DOCSLIB.ORG

بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Satellite Communications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Satellite Communications بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS - SERVICES AND 1 APPLICATIONS LECTURER : Dr. Lotfi Laadhar دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 I INTRODUCTION II SATCOM - PRINCIPLE III TVSAT & VSAT 2 IV LINK DESIGN – SatMaster Pro دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [1] - DENIS RODDY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1996 3 [2] – DONALD C. MEAD DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE COMMUNCATIONS 2000 [3] - TRI T. HA DIGITAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1990 October'2003 HISTORY 1957 – LAUNCH THE FIRST SATELLITE SPUTNIC1 1961 – AT&T HAD LAUNCHED TELSTAR 4 1964 August 20 - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT). دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 HISTORY CON’t 1976 – ARABSAT organization was created 1977- EUTELSAT was created 1979 - The International Maritime Organization 5 sponsored the establishment of the International Maritime Satellite Organization INMARSAT دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 HISTORY CON’t 1984–1985-1988 French satellites TELECOM had launched (I generation) 1995 – HOTBIRD I had lunched 1996 - II generation of ARABSAT was launched 6 1999 -Launching BADR-3 to the orbit of 26° East, the same orbit of Arabsat 2A. Feb.28 2006 - Proton rocket fails in ARABSAT 4A launch دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 INTELSAT FLEET 7 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 EUTELSAT FLEET Satellite Date Duration Eutelsat-1 F1,F2,F3,F4,F5 1981-1988 7 years Eutelsat-2 F1,F2,F3,F4,F5 1990-1994 10 years Hotbird1 1995 10 years Hotbird 2, 3, 4, 5 1996-1998 12 years Eutelsat W2, W3, W4, W5 (W1) 1998-2002 12 years Eutelsat-W1R 2000 12 years Atlantic Bird2 2001 12 years Eurobirdt-1(W1R) 2001 12 years 8 Atlantic Bird1 2002 15years Hotbird 6 2002 12 years Atlantic Bird3 (Stellat 5) 2002 15years Hotbird7 2002 12 years Eutelsat-W 3A 2002 12 years e-Bird 2003 10 years HOTBIRD 8 2006 15 years دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 ARABSAT FLEET ARABSAT 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D and 1E ARABSAT 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (BADR 2) ARABSAT 3A (BADR3) 9 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 Arabsat 4-A (BADR1) will carry 24 active channels in C-band 16 active Ku-band channels Arabsat 4A was deorbited on 24.03.2006 over the pacific دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 Arabsat 4-B (BADR4) June’2006 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 Arabsat 4-C (BADR6) 2008 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 NILESAT FLEET NILESAT 101 NILESAT 102 Launch Information Launch Date 28 April 1998 17 August 2000 Launch Vehicle Arian 4 Launch Mass 1840 Kg 1827 Kg 13 Orbital Information MATRA MARCONI Satellite Manufacturer ASTRIUM SPACE Orbital Position 7 West Stabilization System 3-Axis System Power Consumption (Max) 3.02 kW 3.06 kW Expected Life Time 15 Years دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية NILESAT FLEET NILESAT 101 NILESAT 102 Payload Information EIRP (Max.) 50.1 dBW G/T (Max.) 1.5 dB/K Downlink Frequency Band (KU) 11.7 - 12.1 GHz 11.8 – 12.3 GHz Uplink Frequency Band (KU) 17.3 - 17.7 GHz 17.4 – 17.9 GHz No. of Transponders 12 14 Transponder Bandwidth 33 MHz Transponder Output Power 100 W TWTA Redundancy 16 for 12 in each satellite Polarization Linear Saturation Flux Density (FGM) * -76 to –94 dBW/m2 -76 to -96 dBW/m2 london Horn -72.5 to –90.5 dBW/m2 Operation Information Receiving Dish Diameter 50 cm to 75 cm within the coverage area. Operation Start Date 31 May 1998 12 September 2000 دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية ORBITS AND LAUNCHING METHODS 15 October'2003 LUNCHING AN ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 Earth orbits the sun دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 The Earth orbits the sun دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 KEPLER’S LAW 4 2M D F S 2 T 2 19 G M M F S E 1 D2 دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية G M M 4 2M D F S E = F S 1 D2 2 T 2 G= 6.67.10-11 Nm2/Kg Universal Gravitation 24 ME = 6.10 Kg– Earth mass MS – Satellite mass D=(6378 + h ) Km دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 KEPLER’S LAW G M M 4 2M D S E F S F1 2 2 2 D T = T 2.G.M 21 D 3 E 4. 