The King's African Rifles
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Portugal in the Great War: the African Theatre of Operations (1914- 1918)
Portugal in the Great War: the African Theatre of Operations (1914- 1918) Nuno Lemos Pires1 https://academiamilitar.academia.edu/NunoPires At the onset of the Great War, none of the colonial powers were prepared to do battle in Africa. None had stated their intentions to do so and there were no indications that one of them would take the step of attacking its neighbours. The War in Africa has always been considered a secondary theatre of operations by all conflicting nations but, as well shall see, not by the political discourse of the time. This discourse was important, especially in Portugal, but the transition from policy to strategic action was almost the opposite of what was said, as we shall demonstrate in the following chapters. It is both difficult and deeply simple to understand the opposing interests of the different nations in Africa. It is difficult because they are all quite different from one another. It is also deeply simple because some interests have always been clear and self-evident. But we will return to our initial statement. When war broke out in Europe and in the rest of the World, none of the colonial powers were prepared to fight one another. The forces, the policy, the security forces, the traditions, the strategic practices were focused on domestic conflict, that is, on disturbances of the public order, local and regional upheaval and insurgency by groups or movements (Fendall, 2014: 15). Therefore, when the war began, the warning signs of this lack of preparation were immediately visible. Let us elaborate. First, each colonial power had more than one policy. -
My Reminiscences of East Africa
My 'Reminiscences of East Africa .J General VOII Lettow-Vorbeck. [f'runJi:spiect. :My nEMINISCENCES I OF EAST AFRICA :: CJ3y General von Leitoto- Vorbeck With Portrait. 22 Maps and Sketch.Maps. and 13 Vraw;ngs 13y General von Lettoui- Vorbechs Adjutant LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT. LTD. PATERNOSTER HOUSE, E.C. f I I I I ,.\ I PREFACE N all the German colon.ies,t~ough but a few d~ca~es old, a life I full of promise was discerruble. \Ve were beginning to under• stand the national value of our colonial possessions; settlers and capital were venturing in; industries and factories were beginning to flourish. Compared with that of other nations, the colonizing process of Germany had progressed peacefully and steadily, and the inhabitants had confidence in the justice of German administration. This development had barely commenced when it was destroyed by the world war. In spite of all tangible proofs to the contrary, an unjustifiable campaign of falsehood is being conducted in order to make the world believe that the Germans lacked colonizing talent and were cruel to the natives. A small force, mainly composed of these very natives, opposed this development. Almost without any external means of coercion, even without immediate payment, this force, with its numerous native followers, faithfully followed its German leaders throughout the whole of the prolonged war against a more than hundredfold superiority. When the armistice came it was still fit to fight, and imbued with the best soldierly spirit. That is a fact which cannot be controverted, and is in itself a sufficient answer to the hostile mis-statements. -
Why Were the British/Allied Forces Unable to Dislodge the Renowned German General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck in East Afri…
7/1/2020 #GreatWarInAfrica – Why were the British/Allied forces unable to dislodge the renowned German General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck in East Afri… Blog Editor August 4th, 2014 #GreatWarInAfrica – Why were the British/Allied forces unable to dislodge the renowned German General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck in East Africa? 2 comments Estimated reading time: 5 minutes Anne Samson looks at the reasons why ten British/Allied commanders could not defeat the renowned German General, Paul von Lettow Vorbeck in East Africa during World War 1. Most people, when you mention East Africa and World War One, immediately refer to German General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and Allied commander General Jan Smuts. However, what is not generally known is that Smuts served in the theatre for only 11 months and was one of ten Allied commanders who led forces against Lettow-Vorbeck. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2014/08/04/greatwarinafrica-why-were-the-britishallied-forces-unable-to-dislodge-the-renowned-german-general-paul-vo… 1/7 7/1/2020 #GreatWarInAfrica – Why were the British/Allied forces unable to dislodge the renowned German General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck in East Afri… Command of the British forces in East Africa was split between the Colonial and India Offices with the War Office keeping a watchful eye. The Admiralty was strategically involved, moving troops, blockading and engaging the enemy on water. So was the Foreign Office, responsible for keeping allies informed and on board despite differing, and sometimes conflicting, aims. Fierce rivals on the battlefield, General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck (L) and General Jan Smuts (R) became great friends later in life There had been some discussion about keeping the theatre neutral but this was felt to be impossible given the actions which had occurred by mid-September 1914. -
