Lgbtq Inimeste Igapäevane Toimetulek Ja Strateegilised Valikud Eesti Ühiskonnas

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Lgbtq Inimeste Igapäevane Toimetulek Ja Strateegilised Valikud Eesti Ühiskonnas SOOLISE VÕRDÕIGUSLIKKUSE JA VÕRDSE KOHTLEMISE VOLINIKU KANTSELEI LGBTQ INIMESTE IGAPÄEVANE TOIMETULEK JA STRATEEGILISED VALIKUD EESTI ÜHISKONNAS 2016 Uuringu on tellinud soolise võrdõiguslikkuse ja võrdse kohtlemise voliniku kantselei projekti „Soolõime ja õiguskaitsega sugude võrdsuseni” raames. Projekti rahastatakse Norra toetustest 2009–2014. Projekti eesmärk on parandada kodanike, õigusprofessionaalide ja tööandjate teadlikkust naiste ja meeste võrdsusest ning võrdse kohtlemise põhimõttest. Uuringu on koostanud Tallinna Ülikooli ühiskonnateaduste instituut. Uuringu autorid: Kadri Aavik Triin Roosalu Margarita Kazjulja Laura Mere Kerli Kaal Maaris Raudsepp Uuringu kasutamine teaduslikel, hariduslikel, informatsioonilistel ja õigusemõistmise eesmärkidel on lubatud trükise nimetuse ning avaldamisallika kohustusliku äranäitamisega. Palume uuringule viidata järgmiselt: Aavik, K., Roosalu, T., Kazjulja, M., Mere, L., Kaal, K., Raudsepp, M. (2016). LGBTQ inimeste igapäevane toimetulek ja strateegilised valikud Eesti ühiskonnas. Tallinn: Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse ja võrdse kohtlemise voliniku kantselei ISBN 978-9949-9778-0-2 (pdf) 2 SISUKORD EESSÕNA ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1. SISSEJUHATUS ......................................................................................................................... 6 2. TEOREETILISED LÄHTEKOHAD................................................................................................... 7 2.1. PÕHIMÕISTED ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2. INTERSEKTSIONAALSUS EHK TUNNUSTE PÕIMUMINE ............................................................... 9 2.3. ISIKLIK ON POLIITILINE: SEKSUAALSUS JA KODANIKUÕIGUSED ................................................ 10 2.4. MIKROAGRESSIOONID .............................................................................................................. 11 2.5. AKULTURATSIOONISTRATEEGIAD, SOTSIAALNE STIGMA JA VÄHEMUSE STRESS ..................... 11 3. KONTEKSTUAALNE TAUST ....................................................................................................... 14 3.1. LGBT INIMESTE ÕIGUSKAITSE EESTIS ........................................................................................ 14 3.1.1. Diskrimineerimise keeld ..................................................................................................... 14 3.1.2. Vaenu õhutamise keeld ..................................................................................................... 15 3.1.3. Samasooliste paaride õigused ........................................................................................... 15 3.1.4. Transsooliste inimeste õigused .......................................................................................... 16 3.2. LGBT INIMESTE OLUKORD JA HEAOLU EESTIS EELNEVATE UURINGUTE PÕHJAL ..................... 16 4. METOODIKA JA VALIM ............................................................................................................ 20 4.1. ÜLDISED LÄHTEKOHAD ............................................................................................................. 20 4.2. VALIM, SELLE MOODUSTAMISE PÕHIMÕTTED JA ANDMETE KOGUMINE ............................... 20 4.3. ANDMETE ANALÜÜS ................................................................................................................. 22 4.4. UURIMISEETIKA ......................................................................................................................... 23 4.5. KÄSITLETUD TEEMAD JA UURIMISKÜSIMUSED ........................................................................ 23 5. TULEMUSED JA ANALÜÜS ....................................................................................................... 26 5.1. ENESEMÄÄRATLUS JA SUHESTUMINE LGBTQ KATEGOORIATEGA ........................................... 26 5.2. KOGEMUSED ERASFÄÄRIS, PEREKONDLIKUD JA LÄHISUHTED ................................................. 27 5.2.1. Seksuaalse orientatsiooni ja transsoolise identiteedi teadvustamine ............................... 27 5.2.2. Kapist väljatulek perekonnale ja lähedastele .................................................................... 29 5.2.3. Kapist väljatulek väljaspool pere- ja sõprade ringi ............................................................ 31 5.3. HARIDUS .................................................................................................................................... 32 5.3.1. „Koolis kiusatakse kõiki“ .................................................................................................... 