Final Transit Master Plan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Final Transit Master Plan City of Wilsonville Transit Master Plan CONVENIENCE SAFETY RELIABILITY EFFICIENCY FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY FRIENDLY SERVICE EQUITY & ACCESS ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY JUNE 2017 Acknowledgements The City of Wilsonville would like to acknowledge the following for their dedication to the development of this Transit Master Plan. Their insight and outlook toward the future of this City helped create a comprehensive plan that represents the needs of employers, residents and visitors of Wilsonville. Transit Master Plan Task Force Planning Commission Julie Fitzgerald, Chair* Jerry Greenfield, Chair Kristin Akervall Eric Postma, Vice Chair Caroline Berry Al Levit Paul Diller Phyllis Millan Lynnda Hale Peter Hurley Barb Leisy Simon Springall Peter Rapley Kamran Mesbah Pat Rehberg Jean Tsokos City Staff Stephanie Yager Dwight Brashear, Transit Director Eric Loomis, Operations Manager City Council Scott Simonton, Fleet Manager Tim Knapp, Mayor Gregg Johansen, Transit Field Supervisor Scott Star, President Patrick Edwards, Transit Field Supervisor Kristin Akervall Nicole Hendrix, Transit Management Analyst Charlotte Lehan Michelle Marston, Transit Program Coordinator Susie Stevens Brad Dillingham, Transit Planning Intern Julie Fitzgerald* Chris Neamtzu, Planning Director Charlie Tso, Assistant Planner Consultants Susan Cole, Finance Director Jarrett Walker Keith Katko, Finance Operations Manager Michelle Poyourow Tami Bergeron, Planning Administration Assistant Christian L Watchie Amanda Guile-Hinman, Assistant City Attorney Ellen Teninty Stephan Lashbrook, Transit Director* Shannon Ladner Jen Massa Smith, Program Manager** Steve Allen, Operations Manager* *Retired **Former staff Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 3 Overview SMART Existing Services Wilsonville Community Profile and Characteristics Public Involvement ................................................................................................ 18 Phases of Public Involvement Process Forms of Outreach Transit Demand ...................................................................................................... 26 Planning for Future Transit Demand Factors Likely to Affect Transit Demand Funding Sources and Expenditures ................................................................. 30 Revenue Expenditures Service Increases and Potential Revenue Sources Conclusion Recommended SMART Service .......................................................................... 37 Proposed Routes Transportation Options Goals and Implementation Measures .............................................................. 62 Increasing Public Knowledge of Transit Improving Service Quality Improving Access to Transit Service Expansion Increasing Efficiency and Improving Air Quality Creating a Sense of Community Ownership Appendices ............................................................................................................... 78 A. Glossary B. Route Priorities C. Title VI Program D. Planning Framework E. Neighborhood Characteristics F. TMP Public Outreach Summary Executive Summary Public transit has always been at the forefront of shaping the personality and image of some of this country’s greatest cities. The first and most notable modes of public transit include the Staten Island Ferry, which began operating in 1817 and remains operational to this day, the cable cars of San Francisco, the New York subway system and the elevated train in Chicago, affectionately referred to as the “L”, which began operating in 1895 and is considered this country’s first rapid transit system. So what does all this mean for the City of Wilsonville and what role will the Transit Master Plan play in helping to shape the City of Wilsonville’s future? These questions are both relevant and timely, and they are questions that the Transit Master Plan seeks to address in specific detail. The City of Wilsonville, like most thriving cities and not at all surprisingly, finds itself at a bit of a crossroads. Rapid growth coupled with a desire to maintain a high quality of life for its residents, commuters and visitors has delivered the City of Wilsonville to an intersection; the very same intersection