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A Guide to Keep You Safe Abroad Provided By: Pathways to Safety International

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Know Before You Go MONTENEGROBOSNIAMACEDONIALITHUANIAMOLDOVAHUNGARYBULGARIACZECHSLOVENIAROMANIASLOVAKIAGEORGIABELARUSALBANIAUKRAINECROATIAESTONIAPOLANDRUSSIALATVIASERBIA AND REPUBLIC HERZEGOVINA A Guide to Keep You Safe Abroad provided by: Pathways to Safety International Updated JanuaryAprilAugustMarchJulySeptemberDecember 20182017 2019 2018 20172018 2018 2016 2017 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY KNOW BEFORE BEFORE YOU YOU GO: GO: UKRAINESLOVENIASLOVAKIAROMANIAPOLANDMONTENEGROMOLDOVAMACEDONIALITHUANIALATVIAHUNGARYGEORGIAESTONIACZECHCROATIABULGARIABOSNIABELARUSALBANIA SERBIARUSSIA REPUBLIC AND HERZEGOVINA 2 Let’s be perfectly clear, the number one way to prevent sexual assault is to not rape. While the responsibility of ending sexual gender based violence is on the perpetrators, this guide will offer general safety tips, country-specific information, and resources to help prevent and prepare travelers for the possibility of sexual assault abroad. GENERAL SAFETY TIPS: 1. Use the buddy system and travel with friends. 2. Be aware of social and cultural norms. For example, looking at someone in 7 out of 10 the eyes when you speak to them is perfectly normal in the U.S., but in rapes are another country that could signify you’re interested in the person. committed by someone 3. Recognize controlling behavior when entering a relationship. Most rape known to the survivors recall feeling “uncomfortable” about some of their partner’s behaviors victim1 such as degrading jokes/language or refusal to accept “no” as an answer, whether in a sexual context or otherwise.2 4. Avoid secluded places where you could be more vulnerable. Meet new people in public spaces and let a trusted friend know where you’ll be beforehand. Always have a backup plan in mind. 5. Trust your gut. Many victims have a “bad feeling” right before an assault takes place. It’s okay to leave a situation that is making you feel uncomfortable. Stay alert and aware in new social settings and places. ALCOHOL AND DRUG AWARENESS: • Always watch your drink being poured and carry it yourself, even to the bathroom. • “Drug-facilitated sexual assault drugs,” also referred to as club drugs or roofies may turn your drink slightly salty, bright blue, or cloudy. Effects such as distorted judgment, loss sense of time, sight, sound, identity, and overall consciousness can be felt within 15 minutes and may last up to 4 hours.3 • The legal age to buy or drink alcohol in public places such as bars or restaurants in Slovenia is 18 years old.4 Possession or consumption of small amounts of illicit substances are considered minor offenses rather than criminal offenses and 4444 4 44 4 44 5 4 • TheAlbania’sSlovakia’sSerbia’sRomania’sPoland’sMontenegro’sMoldova’sMacedonia’sLithuaniaAccordingHungary’sGeorgia’sEstonia’sInCountry-specific Croatia, legal legal legal legaldrinking legalhas tominimumlegalthelegal legalthe drinkinglegalbeen drinking legaldrinkingdrinking drinking consumptionEuropean drinkingage purchasing known agelegal inage age age to ageCzechUkraineBosniaRussia drinking tip topurchaseisCommission ageis is is 18. be18. andgoes18. age18.Republicis isand one It4Rakija is18. 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OrthodoxSerbianMuslim, Roman OrthodoxMuslim, 6 Catholic Orthodox Orthodox87.2%, Christian orthodox,36%Catholic Christian,6.8% Orthodox Christianity77.2%, orthodox 45.7%;81.9%,Christian 93.3%,16.2%,15.3%,Albanian Christianity, Russian5% 17% GreekProtestant1.3%, LutheranBaptistRoman Christian, 70.6%,(official), Muslim,Orthodox, ProtestantOrthodoxCatholic 1%,Catholic,18.2% Unaffiliated 19.6%,9.9%,(various and 15% Other10.7% 6%; 10% Atheism4.1%, 3%other0.4%, Romanother 3% Protestant, Christian Romandenominations)RomanMuslim, Evangelical Muslim, ChristianUnspecified 16.2%,Christian orCatholic, Agnosticism, Catholic.Catholic.2.9% 1.2%, 1.5%MuslimJewish, 2.2%, 1%,< Armenian 3% Other 2%, protestant, 6.4%,11.2%5The other Jewish,10%, othernone other 13.8%196760.9%, Roman 0.4%, OtherApostolic,0.9%,38%. 0.8%,1%Cultural Reformed Unspecifiedless 7Protestant.Unspecified ReligionsCatholicNone Old than 1.2%Revolution Believer 54.1%, 1%Church 4.3%, >1%other 63.2%are Unnown 763.7% 6 0.8%,Jewish, otherof(includes in Hungary/ Albania none 16.7%and 6 CULTURAL INFORMATION:5 6 theCatholic,outlawedMajor(includesOther6.1%, remaining Unspecified Protestant Religions: Jehovah’sMuslim)all religious practice denominations, 0.9%,62%MacedonianRoman10.1% Witness, practices, aRoman nonedifferent Catholic Yazidi, or Catholic,Orthodox however,atheist 1.8% religion86.3%, Protestant, Greek 8.2%0.2%, 64.8%, Orthodox anor amendmentnoProtestant,Catholic, unspecified Jewish), religion.Muslim 4.4%, 1.9% 1.7% 33.3%, 3.9% Muslimin 6.3% Other,1990none/unspecified. 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  • 'Marital Rape' in Marriage: the Need for Reform In

    'Marital Rape' in Marriage: the Need for Reform In

    ‘MARITAL RAPE’ IN MARRIAGE: THE NEED FOR REFORM IN BANGLADESH Md Mustakimur Rahman* ABSTRACT The notion of marital rape is not new and came from Hale’s theory. Although it is an old concept, but still some of the state parties of the United Nations are using this option as immunity. However, there are quite a few modern justifications that can actually defeat the Hale’s theory. Hence, the notion of Hale’s theory is not valid anymore in the 21st century. Currently, more than 100 countries have incorporated ‘marital rape’ as a criminal offence and punishing the offenders. Unfortunately, marital rape is not an offence under the Penal Law of Bangladesh unless the wife is under 13 years old. This article analysed the current Bangladeshi laws regarding rape, which is substandard to protect the marital rape victims. In addition, it also argues how current law is violating several international laws and the rights guaranteed under the Constitution of Bangladesh. The existing laws of rape under the Penal Law of Bangladesh are outdated and therefore, reform is the demand of time. I. INTRODUCTION Rape is a sexual offence, an unwanted act that executes in an unlawful manner. It is recognised as the most severe form of sexual violence all over the world. In rape, the perpetrator can be anyone, a stranger or even a family member. However, it is a common tendency to think that an offender of rape is usually a stranger, a malicious person. 1 Nevertheless, people do not think of rape in case of marriage. 2 However, rape could actually take place in marriage, and this form of rape is called “marital rape”.