2 دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية DIFFERENT KINDS OF ORBITS 1 – LOW EARTH ORBIT L E O IRIDIUM SPONSORED BY MOTOROLLA ALTITUDE 640 KM 22 6 ORBITAL PLANS 11 SATELLITES PER PLAN TOTAL 66 SATELLITES دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 IRIDIUM 23 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 2 – MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT M E O GLOBALSTAR ALTITUDE 1440 KM 24 8 ORBITAL PLANS 6 SATELLITES PER PLAN TOTAL 48 SATELLITES دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 3 – GEOSYCHRONOUS EARTH ORBIT G E O ALTITUDE 36000 KM ≈ 1000 SATELLITES 25 30 % ACTIVE دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 HISTORY 26 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 Features of different satellite constellations Type LEO MEO GEO Medium Earth Description Low Earth Orbit Geostationary Earth Orbit Orbit Height 00-1000 miles 6000-12000 miles 36000 KM Time in LOS 15 min 2-4 hrs 24 hrs 1) Lower launch 1) Covers as much as 42.2% 1) Moderate 27 costs. of the earth's surface. launch cost. Merits 2) Short round trip Ease of tracking. 2) Small round trip signal delay. 2) No problems due to delays. 3) Small path loss. doppler. 1) Larger 1) Shorter life, 5-8 1) Very large round trip delays. years. delays. Demerits 2) Greater path 2) Encounters 2) Expensive Earth Stations loss than radiation belts. due to weak signals. LEO's. دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية ELIPTIC ORBIT APOGE TELSTAR RELAY 28 MOLNYA دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 PERIGE I SATELLITE COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE (POINT TO POINT) 29 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 POINT TO MULTIPOINT (BROADCASTING) 30 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 III FREQUENCY AND POLARIZATION 1) FREQUENCY FIXED SATELLITE SERVICE (FSS) BROADCAST SATELLITE SERVICE (BSS) 31 MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES NAVIGATION SATELLITE SERVICES METEROLOGICAL SATELLITE SERVICES دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية KILO = x 103 MEGA = x 106 GIGA = x 109 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 BAND DESIGNATION UP-LINK DOWN-LINK GHz GHz S 4 2 C 6 4 X 8 7 33 Ku 14 11/12 K 24 18 Ka 40 24 دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية POLARIZATION a ) V/H POLARIZATION b) RHC/LHC POLARIZATION 34 (CIRCULAR) دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية a ) V/H POLARIZATION 35 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 b) RHC/LHC POLARIZATION 36 دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 a ) V/H POLARIZATION E P H 37 H P E دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 b) RHC/LHC POLARIZATION Ey E EX Ey 38 E EX دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 SPACE SEGMENT 39 October'2003 THE PAYLOAD It refers to the equipment used to provide the service for which the satellite has been lunched THE BUS Refers to the various subsystems which provide the power, 40 attitude control, orbital control, thermal control, command and telemetry functions required to the service payload. TRANSPONDER Refers to the equipment which provide the connecting link between the satellite transmit and receive antennas دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 THE ATTITUDE CONTROL THE ATTITUDE CONTROL DEPENDS ON SATELLITE TYPE SPIN STABILZATION 41 • 3-AXIS STABILIZATION OR BODY STABILIZATION دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 SPIN STABILIZATION 42 • SPIN RATE IS TYPICALLY IN THE RANGE OF 50 ÷ 100 REV/min دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 SPIN AXIS 43 • THE SPIN AXIS IS ADJUSTED TO BE PARALLEL TO N-S AXIS OF THE EARTH دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 3-AXIS STABILIZATION 44 • BECAUSE THE BODY REMAIN FIXED RELATIVE TO THE EARTH, 3-AXIS SATBILIZATION IS ALSO KNOWN AS BODY STABILIZATION دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 ROLL PITCH and YAW AXIS 45 • THE THREE AXIS ARE ROLL, PITCH AND YAW دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 3-AXIS STABILIZATION ! 46 FOR COMMUNICATION SATELLITE, 3-AXIS STABILIZATION IS OFTEN USED دورة لمنسوبي الكلية SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 THE POWER SUPPLY Primary Electrical Power supply provide from SOLAR CELLS ARRAYS of cells in series-parallel connection are required so that have high power The daily eclipse start approximately 23 days before EQUINOX And end approximately 23 days after. 47 دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية EQUINOX 48 The EQUINOX for both the SPRING and AUTOMN can last Up to 72 min at the actual EQUINOX day. During ECLIPSE power is provided by a NICKEL-CADMIUM Ni-Cd or NICKEL-HYDROGEN (Ni-H2)Long life batteries. دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية TRANSPONDER TRANSPONDER – SERIES OF INTERCONNECTED UNITS WHICH FORMS A SINGLE COMMUNICATIONS CHANNEL BETWEEN THE RECEIVE AND TRANSMIT ANTENNAS IN A COMMUNICATION SATELLITE. 49 دورة لمنسوبي SATCOM-Services $ Applications June’2006 الكلية THE BANDWIDTH ALLOCATED FOR THE C-BAND SERVICE IS 500 MHz, THIS IS DEVIDED INTO SUBANDS ONE FOR 50 EACH TRANSPONDER
