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Võrdõiguslikkuse Mõõtmise Mudel Kellel on eestis hea, Kellel parem? VÕRDÕIGUSLIKKUSE MÕÕTMISE MUDEL 2016 Mudeli tellis soolise võrdõiguslikkuse ja võrdse kohtlemi- se voliniku kantselei projekti „Soolõime ja õiguskaitsega sugude võrdsuseni“ raames. Projekti rahastatakse Norra toetustest 2009-2014. Projekti eesmärk on tõsta kodani- ke, õigusprofessionaalide ja tööandjate teadlikkust naiste ja meeste võrdsusest ning võrdse kohtlemise põhimõttest. Uuringu koostas Tartu Ülikooli sotsiaalteaduslike rakendusuuringute keskus RAKE. Uuringu autorid: Kadri Lees Sille Vahaste-Pruul Marek Sammul Katrin Humal Katri Lamesoo Jaanus Veemaa Anneli Kann Kerly Espenberg Uku Varblane Triin Roosalu (toim). Autorid tänavad kõiki asutusi ja nende esindajaid, kes abis- tasid meid vajamineva informatsiooniga ning vajadusel nõustasid. Eriti sooviksime tänada Justiitsministeeriumit, Statistikaametit, Tervise Arengu Instituuti, Eesti Hariduse Infosüsteemi (Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium), Vabariigi Valimiskomisjoni, Sotsiaalkindlustusametit, Tööinspekt- siooni, Sotsiaalministeeriumit, projekti „Erinevus rikas- tab“, Euroopa Sotsiaaluuringut Eestis (TÜ sotsioloogia ja sotsiaalpoliitika instituut) ja Eesti Panka. Samuti soovime tänada kõiki konsultatsioonides osalejaid, kes leidsid aega meiega oma mõtteid jagada. Mudeli valmimisse panus- tasid olulisel määral ka soolise võrdõiguslikkuse ja võrd- se kohtlemise voliniku kantselei töötajad Mari-Liis Sepper, Merili Soosalu, Liivi Pehk ja Merit Ulvik. 4 VÕRDÕIGUSLIKKUSE MÕÕTMISE MUDEL 2016 SISUKORD Kasutatud lühendid .................................................... 6 6. Elustandardid .............................................. 73 Eessõna ..................................................................... 7 6.1. Vaesus ........................................................... 74 6.2. Enesehinnang ................................................ 78 1. Metoodika ..................................................... 9 6.3. Sotsiaalne kindlus .......................................... 79 1.1. Kirjanduse ülevaade ......................................... 9 6.4. Finantstoodete tarbimine ............................... 85 1.2. Andmeallikate ülevaade ................................. 11 6.5. Elutingimused ääremaal ................................. 85 1.3. Konsultatsioonid ............................................ 12 6.6. Olulisimad tulemused ..................................... 86 1.4. Mudeli koostamine ........................................ 13 7. Indiviidi sotsiaalne mina ............................ 87 2. Elu ................................................................ 15 7.1. Eluga rahulolu ............................................... 88 2.1. Eluiga ............................................................ 16 7.2. Sotsiaalvõrgustik ............................................ 90 2.2. Surmad haiguste tõttu ................................... 17 7.3. Hoiakud ja tunnetatud ebavõrdsus ................. 94 2.3. Ebaloomulikud surmad .................................. 18 7.4. Olulisimad tulemused ..................................... 98 2.4. Reproduktiivkäitumine ................................... 21 2.5. Olulisimad tulemused ..................................... 22 8. Hool ja tugi ................................................. 99 8.1. Olulisimad tulemused ................................... 104 3. Tervis ............................................................ 23 3.1. Füüsiline tervis ............................................... 24 9. Turvatunne ................................................ 105 3.2. Vaimne tervis ................................................. 27 9.1. Kuriteod / kuritegude ohvrid ........................ 106 3.3. Elustiil ............................................................ 28 9.2. Turvatunne................................................... 114 3.4. Riskikäitumine ................................................ 32 9.3. Olulisimad tulemused ................................... 118 3.5. Olulisimad tulemused ..................................... 36 10. Õiguskindlus ............................................. 119 4. Haridus ......................................................... 37 10.1. Isikuvastastest kuritegudest teatamine.......... 120 4.1. Õpingute tulemuslikkus ................................. 38 10.2. Usaldus õigussüsteemi vastu ........................ 124 4.2. Haridusele ligipääs ......................................... 45 10.3. Kinnipeetavate kohtlemine ........................... 127 4.3. Õpilaste kohtlemine haridussüsteemis ............ 53 10.4. Tsiviilvaidlused .............................................. 128 4.4. Olulisimad tulemused ..................................... 54 10.5. Olulisimad tulemused ................................... 130 5. Töö ............................................................... 