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Anarchist Cybernetics Control and Communication in Radical Left Social Movements ANARCHIST CYBERNETICS CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION IN RADICAL LEFT SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Thomas Swann MA (University of Glasgow), MA (Radboud University Nijmegen) School of Management University of Leicester September 2015 Thesis Abstract Anarchist Cybernetics Control and Communication in Radical Left Social Movements by Thomas Swann This thesis develops the concept of anarchist cybernetics in an attempt to elaborate an understanding of the participatory and democratic forms of organisation that have characterised radical left-wing social movements in recent years. Bringing together Stafford Beer’s organisational cybernetics and the organisational approaches of both classical and contemporary anarchism, an argument is made for the value of an anarchist cybernetic perspective that goes beyond the managerialism cybernetics has long been associated with. Drawing on theoretical reflection and an empirical strategy of participatory political philosophy, the thesis examines contemporary social movement organisational practices through two lenses: control and communication. Articulating control as self-organisation, in line with cybernetic thought, an argument is made for finding a balance between, on the one hand, strategic identity and cohesion and, on the other, tactical autonomy. While anarchist and radical left activism often privileges individual autonomy, it is suggested here that too much autonomy or tactical flexibility can be as damaging to a social movement organisation as over-centralisation. Turning to communication, the thesis looks at social media, the focus of another kind of hype in recent activism, and identifies both the potentials and the problems of using social media platforms in anarchist and radical left organisation. Importantly, the thesis takes social media as information management systems and speculates on several core aspects of alternative social media that might be more suited to the kind of activism anarchist cybernetics helps elucidate. By introducing and expanding on the idea of anarchist cybernetics, the thesis provides an account of what anarchist organisations have been, what they are and what they could be. i Acknowledgements First of all, I need to thank my supervisors Maria Puig de la Bellacasa and Stephen Dunne, for taking me on and, more importantly, for not dropping me when my PhD project changed in the first year from what was in my initial proposal. Your guidance has been invaluable. I feel that this final piece of work is as much yours as it is mine and represents a meeting in the middle of all our concerns and interests. I couldn’t have wished for better supervisors. Thanks also to my previous supervisors, Benjamin Franks and Machiel Karskens (and unofficially Susan Stuart), for setting me on this trajectory, and to René ten Bos for making the transition from philosophy to organisation theory an easy one. The person who’s been there for me the most over the past three years is Janet Brown. You’ve talked me down in my moments of stress and anxiety and celebrated my successes. More than anything, you’ve given me an outside to the whole process. I owe you big time and I’ll try and be as supportive of you when the time comes. I love you. Mum, Dad, Robert, Julia. For twenty-nine years you’ve always kept me grounded and I’m increasingly delighted to have such a wonderful and encouraging family. To Amarins, Bart, Chris, Harko, Harm, Jolien, Mathijs, Myrthe, Olga and Tim, I spent the best years of my life with you guys. Long may they continue. I am of course eternally grateful for the academic and personal inspiration and support I have received from everyone at the University of Leicester School of Management, and in particular those in the Centre for Philosophy and Political Economy. I came into it not knowing what to expect from a business school and emerge in much the same confusion. My feelings about the School of Management sit somewhere between those expressed in the ‘acknowledgements’ sections of two books written by alumni of the school. Colin C. Williams writes of what was then the Management Centre: In what can only be described as one of the most exciting experiments taking place in management studies today, a group of heterodox critical scholars have come together who have a common interest in studying how the contemporary world has come to be organized as it is, and how it might be reimagined.1 While echoing Colin’s sentiments, I must also turn to Stevphen Shukaitis’ words that situate the work of the School of Management in a global context: Appreciation to the Asian bourgeois for sending their children to UK universities and thus inadvertently providing funding for autonomist social research.2 1 Williams, C. C. (2005) A Commodified World?, London and New Yorkm NY: Zed Books, p. xii. 2 Shukaitis, S. (2009) Imaginal Machines. Autonomy and Self-Organization in the Revolutions of Everyday Life, London and New York, NY: Minor Compositions, p. 5. ii Table of Contents Thesis Abstract .................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. ix List of Tables .................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 : 2011, the Year that Changed Everything Nothing ......................................... 2 1.1 A Journey to Anarchist Cybernetics ............................................................. 2 1.2 Anarchism, Social Media and Critical Management Studies ....................... 5 1.2.1 Anarchism ................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Social Media.............................................................................. 7 1.2.3 Critical Management Studies .................................................... 8 1.3 Overview of the Thesis ............................................................................... 10 SECTION 1 : CYBERNETICS, ANARCHISM AND PARTICIPATORY POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY .......................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2 : Stafford Beer, Organisational Cybernetics and the Viable System Model ................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Norbert Wiener, the CIA, Soviet Cybernetics and St. Gallen .................... 15 2.3 Stafford Beer and Second-Order Cybernetics ............................................ 18 iii 2.4 Organisational Cybernetics ......................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Complexity .............................................................................. 19 2.4.2 Control .................................................................................... 23 2.4.3 Self-Organisation .................................................................... 24 2.4.4 Communication ....................................................................... 26 2.4.5 The Viable System Model ....................................................... 28 2.5 The Politics of Cybernetics ......................................................................... 32 2.6 A Critique of Cybernetics ........................................................................... 34 2.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 39 Chapter 3 : Anarchist Cybernetics and Functional Hierarchy ........................................ 41 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 41 3.2 Anarchism and Cybernetics ........................................................................ 42 3.3 Functional Hierarchy .................................................................................. 47 3.4 An Anarchist Viable System Model ........................................................... 52 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 4 : Research Ethics and Participatory Political Philosophy .............................. 59 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 59 4.2 Cybernetics and Prefigurative Ontology .................................................... 60 4.3 Anarchist Cybernetics and Research Ethics ............................................... 62 4.3.1 Practical Concerns ................................................................... 66 4.4 Participatory Political Philosophy .............................................................. 68 4.5 Participatory Action Research .................................................................... 71 4.5.1 Putting Participatory Research into Practice ..........................
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