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Satellite Systems
    Chapter 18 REST-OF-WORLD (ROW) SATELLITE SYSTEMS For the longest time, space exploration was an exclusive club comprised of only two members, the United States and the Former Soviet Union. That has now changed due to a number of factors, among the more dominant being economics, advanced and improved technologies and national imperatives. Today, the number of nations with space programs has risen to over 40 and will continue to grow as the costs of spacelift and technology continue to decrease. RUSSIAN SATELLITE SYSTEMS The satellite section of the Russian In the post-Soviet era, Russia contin- space program continues to be predomi- ues its efforts to improve both its military nantly government in character, with and commercial space capabilities. most satellites dedicated either to civil/ These enhancements encompass both military applications (such as communi- orbital assets and ground-based space cations and meteorology) or exclusive support facilities. Russia has done some military missions (such as reconnaissance restructuring of its operating principles and targeting). A large portion of the regarding space. While these efforts have Russian space program is kept running by attempted not to detract from space-based launch services, boosters and launch support to military missions, economic sites, paid for by foreign commercial issues and costs have lead to a lowering companies. of Russian space-based capabilities in The most obvious change in Russian both orbital assets and ground station space activity in recent years has been the capabilities. decrease in space launches and corre- The influence of Glasnost on Russia's sponding payloads. Many of these space programs has been significant, but launches are for foreign payloads, not public announcements regarding space Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EASY INSTALLATION GUIDE 8. Explain How to Download S/W by USB and How to Upload and Download 9. HOW to DOWNLO
    1. INTRODUCTION Overview…………………………………………………………………………..………………...……... 2 Main Features……………………………………………………………………………... ...………... ....4 2. EASY INSTALLATION GUIDE...…………...…………...…………...…………...……….. .. 3 3. SAFETY Instructions.………………………………………………………………………… …6 4. CHECK POINTS BEFORE USE……………………………………………………………… 7 Accessories Satellite Dish 5. CONTROLS/FUNCTIONS……………………………………………………………………….8 Front/Rear panel Remote controller Front Display 6. EQUIPMENT CONNECTION……………………………………………………………....… 11 CONNECTION WITH ANTENNA / TV SET / A/V SYSTEM 7. OPERATION…………………………………………………………………….………………….. 12 Getting Started System Settings Edit Channels EPG CAM(COMMON INTERFACE MODULE) Only CAS(CONDITIONAL ACCESS SYSTEM) USB Menu PVR Menu 8. Explain how to download S/W by USB and how to upload and download channels by USB……………………….……………………………………….…………………31 9. HOW TO DOWNLOAD SOFTWARE FROM PC TO RECEIVER…………….…32 10. Trouble Shooting……………………….……………………………………….………………34 11. Specifications…………………………………………………………………….……………….35 12. Glossary of Terms……………………………………………………………….……………...37 1 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW This combo receiver is designed for using both free-to-air and encrypted channel reception. Enjoy the rich choice of more than 20,000 different channels, broadcasting a large range of culture, sports, cinema, news, events, etc. This receiver is a technical masterpiece, assembled with the highest qualified electronic parts. MAIN FEATURES • High Definition Tuners : DVB-S/DVB-S2 Satellite & DVB-T Terrestrial Compliant • DVB-S/DVB-S2 Satellite Compliant(MPEG-II/MPEG-IV/H.264)
    [Show full text]
  • 1998 Year in Review
    Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (AST) January 1999 COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION: 1998 YEAR IN REVIEW Cover Photo Credits (from left): International Launch Services (1998). Image is of the Atlas 2AS launch on June 18, 1998, from Cape Canaveral Air Station. It successfully orbited the Intelsat 805 communications satellite for Intelsat. Boeing Corporation (1998). Image is of the Delta 2 7920 launch on September 8, 1998, from Vandenberg Air Force Base. It successfully orbited five Iridium communications satellites for Iridium LLP. Lockheed Martin Corporation (1998). Image is of the Athena 2 awaiting its maiden launch on January 6, 1998, from Spaceport Florida. It successfully deployed the NASA Lunar Prospector. Orbital Sciences Corporation (1998). Image is of the Taurus 1 launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base on February 10, 1998. It successfully orbited the Geosat Follow-On 1 military remote sensing satellite for the Department of Defense, two Orbcomm satellites and the Celestis 2 funerary payload for Celestis Corporation. Orbital Sciences Corporation (1998). Image is of the Pegasus XL launch on December 5, 1998, from Vandenberg Air Force Base. It successfully orbited the Sub-millimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 1998 YEAR IN REVIEW INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION In 1998, U.S. launch service providers conducted In addition, 1998 saw continuing demand for 22 launches licensed by the Federal Aviation launches to deploy the world’s first low Earth Administration (FAA), an increase of 29 percent orbit (LEO) communication systems. In 1998, over the 17 launches conducted in 1997. Of there were 17 commercial launches to LEO, 14 these 22, 17 were for commercial or international of which were for the Iridium, Globalstar, and customers, resulting in a 47 percent share of the Orbcomm LEO communications constellations.
    [Show full text]
  • Annette Froehlich ·André Siebrits Volume 1: a Primary Needs
    Studies in Space Policy Annette Froehlich · André Siebrits Space Supporting Africa Volume 1: A Primary Needs Approach and Africa’s Emerging Space Middle Powers Studies in Space Policy Volume 20 Series Editor European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Editorial Advisory Board Genevieve Fioraso Gerd Gruppe Pavel Kabat Sergio Marchisio Dominique Tilmans Ene Ergma Ingolf Schädler Gilles Maquet Jaime Silva Edited by: European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria Director: Jean-Jacques Tortora The use of outer space is of growing strategic and technological relevance. The development of robotic exploration to distant planets and bodies across the solar system, as well as pioneering human space exploration in earth orbit and of the moon, paved the way for ambitious long-term space exploration. Today, space exploration goes far beyond a merely technological endeavour, as its further development will have a tremendous social, cultural and economic impact. Space activities are entering an era in which contributions of the humanities—history, philosophy, anthropology—, the arts, and the social sciences—political science, economics, law—will become crucial for the future of space exploration. Space policy thus will gain in visibility and relevance. The series Studies in Space Policy shall become the European reference compilation edited by the leading institute in the field, the European Space Policy Institute. It will contain both monographs and collections dealing with their subjects in a transdisciplinary way. More information about this
    [Show full text]
  • The Rest of Arab Television
    The Rest of Arab Television By Gordon Robison Senior Fellow USC Annenberg School of Communication June, 2005 A Project of the USC Center on Public Diplomacy Middle East Media Project USC Center on Public Diplomacy 3502 Watt Way, Suite 103 Los Angeles, CA 90089-0281 www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org USC Center on Public Diplomacy – Middle East Media Project The Rest of Arab Television By Gordon R. Robison Senior Fellow, USC Center on Public Diplomacy Director, Middle East Media Project The common U.S. image of Arab television – endless anti-American rants disguised as news, along with parades of dictators – is far from the truth. In fact, Arab viewers, just like viewers in the U.S., turn to television looking for entertainment first and foremost. (And just as in the U.S., religious TV is a big business throughout the region, particularly in the most populous Arab country, Egypt). Arabs and Americans watch many of the same programs – sometimes the American originals with sub-titles, but just as often “Arabized” versions of popular reality series and quiz shows. Although advertising rates are low, proper ratings scarce and the long-term future of many stations is open to question, in many respects the Arab TV landscape is a much more familiar place, and far less dogmatic overall, than most Americans imagine. * * * For an American viewer, Al-Lailah ma’ Moa’taz has a familiar feel: The opening titles dissolve into a broad overhead shot of the audience. The host strides on stage, waves to the bandleader, and launches into a monologue heavy on jokes about politicians and celebrities.