55 11. Võim ja hääl ............................................... 131 5.1. Tööhõive ja osalemine tööturul ...................... 56 11.1. Reaalse võimu teostamine ............................ 132 5.2. Töötasu ......................................................... 61 11.2. Esindatus ..................................................... 138 5.3. Segregatsioon ................................................ 64 11.3. Tunnetatud võim .......................................... 140 5.4. Töötingimused ............................................... 69 11.4. Olulisimad tulemused ................................... 144 5.5. Olulisimad tulemused ..................................... 72 Kokkuvõte ............................................................. 145 Andmelüngad ja soovitused ................................... 147 Viidatud allikad ...................................................... 153 Kokkuvõte (vene keeles) ......................................... 158 Kokkuvõte (inglise keeles) ...................................... 161 Lisa 1. Ülevaade indikaatorite andmetest ................ 163 VÕRDÕIGUSLIKKUSE MÕÕTMISE MUDEL 2016 5 KaSUTaTUD LühEnDID EHIS Eesti Hariduse Infosüsteem EL Euroopa Liit ESS European Social Survey, Euroopa Sotsiaaluuring ESU Eesti sotsiaaluuring ETeU Eesti terviseuuring ETU Eesti tööjõu-uuring EU European Union, Euroopa Liit EU-SILC EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, sissetulekuid ja elamistingimusi käsitlev ELi statistika FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Euroopa Liidu Põhiõiguste Amet HTM Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium ILO International Labour Organisation, Rahvusvaheline Tööorganisatsioon LEU leibkonna eelarve uuring LGBT lesbid, geid, biseksuaalsed ja transsoolised inimesed OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Majanduskoostöö ja Arengu Organisatsioon PIAAC Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, rahvusvaheline täiskasvanute oskuste uuring PISA Programme for International Student Assessment, rahvusvaheline õpilaste õpitulemuslikkuse hindamisprogramm PIU puuetega inimeste ja nende pereliikmete hoolduskoormuse uuring 2009 PPA Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet PTMU paikkonna tervisemõjude uuring REL rahva ja eluruumide loendus SA Statistikaamet SHARE Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, Euroopa tervise, tööjätu ja individuaalse vananemise uuring SVM Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse monitooring TAI Tervise Arengu Instituut TKU Eesti täiskasvanud rahvastiku tervisekäitumise uuring ÜRO United Nations, Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon 6 VÕRDÕIGUSLIKKUSE MÕÕTMISE MUDEL 2016 EESSÕna Eesti elu edenemiseks on vaja, et iga Eesti inimene saaks võimalusi otsuste tegemisel. Tartu Ülikooli teadlased on õppida, töötada, lapsevanem olla või muul moel oma või- analüüsitud andmed ja analüüsi tulemused koondanud mete ja vajaduste kohaselt ühiskonnas osaleda. Meid, ees- selliste tunnuste kaupa nagu sugu, vanus, rahvus, puude timaalasi, on vähe ja igaüks meist loeb. Ühiskonna ja ko- olemasolu ja seksuaalne sättumus. Eeskujuna on kasu- gukonnana on oluline, et meile lähevad korda igaühe käe- tatud Suurbritannia võrdõigusorgani väljatöötatud võrd- käik ja võrdsed võimalused elada rahuldust pakkuvat elu. õiguslikkuse mõõtmise raamistikku, mis on kohandatud Võrdne kohtlemine tähendab seda, et võrdses olukorras Eesti oludele. Käesolev kokkuvõte näitab võrdõiguslikkuse olevaid inimesi koheldakse võrdselt ja erinevas olukorras olukorda aastal 2016 ja loob aluse, mille põhjal edasi aren- olevaid inimesi erinevalt ehk toetavalt. guid hinnata. Me ei tohi leppida mitte ühegi silmist lastud võimalusega Mõnda numbrit saab inimene ise mõjutada, mõnda pea- toetada iga inimese võrdseid võimalusi. aegu mitte. Kui isikuvastaste kuritegude ohvriks langevad kõige enam noored naised või poisid langevad sagedami- Võrdset kohtlemist edendab Eestis soolise võrdõiguslikku- ni koolist välja, siis viitab see ebavõrdsele olukorrale. Eba- se ja võrdse kohtlemise voliniku kantselei. Me nõustame võrdsuse vähendamiseks saavad palju ära teha inimesed, kõiki huvilisi, kuidas järgida võrdse kohtlemise põhimõtet kellel on vastutust otsustada. Otsused peavad tuginema ja edendada võrdseid võimalusi. Võrdse kohtlemise hin- tõenduspõhistele andmetele, et inimestele neist ka päriselt damiseks on vaja ülevaadet eri rühmadesse kuuluvate ini- kasu oleks. Seepärast on usaldusväärne ja korrapäraselt meste olukorrast ja võimalustest ühiskonnas – see tähen- uuendatav ülevaade võrdõiguslikkuse olukorrast oluline dab andmeid. Nüüd on siin esitatuna esimest korda seni poliitikutele Eesti inimeste tulevikku puudutavate otsuste kogutud andmed koos. langetamisel ning eelisarendatavate valdkondade paika seadmisel. Paremad ja
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