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Mitteabieluline Kooselu Ja Selle Õiguslik Regulatsioon

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Mitteabieluline Kooselu Ja Selle Õiguslik Regulatsioon Mitteabieluline kooselu ja selle õiguslik regulatsioon Andra Olm Tallinn 2009 Eraõiguse talitus Õiguspoliitika osakond 09.06.2009 Väljaandja: Justiitsministeerium Tõnismägi 5a 15191 Tallinn Telefon: 6 208 100 Faks: 6 208 109 e-post: [email protected] Kõik käesolevas materjalis esitatu on kaitstud autoriõigusega, mis kuulub justiitsminis- teeriumile. Väljaande tsiteerimine või refereerimine on lubatud üksnes juhul, kui viidatakse materjali autoritele. Ilma justiitsministeeriumi kirjaliku nõusolekuta ei ole väljaannet või selle osi lubatud mingil viisil publitseerida. 2 09.06.2009 Sisukord LÜHIKOKKUVÕTE ............................................................................................................................................. 4 SISSEJUHATUS ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1. MITTEABIELULISE KOOSELU MÕISTE JA OLEMUS ......................................................................................... 7 1.1. SUHTUMINE ABIELLU JA MITTEABIELULISSE KOOSELLU .......................................................................................... 7 1.1.1. Ajalooline kujunemislugu ................................................................................................................ 7 1.1.2. Tänapäeva suundumused ............................................................................................................... 9 1.2. MÕISTE ................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3. OLEMUS .................................................................................................................................................. 15 1.3.1. Defineerimiskatsed ja põhitunnused ............................................................................................ 15 1.3.2. Liigid .............................................................................................................................................. 18 1.4. VAHEKOKKUVÕTE ...................................................................................................................................... 20 2. MITTEABIELULINE KOOSELU JA PÕHIÕIGUSED ....................................................................................... 21 2.1. OLULISEMAD PÕHIÕIGUSTE KAITSET TAGAVAD ÕIGUSE ALLIKAD ........................................................................... 21 2.2. ERAELU PUUTUMATUS ................................................................................................................................ 23 2.3. PEREKONNAELU PUUTUMATUS JA KAITSE ........................................................................................................ 25 2.4. ABIELU KAITSE JA ÕIGUS ABIELLUDA ............................................................................................................... 31 2.5. VÕRDSUSPÕHIÕIGUS .................................................................................................................................. 35 2.6. VAHEKOKKUVÕTE ...................................................................................................................................... 40 3. MITTEABIELULISE KOOSELU REGULATSIOONIMUDELID ......................................................................... 43 3.1. LÄHENEMISVIISID ....................................................................................................................................... 43 3.2. REGISTREERINGUPÕHINE SÜSTEEM – OPT IN .................................................................................................... 44 3.2.1. Üldiseloomustus ........................................................................................................................... 44 3.2.2. Samasooliste paaride abielu ......................................................................................................... 45 3.2.3. Tsiviilpartnerlus............................................................................................................................. 48 3.3. DE FACTO PARTNERLUS – OPT OUT ................................................................................................................ 52 3.4. MITTEABIELULISE KOOSELU LEPINGULINE MUDEL EESTI NÄITEL ............................................................................ 54 3.5. VAHEKOKKUVÕTE ...................................................................................................................................... 55 4. MITTEABIELULISE KOOSELU ÕIGUSLIKUD ASPEKTID............................................................................... 