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Broadcasting Services Back to Contents 2 Vol
    Satellite Broadcasting Services Back to Contents 2 Vol. 2 No. 3 TABLE OF June 2004 Click on the title to go CONTENTS directly to the story COVER STORY FEATURES (photo: Paramount ) 11/ Who Will Own the 13/The Latest 15/ BBC Promises 17/ Next Generation Video HDTV Services Entereprise? Trek on Enterprise By Alan Gottlieb By Bruce Elbert By Chris Forrester By David Gillies . Many operators see the Bruce Elbert show how to The BBC is favoring Industry consultant David Enterprise Market as an tap into the potentially satellite delivery of HDTV. Gillies discuss the enormous and potentially lucrative Enterprise implications of next untapped source of revenue, yet Market. generation video services few comprehend the complexity using MPEG4 to satellite of the challenge they face as they operators and broadcasters. attempt to penetrate it. REGIONAL EXECUTIVE UPDATE SPOTLIGHT REGULAR DEPARTMENTS 3 / Note from the Editor 21/NileSat Wants New 23/ Interview with SES 4 / Calendar of Events Slot Americom Senior VP Bryan McGuirk 5/ Industry News By Chris Forrester By Virgil Labrador 8/ New Products and Services 10/ Executive Moves SES Americom’s Egypt-based operator, 26/ Market Intelligience: Satellite Interoperability NileSat is seeking a new recently appointed SVP orbital slot as well as new for Domestic Services, (presented by the Global VSAT Forum) equity partners. Bryan McGuirk spoke to SatMagazine on 28/ Stock Monitor opportunities and challenges in the North 28/ Advertisers' Index American market. Vol.2 No. 3 June 2004 SATMAGAZINE.COM Back to Contents 3 NOTES FROM THE EDITOR Published monthly by Satnews Publishers 800 Siesta Way, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA The Plot Thickens Phone (707) 939-9306 Fax (707) 939-9235 Just two weeks after the acquisition by buyout E-mail: [email protected] specialist KKR of the third-largest satellite Website: www.satmagazine.com operator, PanAmSat, the second largest operator, EDITORIAL Intelsat has acknowledged that it has received Silvano Payne interest from an unspecified party to invest in or Publisher buy the company.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Geosynchronous Objects
    esoc European Space Operations Centre Robert-Bosch-Strasse 5 D-64293 Darmstadt Germany T +49 (0)6151 900 www.esa.int CLASSIFICATION OF GEOSYNCHRONOUS OBJECTS Produced with the DISCOS Database Prepared by T. Flohrer & S. Frey Reference GEN-DB-LOG-00195-OPS-GR Issue 18 Revision 0 Date of Issue 3 June 2016 Status ISSUED Document Type TN European Space Agency Agence spatiale europeenne´ Abstract This is a status report on geosynchronous objects as of 1 January 2016. Based on orbital data in ESA’s DISCOS database and on orbital data provided by KIAM the situation near the geostationary ring is analysed. From 1434 objects for which orbital data are available (of which 2 are outdated, i.e. the last available state dates back to 180 or more days before the reference date), 471 are actively controlled, 747 are drifting above, below or through GEO, 190 are in a libration orbit and 15 are in a highly inclined orbit. For 11 objects the status could not be determined. Furthermore, there are 50 uncontrolled objects without orbital data (of which 44 have not been cata- logued). Thus the total number of known objects in the geostationary region is 1484. In issue 18 the previously used definition of ”near the geostationary ring” has been slightly adapted. If you detect any error or if you have any comment or question please contact: Tim Flohrer, PhD European Space Agency European Space Operations Center Space Debris Office (OPS-GR) Robert-Bosch-Str. 5 64293 Darmstadt, Germany Tel.: +49-6151-903058 E-mail: tim.fl[email protected] Page 1 / 178 European Space Agency CLASSIFICATION OF GEOSYNCHRONOUS OBJECTS Agence spatiale europeenne´ Date 3 June 2016 Issue 18 Rev 0 Table of contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Sources 4 2.1 USSTRATCOM Two-Line Elements (TLEs) .