that has produced many great cities. It is important to stress that a crossroad in and of itself is not necessarily a situation to be feared. However, deciding which direction to travel, how that travel will be accomplished and when traveling will be most advantageous to make for a successful journey are all critical components of the directional decision making process. The good news is that the City of Wilsonville was and continues to be forward thinking. The magnificent architects of the City’s design knew that developing, maintaining and providing mobility options was/is crucial to the sustainable success of any vibrant city, of which the City of Wilsonville unquestionably qualifies. Convinced that “necessity is the mother invention” the leaders of the City of Wilsonville created the South Metro Area Regional Transit (SMART). SMART was developed with the mission of providing safe, reliable and cost effective public transit, and after almost three decades of proudly delivering on this mission, SMART finds itself in good health, well liked, well respected, and most importantly, ready to face the future. So where does SMART go from here? The Transit Master Plan holds the key. Developed by the SMART team with valuable input and cooperation from City staff, a citizen task force, the public, the Mayor and City Council, the Planning Commission and the business community by way of the Wilsonville Area Chamber of Commerce, the Transit Master Plan will serve as a beacon of hope and promise, guiding our decisions while ensuring that SMART always remains true its core mission. To that end, SMART is pleased to present its new multiyear Transit Master Plan. This comprehensive plan is a view into the future and is dedicated to all those who live, work, play or do business in the City of Wilsonville. We have taken great care to ensure that everyone wishing to be heard was in fact heard. Furthermore, we believe it to be imperative that the Transit Master Plan address the needs of all, inclusive of individuals and businesses. SMART understands and appreciates that it is the local business community that makes it possible for SMART to provide mobility options to thousands annually. SMART also understands Wilsonville Transit Master Plan Page 1 and believes that our transit goals can only be achieved through a collaborative effort between all that desire the City of Wilsonville to take its rightful place as one of this country’s most livable cities. In closing, it is our sincere hope that the reader will find the Transit Master Plan to be lucid and well organized. In addition, we are mindful that the only consistent thing in life is change, so we welcome and encourage your input, feedback and questions, not only today or tomorrow but each and every day as we seek to deliver on our promise to all of you. Respectfully, South Metro Area Regional Transit (SMART) Wilsonville Transit Master Plan Page 2 Introduction Overview South Metro Area Regional Transit Situated on Interstate-5 between Portland and Salem, Wilsonville serves as a transportation hub and has established itself as an important employment center in the Portland metropolitan area. With employment figures almost equal to the City’s population, large numbers of employees commute to jobs in Wilsonville from Portland, Salem, Sherwood, Gresham, Vancouver, and many other locations. To aid in the movement of Wilsonville’s employees, residents and visitors South Metro Area Regional Transit (SMART), a department of the City of Wilsonville, provides fixed-route service within the City and connecting service to Canby, Tualatin, Salem, and Portland. SMART also provides an extensive demand-response system (Dial-a-Ride) with priority to ADA-qualified riders, transporting elderly and disabled riders to out-of-town medical appointments. In addition to fixed-route service, SMART provides businesses, residents and visitors of Wilsonville with the resources to participate in various transportation options such as vanpooling, carpooling, bicycling, walking, and telework through the SMART Options Program. This program promotes a robust set of travel options to provide the freedom and choice for people to travel while reducing the amount of single-occupancy vehicles on the road. In order to ensure equitable access, coordinated transit services and enhance regional mobility of transit