A Comparative Case Study to Test Whether Automatic Weapons Can Disproportionately Benefit Irregular Forces
University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) Winter 12-4-2020 Diabolus Ex Machina? A Comparative Case Study to Test Whether Automatic Weapons Can Disproportionately Benefit Irregular Forces Harrison Durland Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Science and Technology Studies Commons Recommended Citation Durland, Harrison, "Diabolus Ex Machina? A Comparative Case Study to Test Whether Automatic Weapons Can Disproportionately Benefit Irregular Forces" (2020). Honors Theses. 1860. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/1860 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Durland 1 Diabolus Ex Machina? A Comparative Case Study to Test Whether Automatic Weapons Can Disproportionately Benefit Irregular Forces Harrison Durland November 17, 2020 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion of the Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies Croft Institute for International Studies University of Mississippi Advisor: Dr. Benjamin Jones Second Reader: Dr. William Schenck Third Reader: Dr. Susan Allen Durland 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 5 Abstract 6 Introduction and Overview 7 Chapter I: Literature Review 10 Explaining Insurgent Success and Outcome Trends 10 Strategies, Tactics, and Force Employment 11 Politics: Resolve, Restraints, and Responsibilities 12 Other Explanations: External Support and Geography 13 Summary of Explanations and the Reason for Further Study 14 Lyall and Wilson: Mechanization vs. -
German Colonies
A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its aftermath – German colonies IV Deutsch-Ostafrika / German East Africa (GEA) Ton Dietz ASC Working Paper 119 / 2015 1 Prof. Ton Dietz Director African Studies Centre Leiden [email protected] African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands Telephone +31-71-5273372 Fax +31-71-5273344 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ascleiden.nl Facebook www.facebook.nl/ascleiden Twitter www.twitter.com/ascleiden Ton Dietz, 2015 2 A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its aftermath Ton Dietz, African Studies Centre Leiden Version February 2015; [email protected] German Colonies WORK IN PROGRESS, SUGGESTIONS WELCOME IV Deutsch-Ostafrika/German East Africa (GEA) Table of Contents Introduction 2 Vorläufer, 1885-1893 4 Witu and Malakote, 1889 7 Ostafrikanische Seeenpost by Schülke & Mayr, 1892 15 Pre-War stamps, 1893-1914 16 Post offices in German East Africa using their own cancelations, 1893-1914 21 The Great War in East Africa, 1914-1919 38 German occupation of Taveta, 1914-1915 43 Postal services in areas still controlled by Germany 43 Wuga / Mafia 47 British occupation of mainland Tanganyika 51 British Nyasaland Forces and G.E.A. 53 Belgian occupation of Ruanda and Urundi 55 Portuguese occupation of Kionga 62 Former German East Africa after the Great War 68 Tanganyika 68 Ruanda Urundi 72 Quionga and German revisionist vignettes after the War 74 References 75 3 Introduction Wikipedia about German East Africa and its stamps ´German postal services in German East Africa started on October 4, 1890. -
My Reminiscences of East Africa;
Reminiscences of East Africa General von Lettow-Vorbeck. REMINISCENCES OF EAST .AFRICA .. General von Lettow-Vorbeck With Portrait, 22 Maps and Sketch-Maps, and 13 'Drawings *By General von Lettow-Vorbeck s Adjutant 31- 3 LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, LTD. PATERNOSTER HOUSE, L.C. PREFACE all the German colonies, though but a few decades old, a life IN full of promise was discernible. We were beginning to under- settlers and stand the national value of our colonial possessions ; in industries and factories were capital were venturing ; beginning to flourish. Compared with that of other nations, the colonizing process of Germany had progressed peacefully and steadily, and the inhabitants had confidence in the justice of German administration. This development had barely commenced when it was destroyed by the world war. In spite of all tangible