    [Show full text]
  • Internet on the Nile : Egypt Case Study
    INTERNET ON THE NILE: EGYPT CASE STUDY March 2001 This report was drafted by Tim Kelly and Guy Girardet of the ITU and Magda Ismail, formerly of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technol- ogy, (MCIT) Egypt, and now working at the Centre for International Develop- ment, Harvard University, USA. The authors can be contacted, by email at [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]. The report was edited by Michael Minges and Vanessa Gray. Valuable comments were provided by Amr Abdel Kader of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. This report was based on a research visit to Egypt carried out in May 2000. A list of interviewees is contained in Annex 1 to this report. The authors would like to thank all those who contributed and commented on the report. This report is one of a series of six Internet diffusion case studies undertaken by the ITU during 2000. Other studies cover Bolivia, Hungary, Nepal, Singapore and Uganda. For more information, see the web site at www.itu.int/ti/casestudies. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ITU or its membership or the government of Egypt. © ITU 2001 ii Contents 1. Country background ............................................................ 1 1.1 Overview............................................................................. 1 1.2 Demography ........................................................................ 1 1.3 Economy ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Space Commerce
    Foreword from the Secretary of Commerce As the United States seeks opportunities to expand our economy, commercial use of space resources continues to increase in importance. The use of space as a platform for increasing the benefits of our technological evolution continues to increase in a way that profoundly affects us all. Whether we use these resources to synchronize communications networks, to improve agriculture through precision farming assisted by imagery and positioning data from satellites, or to receive entertainment from direct-to-home satellite transmissions, commercial space is an increasingly large and important part of our economy and our information infrastructure. Once dominated by government investment, commercial interests play an increasing role in the space industry. As the voice of industry within the U.S. Government, the Department of Commerce plays a critical role in commercial space. Through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Department of Commerce licenses the operation of commercial remote sensing satellites. Through the International Trade Administration, the Department of Commerce seeks to improve U.S. industrial exports in the global space market. Through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, the Department of Commerce assists in the coordination of the radio spectrum used by satellites. And, through the Technology Administration's Office of Space Commercialization, the Department of Commerce plays a central role in the management of the Global Positioning System and advocates the views of industry within U.S. Government policy making processes. I am pleased to commend for your review the Office of Space Commercialization's most recent publication, Trends in Space Commerce. The report presents a snapshot of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 8. Qatar: a Small Country with a Global Outlook1 Ehab Galal
    R Global Communications Global Communications Arab Media Systems EDITED BY CAROLA RICHTER AND CLAUDIA KOZMAN EDITED BY CAROLA RICHTER AND CLAUDIA KOZMAN ICHTER This volume provides a compara� ve analysis of media systems in the Arab world, AND based on criteria informed by the historical, poli� cal, social, and economic factors infl uencing a country’s media. Reaching beyond classical western media system K Arab Media Systems OZMAN Arab Media typologies, brings together contribu� ons from experts in the fi eld of media in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to provide valuable insights into the heterogeneity of this region’s media systems. It focuses on trends in government stances towards media, media ownership models, technological ( innova� on, and the role of transna� onal mobility in shaping media structure and EDS Systems prac� ces. ) Each chapter in the volume