A12 Nada Zecevic.Vp

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A12 Nada Zecevic.Vp Zbornik radova Vizantolo{kog instituta HßÇÇÇ, 2006 Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’etudes byzantines XßIIÇ, 2006 UDK 327:94Š(496.5:497.11)“14” Nada Ze~evi} PRVI BRAK DESPOTA LEONARDA III TOKO U radu se razmatraju pitawa direktnih motiva i {ire zainteresovanosti za ugovarawe braka izme|u despota Leonarda III Toko (1449–1479) i Milice, k}erke despota Lazara Brankovi}a i Jelene Paleolog, sklopqenog 1. maja 1463. godine u Dubrovniku. Istorijska analiza, zasnovana uglavnom na dokumentarnim podacima, ali i nekolicini narativnih izve{taja nastalih u vreme blisko skla- pawu braka, navodi na zakqu~ak da je, uprkos evidentnom umawivawu zna~aja te veze, ~emu su neki krugovi izve{ta~a pribegavali, woj u vreme sklapawa ipak bio pridavan {iri politi~ki zna~aj, te da je korist od ovog kratkotrajnog braka Leonardo III Toko imao i posle Mili~ine smrti. Dana 1. maja 1463. godine u velikoj sali Rektorove palate u Dubrovniku sklopqen je brak izme|u Milice Brankovi}, k}erke po~iv{eg srpskog despota Lazara (1456–1458), i Leonarda III Toko (1448–1479), latinskog despota jon- skih ostrva.1 Narativna dela, nastala nekoliko decenija nakon ovoga doga|aja, od stra- ne osoba koje su prostorno i donekle li~no bile bliske supru`nicima,2 opi- 1 Informativno o vladavini Leonarda III Toko (1449–1479), W. Miller, The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566) (New York — Cambridge, 1964repr), 483–486; D. M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479 (Cambridge, MA 1984), 210–213. Za izvore, literaturu i komentare o Leonardovoj tituli B. Ferjan~i}, Despoti u Vizantiji i ju`noslovenskim zemqama (Beograd, 1960), 85–87. N. Ze~evi}, Bra~ni ugovor Leonarda III Toko i Milice Brankovi}, Stari srpski arhiv 4 (Spomenica profesora Milo{a Blagojevi}a) (2005) 229–230. 2 T. Spandugnino, De la origine deli Imperatori Ottomani, ordini de la Corte, forma del guerreg- giare loro religione, rito, et costumi de la natione, in Documents inedits relatifs a l’histoire de la Grece au Moyene Age, ed. G. Sathas (Paris, 1890), vol. 9, 166; novije izdawe na engleskom, D. M. Nicol, Theo- dore Spandounes: On the Origin of the Ottoman Empire (Cambridge, 1997), 40; H. de Busac,œChroniqueŒ, in E. Brayer — V. Laurent,œLe Vaticanus Latinus 4789: Histoire et alliences des Cantacuzenes aux XIV–XV siecles,Œ Revue des Etudes Byzantines 9 (1951) 71; G. Musachi (saise~cimaizdelaSpan- duwina i komentarima K. Muzakija), œBreve Memoria de li Discendenti de nostra casa Musachi,Œ in Chroniques greco-romanes inedits ou peu connues publiees avec notes et tables genealogiques, ed. K. Hopf (Athens,1961repr), 294 i 303 (=Musachi) (me{aju}i Milicu sa wenom tetkom po majci, Zojom). Ovi izvori nastali su do druge dekade XVI veka, a wihovi autori, mada su dolazili iz razli~i- tih geosocijalnih sfera koje su stajale pod romejskim uticajem, bili su pripadnici prve izbe- gli~ke generacije sa Istoka koja je uto~i{te na{la na Apeninskom poluostrvu. Zanimqivo je is- 156 Nada Ze~evi} suju ovaj brak istovetno, kao zna~ajnu