33 5.3.2. Kapist väljatulek ja kapis olek koolis .................................................................................. 34 5.3.3. Kogemused kõrghariduses ................................................................................................. 35 5.3.4. Õpisisu, õpetajate teadmised ja hoiakud haridussüsteemis .............................................. 36 5.3.5. „Tänapäeva noored on sallivad ja mõistvad“ .................................................................... 38 5.3.6. Kas, kes ja kuidas peaks haridussüsteemis olukorda parandama? ................................... 38 5.4. TERVIS ....................................................................................................................................... 42 5.4.1. Kogemused pere- ja eriarstidega ....................................................................................... 42 3 5.4.2. Vaimne tervis ..................................................................................................................... 45 5.4.3. Doonorlus ........................................................................................................................... 46 5.4.4. Laste saamise ja kooseluseaduse olulisuse seos ................................................................ 48 5.4.5. Soo korrigeerimine ............................................................................................................. 50 5.5. TÖÖ ........................................................................................................................................... 51 5.5.1. Üldised hinnangud oma olukorrale tööelus ....................................................................... 51 5.5.2. Kapist väljatulek ja kapis olek tööl..................................................................................... 53 5.5.3. „Tagaselja ikka midagi öeldi või räägiti“ ........................................................................... 56 5.5.4. Transsooliste inimeste eristuvad kogemused .................................................................... 58 5.5.5. Mida saaks töökeskkonnas teha olukorra parandamiseks ja kes seda peaks tegema? .... 59 5.6. KAUPADE JA TEENUSTE KÄTTESAADAVUS ................................................................................ 59 5.6.1. Transsooliste ja kehtivat soosüsteemi vaidlustavate inimeste kogemused ...................... 60 5.6.2. LGB inimeste kogemused ja hinnangud ............................................................................. 62 5.7. AVALIK RUUM: SUHESTUMINE RIIGI JA LGBT ORGANISATSIOONIDEGA .................................. 63 5.7.1. Üldised tähelepanekud ...................................................................................................... 64 5.7.2. Otseselt seadusandliku keskkonna kohta käivad ootused................................................. 66 5.7.3. LGBTQ inimeste paremat nähtavust puudutavad ettepanekud ........................................ 67 5.7.4. Teadlikkuse parandamine .................................................................................................. 69 5.7.5. LGBT kogukonna ja esindusühingute roll ........................................................................... 69 5.7.6. Eeskõnelejate ringi laienemist käsitlevad kommentaarid ................................................. 71 5.7.7. Laiema elanikkonna hoiakuid, sh avaliku diskussiooni kvaliteedi parandamist hõlmavad ideed ............................................................................................................................................ 74 5.8. MUUD KOGEMUSED JA VALDKONDADEÜLESED TEEMAD ........................................................ 75 5.8.1. „Minul on kõik üsna hästi, aga tean neid, kellel läheb halvasti“ diskursus ....................... 75 5.8.2. Individualistlikud lahendused ............................................................................................ 76 5.8.3. LGBTQ inimeste olukorra ajas muutumine, põlvkondadevahelised erinevused ................ 77 5.8.4. Venekeelsete LGBTQ inimeste kogemuste eripärad .......................................................... 79 5.9. VALDKONDLIKE KATUSORGANISATSIOONIDE HOIAKUD .......................................................... 84 6. KOKKUVÕTE JA JÄRELDUSED ................................................................................................... 87 7. POLIITIKASOOVITUSED ........................................................................................................... 99 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS ........................................................................................................... 101 SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................
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