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Comparative Study of Antennal Sensilla of Corixidae and Micronectidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Corixoidea)

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Comparative Study of Antennal Sensilla of Corixidae and Micronectidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Corixoidea) insects Article Comparative Study of Antennal Sensilla of Corixidae and Micronectidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Corixoidea) Agnieszka Nowi ´nska 1, Ping-ping Chen 2 and Jolanta Bro˙zek 1,* 1 Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; [email protected] 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 25 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Simple Summary: Insects’ antennae are an important location for the structures responsible for sensorial perception. These structures have different morphologies and respond to different mechanical and chemical stimuli. Corixidae and Micronectidae are groups of insects living in water. Because of that, their antennae are much smaller than the antennae of terrestrial insects. Apart from that, their position on the evolutionary tree has been changed over the years. We analyzed the antennae of different species of Corixidae and Micronectidae and found five different types of sensillar structures. Moreover, by comparing the two groups together and with other water insects, we established similarities and differences when it comes to the types and distributions of these structures. These findings allowed us to support the current systematic position of the studied insects. Abstract: The goal of this study was to analyze the types and distributional patterns of sensilla in Corixoidea, which is part of the approach to the phylogeny study of Nepomorpha, based on the morphological characters of sensilla. This paper presents the results of the study, with the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), on the antennae of species from the families Corixidae and Micronectidae. The antennal sensilla of eleven species from Corixidae and two species from Micronectidae were studied. Five main types of sensilla with several subtypes of sensilla trichodea were found and described. The study has shown that the family Corixidae has a strong uniformity when it comes to antennal sensilla (similar patterns of sensilla trichodea and basiconica), and a similarity to the types and distributions of sensilla in two species of the family Micronectidae. However, significant differences between the families were also discovered (differences in sensilla presence on the first and second antennomeres, lack of sensilla coeloconica on the third antennomere in Micronectidae), which leads to a supportive conclusion of the systematic position of Micronectidae as a family. Keywords: Nepomorpha; Corixoidea; antennae; sensilla; morphology 1. Introduction The superfamily Corixoidea includes 35 genera and about 590 species, according to a 2005 report by Chen et al. [1]. In 1988, Štys and Jansson [2] distinguished only Corixidae as one of 11 families within Nepomorpha (Nepidae, Belostomatidae, Corixidae, Aphelocheiridae, Potamocoridae, Naucoridae, Ochteridae, Gelastocoridae, Notonectidae, Pleidae, and Helotrephidae). In 2002, however, Nieser [3] increased the number of families within Corixoidea by upgrading Diaprepocorinae and Micronectinae to family Insects 2020, 11, 734; doi:10.3390/insects11110734 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2020, 11, 734 2 of 13 status, according to characteristic features, such as, e.g., exposition or coverage of scutellum, differences in the build of the male paramere, and differences in the number of antennal segments or dissimilarity in stridulation. This change has been accepted and supported by the majority of other scientists [1,4–7]. Generally, the species of Corixoidea are small to medium sized specimens (0.5–15 mm), and dorsoventrally flattened. They usually have long hind legs with well-developed fringes of swimming hairs [1]. A basic morphological study of Corixidae was done by Jansson in 1986 [8]. They are usually regarded as organic scrapers [9,10]. However, in 2017 Hädicke et al. [11] distinguished three different feeding behavior patterns in Corixidae: ambush predators, who wait for prey attached to water plants (Cymatia sp. (Flor, 1860)); pelagic predators, who swim actively hunting for hyponeuston and free swimming prey (e.g., Glaenocorisa sp. Thomson, 1869); benthic omnivores, who collect food from the benthos while attached to the bottom of water reservoirs, with the occasional predation and grazing (e.g., Sigara sp. Fabricius, 1775 and Micronecta sp. Kirkaldy, 1897). The general morphology of the family of micronectids has been studied by different authors in recent publications, such as Nieser [3], Nieser and Chen [5], Tinerella [6] and Chen et al. [12]. Considerable differences