programs and projects, SMART works cooperatively with state and regional partners, including Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), TriMet, Cherriots, Canby Area Transit (CAT), Multnomah, Clackamas and Washington Counties, and Portland Metro. The value of SMART’s services is greatly increased by being well connected with other transportation networks which include neighboring transit systems and bicycle and pedestrian networks. These connections increase the level of choice and overall mobility for people in and around Wilsonville, whether they are traveling to jobs, school, shopping, parks, or recreational events. Wilsonville Transit Master Plan Page 3 SMART History Prior to 1989, transit service in Wilsonville was provided by the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation
Recommended publications
  • City of Wilsonville Transit Master Plan
    City of Wilsonville Transit Master Plan CONVENIENCE SAFETY RELIABILITY EFFICIENCY FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY FRIENDLY SERVICE EQUITY & ACCESS ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY JUNE 2017 Acknowledgements The City of Wilsonville would like to acknowledge the following for their dedication to the development of this Transit Master Plan. Their insight and outlook toward the future of this City helped create a comprehensive plan that represents the needs of employers, residents and visitors of Wilsonville. Transit Master Plan Task Force Planning Commission Julie Fitzgerald, Chair* Jerry Greenfield, Chair Kristin Akervall Eric Postma, Vice Chair Caroline Berry Al Levit Paul Diller Phyllis Millan Lynnda Hale Peter Hurley Barb Leisy Simon Springall Peter Rapley Kamran Mesbah Pat Rehberg Jean Tsokos City Staff Stephanie Yager Dwight Brashear, Transit Director Eric Loomis, Operations Manager City Council Scott Simonton, Fleet Manager Tim Knapp, Mayor Gregg Johansen, Transit Field Supervisor Scott Star, President Patrick Edwards, Transit Field Supervisor Kristin Akervall Nicole Hendrix, Transit Management Analyst Charlotte Lehan Michelle Marston, Transit Program Coordinator Susie Stevens Brad Dillingham, Transit Planning Intern Julie Fitzgerald* Chris Neamtzu, Planning Director Charlie Tso, Assistant Planner Consultants Susan Cole, Finance Director Jarrett Walker Keith Katko, Finance Operations Manager Michelle Poyourow Tami Bergeron, Planning Administration Assistant Christian L Watchie Amanda Guile-Hinman, Assistant City Attorney Ellen Teninty Stephan Lashbrook,
    [Show full text]
  • Canby Transit Choices Report DECEMBER 14, 2016
    Canby Transit Choices Report DECEMBER 14, 2016 For Canby Area Transit Table of Contents Summary . 4 Productivity . 28 Introduction Current Costs and Revenues . 29 The Variety of Transit Services in Canby . 6 Near Future . 30 Fixed-Route Transit . 6 Highway 99 corridor study . 30 Demand Responsive Transit . 8 Federal transit funding . 30 What causes transit ridership? . 10 Increasing hourly costs . 30 Transit’s conflicting goals . 12 Existing Ridership and Performance Choices for Canby . 13 Route 99 . 32 Market and Needs Assessment Dial-a-ride and ADA paratransit . 33 Density of Residents and Jobs . .15 . Operations Contract . 38 Low-Income Residents . .15 . Service Standards . 38 Younger and Older Residents . 15. Language . 39 Residents by Race/Ethnicity . 15 . Weekends . 39 Commuting Patterns . 23 Complexity . .41 History and Trends Future Alternatives Recent History . 25 Focus on Key Choices . 43 Amount of service provided . 26 Dial-a-ride and ADA Paratransit Efficiency . 43 Ridership . 27 Alternative 1: Local Fixed Route . 45 JARRETT WALKER + ASSOCIATES Table of Contents Local circulator . 45 Dial-a-ride and ADA paratransit . 46 Route 99 . 46 Alternative 2: More Route 99 Service . 47 Route 99 . 47 Dial-a-ride and ADA paratransit . 47 Weekend Service . 52 Measuring Impacts to Key Populations . 52 JARRETT WALKER + ASSOCIATES Canby’s answer to the first question were Following the release of this report, CAT Summary “Yes, we should slightly shift our invest- staff and consultants will be attending This report is the first step in the develop- ment toward fixed routes.” These two meetings, making presentations, distribut- ment of a new Transit Master Plan for the Alternatives show how much service of ing surveys, and taking input in other ways, City of Canby .
