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Inimõigused Eestis 2011 (Pdf) INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS Sihtasutus Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus 2011 [email protected] INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS www.inimoigused.ee 2011 Eesti Inimõiguste Keskuse aastaaruanne Eesti Inimõiguste Keskuse aastaaruanne INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS 2011 Eesti Inimõiguste Keskuse aastaaruanne INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS 2011 INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS 2011 Eesti Inimõiguste Keskuse aastaaruanne Toimetajad: Kari Käsper, Marianne Meiorg Keeletoimetaja: Grete Anton Täname: Kristin Rammus, Egert Rünne Väljaandja: SA Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus Autoriõigus: Autorid ja SA Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus, 2012 Kujundus: Mihkel Ronk (koosolek.ee) Kujunduses kasutatud fotode autorid (CC litsents, !ickr.com): erix!, mknobil, sandman, daily sunny, M.Markus, Magic Madzik, dandeluca, Elsie esq., russelljsmith, takomabibelot, Yortw, dicktay2000, PinkMoose Trükk: Ecoprint ISSN 2228-091X ISSN 2228-1037 Aruande koostamist ja väljaandmist toetasid Avatud Eesti Fond ja Kultuuriministeerium Väljaandes avaldatu ei pruugi väljendada Avatud Eesti Fondi ja Kultuuriministeeriumi seisukohti. 2 INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS 2011 Sisukord Eessõna .....................................................................................................................4 Iivi Anna Masso Piinamise, ebainimlikult või alandavalt kohtlemise ja karistamise keeld ........7 Kristi Rekand Orjuse ja sunniviisilise töötamise keeld .............................................................17 Merle Albrant Õigus isikuvabadusele ...........................................................................................27 Marianne Meiorg Kristi Rekand Õigus õiglasele kohtulikule arutamisele .............................................................39 Epp Lumiste Õigus austusele perekonna- ja eraelu vastu .......................................................49 Kari Käsper Marianne Meiorg Sõnavabadus ...........................................................................................................63 Katrin Nyman-Metcalf Kogunemisvabadus ...............................................................................................73 Silver Meikar Diskrimineerimise keeld ......................................................................................85 Merle Albrant Õigus haridusele ....................................................................................................97 Tanel Kerikmäe Õigus vabadele valimistele .................................................................................107 Kari Käsper Rahvusvähemuste olukord .................................................................................115 Kristjan Kaldur LGBT olukord ......................................................................................................125 Christian Veske Pagulaste ja varjupaigataotlejate õigused .........................................................137 Kristi Toodo Lapse õigused .......................................................................................................147 Malle Hallimäe Puuetega inimeste olukord ja õigused ..............................................................157 Monika Haukanõmm Eesti Inimõiguste Keskusest ...............................................................................169 3 INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS 2011 Hea lugeja! nimõiguste ülddeklaratsiooni kohaselt on inimõigused universaalsed ja võõrandamatud ning kuuluvad kõigile inimestele ühtviisi, sõltumata rah- I vusest, sünnikohast ja muudest asjaoludest. Inimõiguste olukorda hin- nates lähtume aga paratamatult oludest, keskkonnast, riigist, kultuurilisest ja ajaloolisest taustsüsteemist – samas seda mitte alati teadvustades. Nii jääb meil enda inimõiguste olukorda hinnates kergesti märkamata see, et maa- ilma mõõdupuu järgi, ja eriti 1989. aasta järel kommunismist vabanenud rii- kide kontekstis, on Eesti olukord inimõiguste osas suhteliselt väga hea, lausa suurepärane. Siin on nüüd enesestmõistetavalt kaitstud poliitilised õigused, elementaarsed isikuõigused ja -vabadused ning muuhulgas sõnavabadus. Reporters without Borders’i sõnavabaduse indeks paigutab Eesti maailmas koguni kolmandale kohale, Soome ja Norra järele. Samuti peame iseenesestmõistetavaks seda, et politsei ei ületa oma volitusi, inimesi ei arreteerita suvaliselt, neid ei piinata ülekuulamisel – kõik see on muutunud nii loomulikuks, et eriti noorematel põlvkondadel võib kergesti ununeda, et vaid üks inimpõlv tagasi see sugugi nii ei olnud – ja ei ole, paraku, veel paljudes nõukogude võimu alt vabanenud riikides. Samas ei tähenda see, et meil on inimõiguste osas asjad suhteliselt hästi, et nad ei võiks olla veel paremini. Õiguste austamine on hüve, mis ei sünni auto- maatselt, ja mis järelevalveta või liiga enesestmõistetavaks muutudes võib ker- gesti ükskõiksuse ja hoolimatuse varju ununeda. Seda tuleks meeles pidada ka käesolevat raportit lugedes. Kui räägime näiteks piinamisest, siis pole meil enam põhjust muretseda omavolitseva, inimestelt väljamõeldud kuritegu- dele jõuga õuduste keldreis ülestunnistusi välja pressiva salateenistuse pärast – aga ometi võib ainuüksi hoolimatus tekitada olukordi, mille lõpptulemu- sena on inimesed asetatud olukorda, kus nende poolt kogetu on võrreldav piinamisega. 