dinasti~ku alijansu.3 Za wih, ova veza predstavqa savez izme|u Leonarda, pripadnika mo}ne napuqske porodice ~iji su preci vladali jo{ i Epirom, te delovima Peloponeza, sa Milicom, koja je, osim {to je dolazila iz srpske dinastije Brankovi}, imala korene i u vizan- tijskoj carskoj porodici, budu}i da je po majci bila unuka despota Tome, jed- nog od dvojice mla|ih sinova cara Manojla II Paleologa, koji su do 1460. godi- ne vladali posledwim romejskim enklavama na Peloponezu.4 Me|utim, nasuprot pomenutim narativnim izve{tajima, zvani~ni doku- menti dubrova~kih institucija, nastali u vreme kada je brak sklopqen, o ovoj vezi govore druga~ije.5 [turost wihovog iskaza i usputno navo|ewe bra~nih strana tako su uo~qivi da se sti~e utisak kako wegovo sklapawe nije predsta- vqalo ni{ta vi{e od obi~nog porodi~nog povezivawa pripadnika Dubrov~a- nima ne naro~ito zanimqivih suseda.6 Kontrast izme|u nagla{avawa zna~aja braka u pomenutim narativnim delima i generalne oskudnosti dubrova~kih zvani~nih izvora iz vremena wegovog sklapawa isti~e se i kontradiktorno{}u detaqa iz, do danas, najiscrpnijeg neposrednog izve{taja o ovoj vezi — bra~nog ugovora supru`nika, sklopqenog istog dana kada je obavqeno i ven~awe.7 Iz wega, na jednoj strani, jasno proizlazi zakqu~ak da je sklapawe braka nesumwi- vo bio zna~ajan dru{tveni doga|aj u Dubrovniku tog vremena: obredu ven~awa ta}i da su se sva trojica autora pozivala na li~ne direktne porodi~ne veze sa ~lanovima porodi- ca Toko i Brankovi}. 3 U stale{kom pogledu, ovaj brak dobar je primer povezivawa mlado`ewe ni`eg ranga sa nevestom iz istaknutije porodice, nepisanog pravila statusnog napredovawa u regionu tog vre- mena. O tome v. H. Bresc, Europe: Town and Country (Thirteenth–Fifteenth Century), in A History of the Family, eds. A. Burguiere, C. Klapisch-Zuber, M. Segalen, F. Zonabend (Cambridge, MA, 1996) 451. 4 D. Zakythinos, Le despotat grec de Moree (1262–1460), vol.1(Paris, 1932), 119; 204–297; 351–358; I. \uri}, Sumrak Vizantije: vreme Jovana VIII Paleologa 1392–1448 (Zagreb, 19892), 46–47. 5 Detaqan navod dubrova~kih referenci koje pomiwu boravak Milicine majke Jelene Pa- leolog u Dubrovniku (a sa wom verovatno i Milice), u D. Dini}-Kne`evi}, Sremski Brankovi}i, Istra- `ivanja 4 (1975) 24–25, nn. 99–105. Dana 1. i 2. maja 1463. nijedno dubrova~ko ve}e nije zabele`i- lo svoj rad (1. maj je padao u nedequ), a jedina direktnija vest o pripremama za svadbu jeste odlu- ka iz 30. aprila 1463, Dubrova~ki arhiv (=DA), Diversa Cancellariae, vol. 71, fol.32r (mikrofilm Di- versa Cancellariae, II/7/11, Arhiv SANU u Beogradu), kojom se Jeleni za tu priliku daje finansij- ska pomo}, te joj se ustupa sala Velikog ve}a. Na sli~an na~in sled doga|aja bele`i i nastavak de- la Croniche di Ragusa Giugnii Resti, in Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium, vol. 25, ed. S. Nodilo (Zagreb, 1893) (=Resti}ev nastavlja~), 361. 6 [turost dubrova~kih izvora generalno po pitawu Brankovi}a u to vreme, Dini}-Kne`e- vi}, Sremski Brankovi}i, 24, tuma~i kao pokazateq prestanka interesovawa Dubrov~ana za tu poro- dicu usled wenog politi~kog kraha. 