    [Show full text]
  • I. Applicant Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington Counties
    FY19-FY21 Regional Coordination Program STIF FUNDING APPLICATION I. Applicant Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington Counties and government operated transit providers are eligible to receive RCP funds and are therefore Grant Recipients. Other local government authorities, non-profit organizations, and private for-profit organizations are not directly eligible. However, such entities may be a Co-Applicant in an application. 1. Grant Recipient Name of Grant Recipient: Clackamas County Contact Person: Teresa Christopherson Address: 2051 Kaen Rd., Oregon City, OR 97045 Telephone: 503-650-5718 E-Mail: [email protected] 2. Type of Grant Recipient (check one) Clackamas County X Multnomah County Washington County Government Operated Transit Provider 3. Co-Applicant (if different than Grant Recipient) Name of Co-Applicant: Contact Person: Address: Telephone: E-Mail: Regional Coordination Program Page 1 Regional Coordination Program FY19-21 Application II. Project Details RCP eligible projects must appear in a Local Plan (see STIF Rules OARs 732-042-0015) and intend to improve or expand public transportation or maintain public transportation. 1. Project Details Project Title: Tualatin/West Linn/Oregon City Commuter Shuttle Start Date: January 1, 2019 End Date: Ongoing (application to 6/30/21) 2. Project Purpose (check one) Improve or Expand Public Transportation: X Maintain Public Transportation: 3. Local Plan Plan Name: TriMet Southwest Service Enhancement Plan Governing Body That TriMet Board of Directors Adopted Plan: Plan Adoption Date: December, 2015 Plan Web Address: https://trimet.org/future/ Plan Page Number P. 9, 13 Referencing Project: III. Funding Eligible use of STIF funds for the RCP may include planning, capital, and ongoing operations within the TriMet District.
    [Show full text]
  • WSK Commuter Rail Study
    Oregon Department of Transportation – Rail Division Oregon Rail Study Appendix I Wilsonville to Salem Commuter Rail Assessment Prepared by: Parsons Brinckerhoff Team Parsons Brinckerhoff Simpson Consulting Sorin Garber Consulting Group Tangent Services Wilbur Smith and Associates April 2010 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 3 WHAT IS COMMUTER RAIL? ................................................................................................... 3 GLOSSARY OF TERMS............................................................................................................ 3 STUDY AREA....................................................................................................................... 4 WES COMMUTER RAIL.......................................................................................................... 6 OTHER PASSENGER RAIL SERVICES IN THE CORRIDOR .................................................................. 6 OUTREACH WITH RAILROADS: PNWR AND BNSF .................................................................. 7 PORTLAND & WESTERN RAILROAD........................................................................................... 7 BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY ..................................................................................................... 7 ROUTE CHARACTERISTICS..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coordinated Transportation Plan for Seniors and Persons with Disabilities I Table of Contents June 2020
    Table of Contents June 2020 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 1-1 Development of the CTP .......................................................................................................... 1-3 Principles of the CTP ................................................................................................................ 1-5 Overview of relevant grant programs ..................................................................................... 1-7 TriMet Role as the Special Transportation Fund Agency ........................................................ 1-8 Other State Funding ................................................................................................................. 1-9 Coordination with Metro and Joint Policy Advisory Committee (JPACT) .............................. 1-11 2. Existing Transportation Services ...................................................................... 2-1 Regional Transit Service Providers .......................................................................................... 2-6 Community-Based Transit Providers ..................................................................................... 2-18 Statewide Transit Providers ................................................................................................... 2-26 3. Service Guidelines ........................................................................................... 3-1 History .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Outreach Summary P a G E | 1 August 2020 REFERENCE B