between corixids and micronectids were also pointed out by Larsén [13] and Nieser [3]. Larsén studied the genitalia of Micronecta minutissima (Linnaeus 1758) and Corixa dentipes (Thomson, 1869). He brought up differences in their male genital structures and sperm transmission. A significant morphological difference between the families of Corixoidea regards the number of antennal segments. Four-segmented antennae are characteristic for Corixidae and Diaprepocoridae, but one to three-segmented antennae occur in Micronectidae [1,3]. In this study, we attempt to find the differences between Corixidae and Micronectidae in terms of antennal sensilla, with the expectation of finding significant characters that reinforce their systematic/phylogenetic position. In the early stages of phylogenetic studies, Corixidae (with Micronectinae and Diaprepocorinae as subfamilies) had been treated as a basal/sister group to the rest of nepomorphan families [14,15]. According to China [14], it was due to being the sole, not-fully predaceous group, derived from phytophagous ancestors, in contrast to the rest of aquatic bugs who much later arose from predaceous ancestors. Later studies done by China (in 1955) [16], Popov (in 1971) [17], Mahner (in 1993) [18], Hebsgaard et al. (in 2004) [19], Bro˙zek(2014) [20], and the recent 2019 study by Ye et al. [21], placed Corixidae/Corixoidea as a second branch of the phylogenetic tree, after the clade Nepidae + Belostomatidae. Nevertheless, in 1967, Rieger [22] regarded Corixidae as a more evolutionarily advanced group and placed it as a third branch, while the second branch was occupied by the clade Ochteridae + Gelastocoridae. The results of Hua et al. [23] from 2009 showed Corixoidea as the basal clade—a sister group—to the remaining clades of Nepomorpha. Similarly, a study by Wang et al. [24] in 2015 indicated Micronectidae and Corixidae as the first branches of Nepomorpha’s phylogenetic tree. More studies are necessary to establish the true positioning of the clades. Insects are able to perceive different types of stimuli using specialized structures called sensilla. These structures are composed of auxiliary cells, which are modified epidermal cells and bipolar sensory neurons, which are surrounded by a dendrite sheath. Each sensillum possesses a specialized sensor in the cuticle, which captures the signal and converts it to be carried by sensory neurons to the brain. Mechano-, chemo-, and thermo-hygroreceptive sensilla are distinguished based on their internal and external structures. Sensilla that possess pores (multiporous, uniporous) are usually chemoreceptive sensilla, while sensilla with a surface without pores are mechano- or thermo-hygroreceptive sensilla [25–31]. In Nepomorpha, antennal sensilla were studied in Nepoidea (in 2019) [32], Aphelocheiridae, Ochteridae, and Gelastocoridae (in 2020) [33]. A few species (Notonecta glauca Linnaeus, 1758, Plea minutissima Leach, 1817, Nepa cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, Ranatra linearis (Linnaeus, 1758), and Sigara striata (Fieber, 1848)) were also studied by Chaika and Sinitsina [34] in 1999. According to the latter authors, the antennae of Nepomorpha are small and mostly hidden beneath the head. They hypothesize Insects 2020, 11, 734 3 of 13 that this arrangement led to sensilla being located mainly on one side of the antennae, because the dorsal side of Nepomorphan’s antennae (which is the closest to the head) is generally devoid of sensilla or has them in very small numbers [34]. They also described some basic types of antennal sensilla. By examining the same species studied by Chaika and Sinitsina [34], with the use of scanning electron microscopy, Nowi´nskaand Bro˙zek[32] added extra antennal sensillar types to the results of the former authors, which revealed a greater variety of sensilla types on antennae. Knowledge on the antennal sensilla of Corixoidea is poor. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the morphological types and distributions of the antennal sensilla of Corixidae and Micronectidae, in order to evaluate their current systematic position, and to compare them with other nepomorphan families that have already been studied. 2. Materials and Methods The materials were obtained from the collections of the National History Museum in Prague, the Zoological Museum of the State Moscow University and the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest. All specimens were cleaned in an ultrasound cleaner, the antennae were dissected, dried in ethanol, mounted, sputtered with gold or chromium, and observed with the use of the scanning electron microscopes Phenom XL and Hitachi UHR FE-SEM SU 8010 in the scanning microscopy laboratory of the Faculty of Natural Science, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection of Silesian University in Katowice. The specimens obtained
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