7 Tekst latinskog dokumenta koji se danas ~uva kao deo porodi~nog legata u Archivio di Stato di Napoli (=ASN), Archivio di Tocco di Montemiletto (=ATM), busta 1: Privilegi, perg. no. 57, ob- javqen je u N. Ze~evi}, Bra~ni ugovor, 210–216 (samo za tekst dokumenta =Ugovor). Ovom prili- kom upu}ujem na pogre{ku nastalu prilikom {tampawa arhivske signature navedene edicije do- kumenta (Ze~evi}, Bra~ni ugovor, 209, umesto „perg. no. 64Œ treba da stoji „perg. no. 57Œ). O pro- ceduri sklapawa braka u Dubrovniku i Italiji tokom XV veka, v. D. Dini}-Kne`evi}, Polo`aj `ene u Dubrovniku u XIII i XIV veku (Beograd, 1974), 71–72 (sa napomenama o srpsko-vizantijskoj praksi); V. ^u~kovi}, Porodica i porodi~ni odnosi u srednjevjekovnom Dubrovniku, Godi{njak pravnog fakulteta u Sarajevu XXXI (1983) 267–282; Z. Janekovi}-Romer, Rod i grad: dubrova~ka obitelj od XIII do XV stolje}a (Dubrovnik, 1994), 60–62. Prvi brak despota Leonarda III Toko 157 prisustvovao je veliki broj uglednih svedoka, kao i visokih zvanica „latin- skog, gr~kog i slovenskog jezika,Œ8 a neobi~no elaborirane formule obe}awa o uzajamnom po{tovawu budu}ih supru`nika tako|e pokazuju da je brak bio vi- |en kao veza od posebnog zna~aja.9 Ipak, neki detaqi iz bra~nog ugovora jedna- ko nedvosmisleno ukazuju na ne{to drugo. Uslovi braka i ven~awe utana~eni su u evidentnoj `urbi, svega nekoliko dana pre obavqawa samog ~ina stupawa u brak,10 prilikom ne{to sve~anije ceremonije, daleko mawe rasko{ne od pre- i post-nupcijalnih proslava, kakve bi trebalo da prate jedan ovakav doga|aj,11 dok su tro{kovi za slavqe bili skromni i, kako izgleda, najve}im delom pod- mireni od strane dubrova~kih vlasti.12 Neobi~nost sklapawa ovoga braka ogleda se i u odsutnosti mlado`ewe, te ~iwenici da su umesto wega brak sklo- pili wegovi opunomo}eni izaslanici,13 dok te`inu iskqu~ive deklaracije o saglasnosti obe strane na bra~ni `ivot prema kanonima katoli~ke crkve i za- konima Svetog Rimskog Carstva izazivaju naznake vizantijske pravne prakse, kojima se odre|uju neka pitawa polo`aja budu}e Leonardove supruge.14 8 Ugovor, 215–216, red. 190–195 (reference na redove prate savremeno izdawe). 9 Za ove formule Ugovor, 211, red. 27–35, 212–213, 78–90, i komentar, str. 224, nap. 10. Za sli~ne formule u drugim va`nim brakovima sklopqenim u Dubrovniku XV veka, Janekovi}-Ro- mer, Rod i grad, 61. 10 Mada postoje indicije da se o ovom braku generalno razmatralo u ranu jesen 1462. (v. dole, str. 12–14), hronologija wegovog sklapawa koju otkrivaju Ugovor, str. 211, red 8 i DA, Di- versa Cancellariae, vol. 71, fol.32r,jasnopokazujedasuneposrednepripremezabrakizvr{enezama- we od dve sedmice, u periodu nakon 11. aprila 1463, a pre 30. aprila iste godine. Cf. J. Tadi}, Pro- met putnika u starom Dubrovniku (Dubrovnik, 1939), 98, i \. To{i}, Posqedwa bosanska kraqica Ma- ra, Zbornik za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine 3 (2002) 40. O `urbi strana Toko i Brankovi} tako|e svedo~i i hronolo{ka podudarnost pravnog ~ina (contractio matrimonii) i ceremonijalnog dela ven- ~awa, ~inova u drugim slu~ajevima obi~no razdvojenih mesecima pa i godinama.
