seminar Proceedings The Portuguese Campaigns in Africa: from the imposition of sovereignty to the Great War Coordinators: INF-MAJ Carlos Filipe Afonso INF-MAJ Vitor Lourenço Borges IUM – Center for Research and Developement (CIDIUM) June 2016 Citing this publication: Afonso, Carlos Filipe, Borges, Vitor Lourenço, 2016, The Portuguese Campaigns in Africa: from the imposition of sovereignty to the Great War. Collection“ARES”, 8. Lisbon: Military University Institute Commander Vice-admiral Edgar Marcos de Bastos Ribeiro Editor-in-chief Major General Jorge Filipe Marques Moniz Côrte-Real Andrade Editorial Coordinator Infantry Colonel (Tirocinado) Lúcio Agostinho Barreiros dos Santos Editorial Unit and Graphic Design Captain (Naval) Carlos Alberto dos Santos Madureira Sublieutenant RC Pedro Miguel Januário Botelho Translator Ana Carvalho Araújo Property of Military University Institute Rua de Pedrouços, 1449-027 LISBOA Tel .: 213 002 100 Fax .: 213 002 162 E-mail: [email protected] www.iesm.pt/cisdi/publicacoes Prepress and Distribution Fronteira do Caos Editores Rua Diogo Cão, 1242 r/C Esq. 4200-259 PORTO Tel: 225 205 005 e-mail: [email protected] www.fronteiradocaoseditores.pt ISBN 978-989-99532-4-6 Legal Deposit Print run: 50 copies © Military University Institute, 2016 Editor’s note: The texts included in these Proceedings are the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official doctrine of the Portuguese Armed Forces and of theGuarda Nacional Republicana. ii Índice Prologue v Tenente-General Mário de Oliveira Cardoso Foreword vii Tenente-General Rui Manuel Xavier Fernandes Matias Introduction 1 Carlos Filipe Afonso Vitor Lourenço Borges Abstracts 5 The political projects to unify Europe as a counterpoint to the Great War 19 Alexandre Figueiredo Perceptions of attrition in the strategic and operational planning of the First World War 39 Nuno Correia Neves Portuguese strategic thinking at the dawn of the twentieth century 51 António Paulo Duarte German Geopolitics in the First World War: the case of Southeast Africa 79 Marisa Fernandes The German Empire’s geopolitical strategy to weaken the Portuguese presence in Africa before the First World War 105 Gisela Guevara Pembe. The Empire blanched in fear, anger and shame 119 Marco Fortunato Arrifes iii The impact of the late-nineteenth-century military intervention in Mozambique on the development of the campaigns in Africa 149 Paulo Jorge Fernandes The First World War in Angola. The German attack on Naulila. Preparing for one war and fighting another 163 Luís Barroso Mozambique and the choices made by Heinrich Schnee and Von Lettow-Vorbeck during the Great War 183 Nuno Lemos Pires The Guarda Republicana of Lourenço Marques 211 Rui Moura A General Staff Officer in the Great War: two examples from the campaigns in Africa 239 Fernando Ribeiro Commanders in Africa (1914-1918): an ill-fated generation. Commanding officers of the 1st Expedition to Angola 265 Renato Assis The Great War and Medicine in Africa: in pursuit of new questions and in search of new results 293 Margarida Portela Conclusions 319 Carlos Filipe Afonso Vitor Lourenço Borges Brief author biographies 325 iv Prologue ‘Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it’ (George Santayana -1905) 1 This quote, which I came upon by chance in a daily newspaper, has accompanied several of my interventions as President of the Coordinating Committee of First World War Centenary Remembrance Events. It represents the stance, which we have taken since the beginning of our activity, not to celebrate but rather to evoke the sacrifice of our Soldiers and Sailors, of their families, and of the Portugal of the time; to seek to understand the full political context which determined and conditioned our active participation in the Theatres of Operations of Africa and Europe; to examine how the military objectives that had been defined to achieve the intended political aims were approached in terms of military strategy; to understand the great lines of action of national strategy. The IESM (Institute of Higher Military Studies) is the Institution par excellence to develop themes related to the study of military strategy. We have taken note of several works by First World War authors, both strictly military and the reports of personal experiences denouncing the extreme violence and ordeals which the Portuguese Soldiers and Sailors were subject 1 Spanish philosopher (1863-1952). The quote belongs to the 1st volume of his work, The Life of Reason. v to in the African TOs and in the Flanders. However, the ‘rationale’ behind the political decision to actively participate in the war and the way in which that war was conducted has only recently begun to be researched and systematised. It was our duty to propose that the IESM organise two seminars, one devoted to Africa and the other, to be held in 2017, on the European TO to ascertain the reasons for our country’s involvement in an extremely violent world conflict which, at the time of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), was thought would never be repeated, but that would, after all, last