59 4.1. VARASUHE ............................................................................................................................................... 60 4.1.1. Võlaõiguslikud garantiid Eesti õiguses .......................................................................................... 60 4.1.2. Varasuhe mitteabielulise kooselu eriregulatsiooniga riikides ...................................................... 65 4.2. LAPSED MITTEABIELULISES KOOSELUS ............................................................................................................. 67 4.3. ÜLALPIDAMISKOHUSTUSED .......................................................................................................................... 69 4.4. ÜÜRISUHTED ............................................................................................................................................ 72 4.5. PÄRIMISÕIGUSLIKUD GARANTIID ................................................................................................................... 73 4.6. MAKSUÕIGUS ........................................................................................................................................... 75 4.7. VÄLISMAALASED ........................................................................................................................................ 77 4.8. MUUD MITTEABIELULIST KOOSELU PUUDUTAVAD ÕIGUSAKTID EESTIS ................................................................... 78 4.9. VAHEKOKKUVÕTE ...................................................................................................................................... 81 KOKKUVÕTE .................................................................................................................................................. 84 KASUTATUD MATERJALID .............................................................................................................................. 88 3 09.06.2009 Lühikokkuvõte Peamiseks eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada, kas Eestis on vaja mitteabielulist – sh nii eri- kui samasooliste inimeste – kooselu senisest täpsemini reguleerida. Analüüs ei paku õiguslikku lahendust – selleks tuleb teema huvirühmadega läbi arutada ning kokku leppida suund, millest Eesti seadusandja peaks mitteabielulise kooselu reguleerimisel lähtuma. Analüüsis uuriti: • millised on ühiskonna ootused selles suhtes; • kas on põhjust rääkida samasooliste paaride diskrimineerimisest Eestis seaduse tasandil; • kas praegune mitteabielulise kooselu õiguskorraldus on abieluga võrreldes ebaõiglane; • milline mudel sobiks kõige paremini Eesti vajadustele ja mis riiki tasuks võtta eeskujuks. Nii Eesti põhiseaduses, rahvusvahelises õiguses kui ka EL-i õiguses käsitletakse perekonna ja abielu mõistet pigem kitsendavalt ja traditsiooniliselt. Eri tasandi kohtute tõlgenduses kuuluvad abielu ja perekonna mõiste alla vaid heteroseksuaalsed kooslused – see tähendab, et samasoolis- tele paaridele ei laiene perekonna kaitse ja õigus abielu sõlmida. Kohtud on leidnud, et seejuures on hetero- ja homoseksuaalsete paaride ebavõrdne kohtlemine põhjendatud: traditsiooniline abielu tähendab kooslust, millest saab sündida järglasi ning abielu ja perekonna kaitse on loodud eeskätt just sellise erilise ühiskonna raku kaitseks, mis tagab rahva püsimise. Niisiis võib analüüsi põhjal kindlalt väita, et Eesti ei ole kohustatud mitteabielulist – sh homo- seksuaalsete paaride – kooselu eraldi reguleerima. Siiski ei maksa lähtuda üksnes otsesest kohustusest, vaid tasub silmas pidada ka ühiskonna suurenevat leebivust ebatraditsiooniliste perekonnavormide suhtes ja teiste riikide suundumusi – samasooliste paaride kooselu üha laienevat õiguslikku korraldust. Rida õigusteoreetikuid on leidnud, et traditsioonilise abielu kaitse ning võime saada järglasi – mis on seni soolise sättumuse alusel eristamist õigustanud – kaotavad argumentidena aina enam mõju ning kohtud ei saa neile pikalt tugineda. Praegu on juba 16 riiki seadustanud samasooliste inimeste partnerluse ning 7 riiki läinud veelgi kaugemale: laiendanud samasoolistele paaridele ka abielu institutsiooni. Eesti seadusandjal tuleb neid asjaolusid arvestades teha valik järgmiste variantide seast. 1. Jätta õigus suuresti muutmata , eemaldades vaid üksikutes seadustes mõningad asjaolud, mis asetavad mitteabielulise kooselu partnerid abikaasadega võrreldes ebavõrdsesse olukorda (nt üürisuhetega seonduv). Hetero- ja homoseksuaalsetele paaridele võib luua infomaterjalid, selgitamaks olemasolevaid tagatisi: seltsing, pärimisleping, võimalus kohaldada perekonnaseaduses sisalduvaid abikaasade varalisi õigusi ja kohustusi ning ülalpidamiskohustusi notariaalse lepingu alusel. 2. Luua eraldi lepinguliik mitteabielulise kooselu paaridele. Partnerlusleping paneks paika n-ö standardpaketi õigusküsimustest, mis
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