4 INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS 2011 Eestis on kiirelt korda tehtud seadusi demokraatlikult loovad ja ka üksikisiku õigusi kaitsvad institutsioonid, oleme liitunud rahvusvaheliste inimõigusi kaitsvate lepingutega ja pürgime ÜRO inimõigusnõukogu liikmeks. Tööd on aga vaja veel teha vastu võetud põhimõtete praktikas teostamisega. Et juuru- tada mitte ainult juriidiline praktika, vaid ka üldine käitumine ja suhtumine, mis on kooskõlas inimõigusi austava vaba maailma reeglistikuga, läheb aega enam kui lihtsalt ühe inimpõlve jagu. Meie raskest ajaloost tingituna on meil olnud lihtsam juurutada neid õigus- likke põhimõtteid, mis piiravad riigivõimu esindajate võimalusi meie õigusi piirata. Inimesi üksteist inimväärselt kohtlema õpetada on raskem. Inimeste õigus võrdsele kohtlemisele tähendab diskrimineerimise keeldu, mida võib tõlgendada mitmeti, aga millega meil tuleb veel kahtlemata tegeleda. Üks ühine riigikeel ei tähenda üheski riigis kodanike diskrimineerimist, kuid ini- meste vahel vahetegemine ainuüksi rahvuse, emakeele või soo pärast tähen- dab seda. Samuti võime rääkida diskrimineerimisest, kui erineva suundumu- sega inimestel puudub võrdne võimalus eraelu ametlikuks tunnustamiseks, ning kaudsemalt ka siis, kui rühmakuuluvus kajastub haridustasemest sõltu- mata selgelt inimrühmade majanduslikus olukorras ja sissetulekus. Kui tahta leida kõige olulisem inimõiguste täiuslikku teostamist takistav asja- olu Eestis, oleks see hoolimatus. Hoolimatus eluhoiakuna ei ole iseenesest kriminaalne, aga kui see tähendab vanurite või haigete hoolduse unarusse- jätmist, laste õiguste märkamata jätmist, inimkaubandusele ja diskrimineeri- misele läbi sõrmede vaatamist, kannatavad selle läbi inimeste esmased, konk- reetsed õigused. Inimõigused ei tohiks kunagi jääda pidupäevade sõnakõlksuks. Need ei tohiks ka taanduda propagandameetmeks, millega pinnapealsete õigusrikkumiste süüdistustega poliitilisi vastaseid lüüa. Õiguste teostumise nimel tuleb jätku- valt vaeva näha. Samas tuleks õiguste tõlgenduste ja tähenduste üle ühiskon- nas laiemalt arutelu pidada, et me mõistaks, tunnistaks ja austaks õigustele 5 INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS 2011 toetuva kultuuri sisu – kultuuri, millest meid aastakümneteks vägivaldselt välja rebiti. Et me austaks üksteise õigusi vastastikku ka siis, kui seaduse val- vavat silma meid parasjagu jälgimas ei ole. Selles võtmes tuleks lugeda ka käesolevat raportit. Selles on ka palju rõõmus- tavat. Rõõmustav on, et oleme suhteliselt lühikese ajaga jõudnud nii kaugele, kui me praegu oleme. Eesti inimõigustöö oluline osa on ka aidata neid ini- mesi üle maailma, kelle kõige elementaarsemaid õigusi ikka veel ei tunnistata. Ja samas olgu see meenutuseks, et loorberitele puhkama jääda pole põhjust. Inimväärikus on väärtus, mida ei saa mõõta rahas – see on väärtus, mis on elamisväärse ühiskonna aluseks. Iivi Anna Masso Eesti Inimõiguste Keskuse nõukogu liige 6 INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS Piinamise, ebainimlikult või alandavalt 2011 kohtlemise ja karistamise keeld Piinamise, ebainimlikult või alandavalt kohtlemise ja karistamise keeld 7 Piinamise, ebainimlikult või alandavalt INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS kohtlemise ja karistamise keeld 2011 ARTIKLI AUTOR Kristi Rekand Kristi Rekand on töötanud riiklikus õigussüsteemis. Hetkel töö- tab ta Eesti Patsientide Esindusühingus juristina, spetsialiseeru- des eelkõige psüühikahäirega isikute õiguste kaitsele. Tööga seon- duvalt on teinud inimõiguste alast koostööd FRA-ga ja CPT-ga. Kristi Rekand osales Eesti Inimõiguste Keskuse õiguskliiniku raa- mes varjupaigataotlejatele õigusabi andmise projektis. Ta peab oluliseks, et inimõiguste ja põhivabaduste tagamiseks oleks ole- mas vastavad siseriiklikud struktuurid ja seadused. ÕIGUS EIÕK Artikkel 3 – Piinamise keelamine } Kedagi ei või piinata ega ebainimlikult või alandavalt kohelda ega karistada. 8 INIMÕIGUSED EESTIS Piinamise, ebainimlikult või alandavalt 2011 kohtlemise ja karistamise keeld PEATÜKK 1 Piinamise, ebainimlikult või alandavalt kohtlemise ja karistamise keeld iinamist ja muud ebainimlikku või alandavat kohtlemist keelab Eesti Vabariigi põhiseaduse paragrahv 18. Lisaks saab keeld toetust P Euroopa inimõiguste ja põhivabaduste kaitse konventsioonist1 ja ka näiteks ÜRO piinamisevastasest konventsioonist.2 Isikuliselt on piinamise ja muu sarnase kohtlemise eest kaitstud kõik inimesed, sh kinnipeetavad, vai- mupuudega inimesd ja patsiendid.3 Seega hõlmab see keeld ka inimväärikust
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