    REFERENCE B Outreach #1 Summary Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................................1 Listening Sessions ........................................................................................................................................2 Online Survey................................................................................................................................................2 Key Findings..................................................................................................................................................3 Survey Questions and Summary ..................................................................................................................3 Demographics.............................................................................................................................................29 Appendix A..................................................................................................................................................39 Appendix B................................................................................................................................................136 Appendix C................................................................................................................................................139 Introduction The following report provides an overview of the results of the listening sessions and
    [Show full text]
  • PARSONS PHARMACY REDEVELOPMENT 294 NW 2Nd Avenue, Canby, OR 97013
    FOR SALE PARSONS PHARMACY REDEVELOPMENT 294 NW 2nd Avenue, Canby, OR 97013 RYAN IMBRIE | MANAGING DIRECTOR [email protected] O: 503.28.9403 | M: 503.705.7352 All SVN® Offices Independently Owned and Operated www.svnimbrie.com The information listed above has been obtained from sources we believe to be reliable, however, we accept no Lincoln Tower - 10260 SW Greenburg Road, Suite 530, Portland, OR 97223 responsibility for its correctness. 503.208.9400 ABOUT THE CITY OF CANBY | PARSONS PHARMACY | RETAIL REDEVELOPMENT | CANBY, OREGON 17,365 Canby, Oregon is a growing city with a population of just over 17,000 and total area of 3.78 miles. It is located 25 miles south of Portland in the Willamette Valley, surrounded by some of the best soils in the state. The Population (2016) community is easily accessible in the region via Interstate 5, Highway 99E and I-205 nearby. The area boasts an enviable banana belt climate in the Portland Metropolitan region with warm and dry summers, mild winters and long growing season. Its warm-summer Mediterranean climate ranges from an average high temperature of 73 to average low temperature of 43 degrees. It rains about $355,000 41 inches per year, and snows about 6 inches per year. Since 2002, the city has operated its own bus system, Canby Area Transit Median Home Value (CAT). The service connects with the Portland area's TriMet at the Oregon City Transit Center and with the Salem-Keizer Transit (Cherriots) bus system in Woodburn. Canby is also served by one route of South Metro Area Regional Transit (SMART), the bus division of the City of Wilsonville.
    [Show full text]
  • Needs Identification
    REFERENCE F NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AUGUST 14, 2020 1 | Clackamas County Transit Development Plan REFERENCE F Date August 14, 2020 To Karen Buehrig, Brett Setterfield, Teresa Christopherson, Ellen Rogalin, & Kristina Babcock, Clackamas County Hector Rodriguez-Ruiz, Oregon Department of Transportation From Susan Wright, Krista Purser, Paul Ryus, and Russ Doubleday Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Project Clackamas County Transit Development Plan Subject Needs Identification Memo (Subtask 3.2) 2 | Clackamas County Transit Development Plan REFERENCE F NEEDS IDENTIFICATION This memorandum inventories the existing performance, transit markets, and identified needs for transit in Clackamas County. The purpose of this memorandum is to summarize the performance and needs of the system as a foundation for future service opportunities. This information will help guide development of the Clackamas County Transit Development Plan (TDP). Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 3 Project Purpose ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Existing Transit Performance ...................................................................................................................... 6 Gaps
    [Show full text]
  • TRANSPORTATION RESOURCES NW Oregon & SW Washington
    TRANSPORTATION RESOURCES NW Oregon & SW Washington 7/20/2017 VA Portland Health Care System i | Page CONTENTS: General Information ............................................. 1 Veterans transportation Program ...................... 2 VA Transportation Resources ............................ 3 Beneficiary Travel program ............................ 3 Frequently Asked Eligibility Questions ...... 3 Frequently Asked Reimbursement Questions....................................................... 8 Veterans Transportation Service (VTS) ............ 17 VA Medical Center Shuttle Service .................. 19 Disabled American Veterans (DAV) ................ 21 Community Transportation Resources ........... 23 Oregon, Benton County .................................... 23 Oregon, Clackamas County .............................. 25 Oregon, Clatsop County.................................... 31 Oregon, Columbia County ................................ 32 Oregon, Crook County ...................................... 34 Oregon, Deschutes County ............................... 35 Oregon, Gilliam County.................................... 37 ii | Page Oregon, Hood River County ............................. 37 Oregon, Jefferson County ................................. 38 Oregon, Lincoln County ................................... 39 Oregon, Linn County ........................................ 41 Oregon, Marion County .................................... 42 Oregon, Morrow County ................................... 45 Oregon, Multnomah County ............................