proofs to the contrary, an unjustifiable campaign of falsehood is being conducted in order to make the world believe that the Germans lacked colonizing talent and were cruel to the natives. A small force, mainly composed of these very natives, opposed this development. Almost without any external means of coercion, even without immediate payment, this force, with its numerous native followers, faithfully followed its German leaders throughout the whole of the prolonged war against a more than hundredfold superiority. When the armistice came it was still fit to fight, and imbued with the best soldierly spirit. That is a fact which cannot be controverted, and is in itself a sufficient answer to the hostile mis-statements. It has not been possible for me to give an exhaustive account of the operations of the German East African Protective Force. -
East Africa Campaign 1914-1918: the Faridkot Sappers and Miners
1 EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 1914 – 1918 FARIDKOT SAPPERS & MINERS In commemoration of all those, including civilians, porters, and troops, involved in the East African campaign of 1914 to 1918. Compiled by Richard Sneyd © November 2014 Unless specified, to avoid infringement of copyright, images and maps have been replaced with links to appropriate substitutes. Images related to Robin Sneyd are copyrighted to Richard Sneyd. Contents Part One ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 British Colonial Defence Policy 1912 ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 The Outbreak of War. 4 August 1914 ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Part Two ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 An account of the role of the Faridkot Sappers and Miners in the Allied Campaign in German East Africa 1914-1918. August 1914 – November 1914 -
Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa C
“To Devour the Land of Mkwawa”: Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa c. 1884-1914 David Pizzo A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Professor Christopher R. Browning Professor Lisa Lindsay Professor Konrad Jarausch Professor Claudia Koonz Professor Christopher J. Lee TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS…………………………………………………iv-vi ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………..vii-viii I. Introduction, Litereature, Questions, and Arguments…………………….…..1 Literary Review………………………………………………..………..….17 Objectives and Methodology…………………………………………….…25 II. The Birth and Collision of Two Empires…………………………………..37 The Establishment of German Power in East Africa…………….…………41 African Politics in the Southern Highlands………………………………...51 III. The Road to Rugaro and the “Zelemski Catastrophe”……………….....….76 The Causes and Beginnings of the German-Hehe War……………….……76 The Battle of Rugaro, 17 August 1891…………………………….……….86 IV. Stalemate and the Logic of Conquest: From Rugaro to Kalenga…………105 Strategic and Administrative Situation after the “Zelewski Catatrophe”: German Priorities, Policies, and Constraints………………………….……108 Strategic and Administrative Situation after the “Zelewski Catatrophe”: Hehe Priorities, Policies, and Constraints……………………………….….….…119 ii Between Rugaro and Kalena: The Conflict up to 1894 in Uhehe and Beyond……………………………………………………………….……123 Highland Politics: The Hehe Polity under Stress, the Rise of Rivals, and the Destruction of Potential Allies……………………………………...……..134 . V. Shock and Awe—the Siege of Kalenga and the Battle of Mage (1894)…156 The Era of Schele and the Siege of Kalenga, Late 1894…….……….....156 After Kalenga: The Battle of Mage……………………………………….176 VI. -
Diplomarbeit
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Ostafrika im 1. Weltkrieg Verfasser Florian Helmut Schwaninger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Geschichte Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Lothar Höbelt Authentizitätserklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die hier vorgelegte Diplomarbeit selbstständig, ohne fremde Hilfe und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus Veröffentlichungen oder anderen Quellen, insbesondere dem Internet, entnommen sind, sind als solche eindeutig und wiederauffindbar kenntlich gemacht. Alle diese Quellen sind vollständig und abschließend in einem Literaturverzeichnis angegeben. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht veröffentlicht. Hinweis Diese Diplomarbeit hat nachgewiesen, dass die betreffende Kandidatin oder der betreffende Kandidat befähigt ist, wissenschaftliche Themen selbstständig sowie inhaltlich und methodisch vertretbar zu bearbeiten. Da die Korrekturen der/des Beurteilenden nicht eingetragen sind und das Gutachten nicht beiliegt, ist daher nicht erkenntlich mit welcher Note diese Arbeit abgeschlossen wurde. Das Spektrum reicht von sehr gut bis genügend. Die Habilitierten des Instituts für Geschichte bitten diesen Hinweis bei der Lektüre zu beachten. Vorwort Ich möchte das Vorwort vor allem zur Danksagung nutzen und mich bei den Personen, welche mich inspiriert und unterstützt haben, bedanken. Zuerst möchte ich mich bei Ao. Univ.- Prof. Mag. Dr. Lothar Höbelt, meinem Betreuer, bedanken, der mich während der Entstehung meiner Diplomarbeit unterstützt hat und mir stets mit Rat und Tat zur Seite gestanden ist. Prof. Höbelt hat durchaus mein Interesse für Kriegsgeschichte geprägt und aus diesem Grund besuchte ich seine Lehrveranstaltungen seit dem ersten Semester. -