Recommended publications
  • Helena Palaiologina (1431-1473) 1
    The last Serbian queen: Helena Palaiologina (1431-1473) 1 The last Serbian queen: Helena Palaiologina (*1431- +1473) Galo Garcés Ávalos / University of Lima “In October of the same year [1446], Lady Helene, Lord Thomas’ daughter, departed from Glarentza to travel to Serbia in order to marry Lazar, the son of despot Lord George. The marriage was celebrated.” George Sphrantzes, Chronicle.1 1 SPHRANTZES, George. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401-1477. Translated by Marios Philippides. University of Massachusetts Press (Amherst, 1980), p. 56. Serbian Byzantine Society https://serbianbyzantine.wordpress.com/ The last Serbian queen: Helena Palaiologina (1431-1473) 2 This was not the first time a Byzantine married a Serbian. On February 7, 1392, the young lady Jelena Dragaš arrived in Constantinople, the bride-to-be of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos (1391-1425). A grand-niece of the great Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan, and daughter of one of the last great lords of the remnants of the Serbian Empire in Central Greece, she would be the last empress-mother of Byzantium, and the mother of the last Palaeologi.2 Her granddaughter, following her example, would become the last Despoina of Serbia.3 Helena’s father, Thomas, was the youngest son of Manuel II Palaiologos and the last Byzantine Despot to rule over the Morea, as well as a fierce advocate of the Union between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, which he considered was the path for the ultimate salvation of Byzantium. Her mother, Aikaterine Asanina- Zaccaria, was the daughter of the last ruler of Latin Achaea, Centurione Zaccaria, vassal of Ladislas d’Anjou-Durazzo, King of Naples and lord of what remained of Frankish Morea.4 Serbo-Byzantine marriages had occurred many times in the past years, when the Empire was still vast and powerful.
    [Show full text]
  • Venetian Plans Against Mehmed Ii: the Proposals of 'Machomet Bey' and the Case of Yakub Pasha
    APPENDIX I VENETIAN PLANS AGAINST MEHMED II: THE PROPOSALS OF 'MACHOMET BEY' AND THE CASE OF YAKUB PASHA Sometime in the summer of 1469, probably in July, the Council of Ten of the Venetian Republic received a letter from Leonardo III Tocco, Despot of Santa Maura and Cephalonia, passing on to Ven­ ice proposals for cooperation from a certain 'Machomet bey' , Sancakbey ('flambolaro') of Angelokastron.! The Council of Ten replied on the 5th ofAugust of the same year. Leonardo Tocco's original letter does not survive, but its contents are reproduced in the registers of the Council ofTen, following the Council's answer. This letter also con­ tained fragments of the original letter, addressed from 'Machomet Bey' to Leonardo Tocco. Leonardo Tocco's communication, as reproduced in the answer ofthe Council ofTen, contains some background information on this 'Machomet bey'. From this letter we learn that he was son of a cer­ tain 'Famiani' or 'Ftamiani' , ex-'dominus' of Thessaloniki.f Leonardo Tocco's letter also informs us that 'Machomet Bey' had served as Sancakbey of Lesbos. He had also served faithfully Sultan Mehmed II in the campaigns ofLesbos and Karaman." However, despite his serv­ ices to the Sultan, 'Machomet Bey' was then dismissed from his of­ fice in an insulting way." For this reason he swore to take revenge on Mehmed II, to do anything in his power to harm him, and to treat him as an enemy.P In order to placate 'Machomet bey', Mehmed II offered him the Sancak of the Morea, but the bey asked for that of 'Argyrokastron' in order to be able to make contacts with Leonardo III Tocco, who also had reasons to wish to harm the Sultan." I ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.123r-v.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Byzantinischen Kaiser