traces a specifi c country’s media — from Lebanon to A Morocco — and assesses its media system in terms of historical roots, poli� cal and legal frameworks, media economy and ownership pa� erns, technology and infrastructure, and social factors (including diversity and equality in gender, age, ethnici� es, religions, and languages). This book is a welcome contribu� on to the fi eld of media studies, cons� tu� ng the only edited collec� on in recent years to provide a comprehensive and systema� c RAB overview of Arab media systems. As such, it will be of great use to students and M scholars in media, journalism and communica� on studies, as well as poli� cal scien� sts, sociologists, and anthropologists with an interest in the MENA region.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Transponders and Free Expression Monroe Price University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (ASC) Annenberg School for Communication 2012 Orbiting Hate? Satellite Transponders and Free Expression Monroe Price University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers Part of the Speech and Rhetorical Studies Commons Recommended Citation (OVERRIDE) Price, M. (2012). “Orbiting Hate? Satellite Transponders and Free Expression” in Michael Herz and Peter Molnar, (eds.), The Content and Context of Hate Speech: Rethinking Regulation and Responses (pp. 514-537). Cambridge University Press. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/725 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Orbiting Hate? Satellite Transponders and Free Expression Disciplines Communication | Social and Behavioral Sciences | Speech and Rhetorical Studies This book chapter is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/725 26 Orbiting Hate? Satellite Transponders and Free Expression Monroe E. Price I. INTRODUCTION In this chapter, I deal with the consequences of two significant changes: an expan- sion – a rather substantial one – in the categorization of various kinds of expression under the loose rubric of “hate speech” and simultaneously the increasing use of satellites to hurl this speech around the world. I examine a series of case studies dealing with programming transmitted by satellite that is connected to division and conflict – in these cases, conflict mostly related to societies in the Middle East. One might anticipate that regulatory crises occur when organized and often status quo-disruptive senders shape a persistent and effective set of messages to be transmitted within a society and/or across national boundaries as part of an overall effort to gain substantial influence on target populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Contradictions and Challenges in the Middle East
    34_36_37.qxd 04/05/2007 12:01 Page 2 Middle East overview he Middle East is the one of the most vibrant satellite Tmarkets on the planet, with two strong rivals working hard to win television business, and two enthu- siastic newcomers perhaps looking to upset the status quo. But it is also a region in turmoil, at least for the long- standing pay-TV operators, which have had a tough time in building subscriber numbers - not surprising when there are hundreds of free-to-air channels available across the region. The two long-established satellite players, ArabSat and Nilesat, are having - it is fair to say - a wonderful time. Business is simply booming with capacity territory now, especially in C- very much a seller's market, which has led Band, and next year's launch of Badr- to good commercial rates for transponder 6 will have improved C-Band coverage capacity. Last year, February 2006, over Africa, and to cover as far East as ArabSat suffered the catastrophic total Pakistan, as well as covering about loss of ArabSat 4A, which dramatically 80% of the African continent.” slowed down expansion plans. But spirits Part of Arabsat's buoyancy is the are considerably cheerier now that it has knowledge that Arabsat 4A is being ArabSat 4B (now dubbed BADR 4) replaced on a fast-track build programme in position (launched last November), (and will be dubbed Badr-6), and to all bringing much-needed extra capacity to intents and purposes it is Arabsat 4A-R, its fleet. with a few minor tweaks to reflect market Contradictions and challenges in the Middle East The Middle East is a vibrant market for satellite operators, but it is also a region in turmoil, especially for pay-TV providers, argues Chris Forrester “For some years now, operators have changes.
    [Show full text]