    [Show full text]
  • SMART Transit Integration Project
    Transit Integration Project | Needs Assessment City of Wilsonville – South Metro Area Regional Transit City of Wilsonville – South Metro Area Regional Transit TRANSIT INTEGRATION PROJECT Final Report July 2015 IN ASSOCIATION WITH: COGAN OWENS GREENE Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates Inc. | i This page intentionally left blank Transit Integration Project | Final Report City of Wilsonville – South Metro Area Regional Transit Table of Contents Page 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................1-1 Study Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Goals and Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 1-1 Public Involvement.................................................................................................................................. 1-3 2 Planning Context .............................................................................................................2-1 3 Existing Services ..............................................................................................................3-1 SMART System Overview ..................................................................................................................... 3-1 4 Community Input on Needs .............................................................................................4-1
    [Show full text]
  • Transit Development & Master Plan
    SOUTH CLACKAMAS TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT AND MASTER PLAN South Clackamas Transportation District TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT & MASTER PLAN April 2020 — 1 — SCTD Transit Development and Master Plan Final TDMP This page intentionally left blank — 2 — SCTD Transit Development and Master Plan Final TDMP PREFACE The development of this plan was guided by the Project Management Team (PMT), Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), and South Clackamas Transportation District (SCTD) Board of Directors. Each individual devoted their time and effort to provide valuable input and feedback and their participation was instrumental in the development of the plan update. PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM (PMT) ODOT/TGM GRANT SOUTH CLACKAMAS LANDSMAN TRANSPORTATION MANAGER TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT PLANNING Héctor Rodríguez Ruiz Tom Strader Carol Landsman TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE (TAC) MEMBERS Gerald Fisher Dan Taylor City of Molalla Molalla Adult Center Karen Buehrig Virgil Foster Clackamas County Citizen Rider Julie Wehling Donna Walsh Canby Area Transit Molalla River School District Ray Atkinson Joseph Lowe Clackamas Community College Oregon Department of Human Services SCTD BOARD OF DIRECTORS David Weber Chair Doris Pence Kathy Roberson Cristina Reynaga Vice-Chair Shirley Lyons Patricia Torsen Sally Zeek Vice-Chair CONSULTANT TEAM KITTELSON & ASSOCIATES, INC. ANGELO PLANNING GROUP Susan Wright, PE Darci Rudzinski Krista Purser Shayna Rehberg Rachel Grosso ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ This project is partially funded by a grant from the Transportation and Growth Management (TGM) Program, a joint program of the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD). This TGM grant is financed, in part, by federal Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act), local government, and State of Oregon Funds.
    [Show full text]
  • A Resolution Adopting a Document Entitled Candy Area Transit - City of Candy Americans with Disarilities (Ada) Plan
    RESOLUTION NO. 1081 A RESOLUTION ADOPTING A DOCUMENT ENTITLED CANDY AREA TRANSIT - CITY OF CANDY AMERICANS WITH DISARILITIES (ADA) PLAN WHEREAS, the City was notified by Oregon Department of Transportation’s (ODOT) Public Transit Division that Canby Area Transit (CAT) is required to draft and maintain an Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Plan for its public transportation services. WHEREAS, on January 12, 2011 the Transit Advisory Committee approved the plan entitled Canby Area Transit - City of Canby Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Plan and recommends it for adoption. IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED by the City of Canby Council that the document entitled Canby Area Transit - City of Canby Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Plan, attached hereto as Exhibit “A” and by this reference incorporated herein, is adopted by the Canby City Council. This resolution is effective January 19, 2011. ADOPTED by the Canby City Council on the 19th day of January 2011. Kandy Carson Mayor ATTEST: Resolution 1081 Page 1 of 1 Canby Area Transit - City of Canby AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES (ADA) PLAN January 19, 2011 Introduction Canby Area Transit (CAT) operates as a department of the City of Canby. The department's administrative offices are located at 123 NW 2nd Avenue in Canby. The Transit Director can be contacted by phone at 503.266.4024 extension 251, by fax at 503.263.6284, or [email protected] Address written correspondence to Canby Area Transit, PO Box 930, Canby, OR 97013. Canby Area Transit and the City of Canby are committed to providing equal opportunity for persons with disabilities. This commitment includes complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and the Rehabilitation Act of 1993 including Section 37.173 of DOT’s ADA regulations requiring transit operators to train their personnel to properly assist and treat individuals with disabilities with sensitivity and to operate vehicles and equipment safely.
    [Show full text]