De Belegering Van Tsingtao
De belegering van Tsingtao Inhoud 1. Japan tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1. De opening van Japan ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Japan verslaat China en Rusland ........................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Uitbreiding invloed in China ............................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Japanse eisen aan China ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.5. Japanse reputatieschade .................................................................................................................... 4 1.6. Gedeeltelijke realisatie van Japanse doelen ..................................................................................... 4 1.7. Japan aan het Russische front in 1918 .............................................................................................. 5 1.8. Groei Japanse economie..................................................................................................................... 5 1.9. De vredesonderhandelingen .............................................................................................................. 5 1.10. Einde van het Japans-Britse bondgenootschap ............................................................................. -
Guns, and Old-Fashioned Rocket Launchers! but the Main Killer Was Climate and Disease, As Five Men Died of Sickness to Each Man Killed in Action
The SOTCW World War I Compendium Edited by Richard Baber Copyright © by original authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions Coordinator,” at the address below. Shilka Publishing Apt 2049 Chynoweth House Trevissome Park Truro TR4 8UN www.shilka.co.uk German East Africa, WWI Bryan Graves After reading the fascinating "The Rif War 1919 / 26" in Issue 53, I became interested in WWI colonial history—especially the East African campaign, which led me to write this wargaming article about the East Africa Conflict of WWI. This will show the guerilla warfare, trench slaughter, and naval invasion strategies that took place. Many nations fought in the area: German, British, Portuguese, South African, Indian, Belgian, and the local tribes-people, giving an abundance of figure and uniform types. The majority of the conflict is infantry-based, with some artillery, ranging from 37mm to 105mm, machine guns, and old-fashioned rocket launchers! But the main killer was climate and disease, as five men died of sickness to each man killed in action. The Region German East Africa (GEA) encompassed modern-day Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania. This German colony was bordered to the north by British East Africa (Kenya), to the west by the Belgian Congo, and to the south by Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique). -
A Culture of Commemoration in Kenya Colony, 1918-1930 by Timothy
Threads of Memory: A Culture of Commemoration in Kenya Colony, 1918-1930 by Timothy Clarke A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2020 © Timothy Clarke 2020 Examining Committee Membership The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner Dr. Timothy Stapleton Senior Fellow, Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary Supervisor(s) Dr. P. Whitney Lackenbauer Canadian Research Chair, Trent University Dr. Douglas Peers Professor, University of Waterloo Internal Member Dr. Geoffrey Hayes Professor, University of Waterloo Internal-external Member Dr. Carol Acton Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Other Member(s) Dr. Susan Roy Associate Professor and Associate Chair (Graduate), University of Waterloo ii Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Abstract The centenary of the First World War (2014-2018) proffered new interpretations of the conflict as a global war that stretched far beyond the Western Front. Historians of the Great War, however, have continued to characterize the African theatres of the war as ‘sideshows.’ Similarly, Africa has been largely absent from studies of the commemoration and memory of the First World War. While memory studies have contributed to an understanding of the long-term legacy of the conflagration for contemporary nation-states, Africa remains a regrettable exclusion.