until the present day. Moreover, despite having participated in the Paris parade as one of the victors, Portugal appears to feel defeated at its very core, an image which seems to have seeped through to public opinion. This was, then, my motivation for choosing the quote introducing this text. The above text was written after the Seminar was held; we must, therefore, direct a few words of acknowledgment to the Direction of the IESM and to all those directly involved. Mário de Oliveira Cardoso Lieutenant General vi Foreword Rui Manuel Xavier Fernandes Matias Lieutenant General Director of the Institute of Higher Military Studies The seminar ‘The Portuguese campaigns in Africa: from the imposition of sovereignty to the Great War’ was co-organized by the institutions of higher military studies, and was also the first meeting of the First World War Centenary Remembrance Events held at the IESM. This seminar belonged to a set of similar initiatives organized by various entities supported by the Coordinating Committee and was (not only, but to a large extent) the result of the work conducted at the IESM Centre for Research in Security and Defence (CISDI) on the First World War. The year being 2015, the theme chosen as the backdrop to the work conducted during those two days was to be directly related to the 1914-1915 biennium, a period in which Portugal was actively involved in combat but had not yet declared war. The War being fought in Africa at that time cannot be analysed at the international level without a relation first being established with the colonial geopolitical background of the late nineteenth century, nor can it be separated from the political-strategic circumstances of the early twentieth century. Furthermore, we cannot disregard the national context of the time and vii the climate of great instability in which a young Republic fought to keep the course that had led to the events of 5 October 1910 from being reversed. The multiple dimensions of the biennium evoked in the Seminar required us to search for a compromise between the diversity of general perspectives and the objectivity of the different interventions. If, on the one hand, both Europe and the World had become involved in a conflict of unprecedented scale, the situation in Portugal had its own specific features which, seen from the present, were clearly and directly related to the international situation, but which were interpreted in rather different ways by the protagonists of the time. It was our intention that the seminar not be circumscribed to the presentations and discussion taking place in the scheduled panels. When organizing working days, the pauses between panels and meals were conceived as an opportunity for all participants to interact and continue the discussions started in the auditorium, and to perhaps trade questions, answers and wholesome conversation which could not, due to time constraints, occur during the panel discussion and Q&A. I am certain that a meeting of this kind has constituted a unique opportunity for the enrichment of all, and it is my belief that the objectives outlined for the seminar have been achieved. Posing questions to the past - which are always related to the present - should have provided some answers, but likely has also raised new questions, generated different hypotheses and pointed to different avenues of research. viii (2016) The Portuguese Campaigns in Africa: from the imposition of sovereignty to the Great War. Collection “Ares”; 8, 1- 3 Introduction Carlos Filipe Afonso Major Military History Office / Strategy Teaching Area / IESM Research associate at the IESM Centre for Research in Security and Defence (CISDI) [email protected] Vítor Lourenço Borges Major Specific Teaching Area of the Army / IESM Integrated Researcher at the IESM Centre for Research in Security and Defence (CISDI) [email protected] The participation of the IESM in the First World War Centenary Remembrance Events comes at a time when the IESM Centre for Research in Security and Defence (CISDI) is undergoing restructuring and expansion. The research project submitted to the Coordinating Committee of First World War Centenary Remembrance Events emerged as an opportunity to develop the Centre, inasmuch as remembrance periods are excellent opportunities to revitalise research. The IESM has committed to taking an active role in the events organized by the Coordinating Committee and the Seminar entitled ‘The Portuguese campaigns in Africa: from the Imposition of Sovereignty to the Great War’ was the first scientific event organized by the Institute under this banner. The seminar was organized under three headings: t To create the conditions to continue the discussion proposed by the Coordinating Committee for the quadrennium of remembrance events; t To maintain the panels focused, where possible, on the Portuguese intervention in colonial Africa; 1 The Portuguese Campaigns in Africa: from the imposition of sovereignty to the Great War t To seek approaches to the First World War not often touched upon by historiography.
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