    Die Byzantinischen Kaiser Genealogie und Herrschaft Byzantinisches Reich: Byzantinischer Kaisertitel „Augustus„ seit 867 „Basileus“ Imperator Kaiserin „Augusta„ Theodosius - Dynastie Kaiser Flavius Arkadius, * 377 in Spanien. Sohn von Kaiser Theodosius I. von Byzanz u. Aelia Arkadius Flaccilla. Bruder des Weströmischen Kaisers Honorius. Spanier 395 - 408 * 377 Imperator Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus † 1. 5. 408 Nach dem Tode seines Vaters endgültige Reichsteilung in Ost- u. Westreich. Mitkaiser im Osten Roms seit 19. Januar 383. Kaiser von Byzanz seit 17. Januar 395 - 1. Oströmischer Kaiser - Geistig zurückgeblieben u. abhängig von seinen Ratgebern. Er war der hilfloseste Kaiser auf dem byzantinischen Thron. Erließ mehrere Gesetze gegen Häresien. Kaiser Arkadius Seine Ratgeber: Rufinus, Prätorianerpräfekt, vermutlich der Initiator des Massakers in Thessalonike von 390, der selbst den Kaiserthron erstrebte und versuchte seine Tochter mit Arkadius zu vermählen. Unbeliebt bei der Armee, † am 27. November 396, während einer Parade ermordet. Eutropius, ehemaliger Sklave, entmannter Prostituierter, Haushofmeister, hintertrieb das Vorhaben des Rufinus (den Kaiser mit dessen Tochter zu vermählen) und konnte während dessen Abwesenheit die Verlobung mit Eudoxia herbeiführen. 399 zum Konsul erhoben, † 400 wegen Fehlentscheidungen hingerichtet. Anthemius, Prätorianerpräfekt. Gute Beziehungen zum Sassanidenreich. Usurpator: Gainas (383-388). Feldherr, ließ vermutlich Rufinus ermorden und verlangte vom Kaiser die Überlieferung des Eutropius. Er unternahm eine Palastrevolte und wurde schließlich vom kaisertreuen Heer geschlagen, fiel dem Hunnenkönig Uldin in die Hände und wurde im Jahr 400 enthauptet. Ehe am 27. April 395 mit der Gotin Aelia Eudoxia I., * um 375, † am 6. Oktober 404 nach einer Fehlgeburt, Tochter des heidnischen Rhetors Leontios Bautogast von Athen, als welche sie Athenais hieß. Seit 400 Augusta.
    [Show full text]
  • Enea Ritrova Eleno E Andromaca Enea Gjen Përsëri Eleno Dhe Andromakën
    pagina 1 Anno 17 n.1 Febbraio 2019 Anno 17 Distribuzione gratuita in: Mensile di attualità e cultura italo-albanese Albania, Australia, Numero 1 Belgio, Canada, Germania, Direttore editoriale: Hasan Aliaj Grecia, Francia, Italia, Febbraio 2019 Stati Uniti e Svizera Enea ritrova Eleno e Andromaca Enea gjen përsëri Eleno dhe Andromakën Matrimonio di Preparato da HASAN ALIAJ dal nemico nel sacrificio, e non preda, Përgatitur nga HASAN ALIAJ e Simoenta të re (lumi afër Trojës) për të né del suo vincitore serva, né moglie! Io bërë një sakrificë solemne të varreve dhe, Giovanni Castriota, “Appena mi vide venire e dopo l’incendio di Troja, e dopo aver va- “Sapo më pa duke ardhur dhe si zakonisht, kishte ndërtuar një grumbull riconobbe me, parve che vedesse gato per tanti mari destinata ormai a ser- më njohu, dukej se shihte diçka të madh midis dy areve të mëdha të tufës cosa prodigiosa, perché stupita vire, fui costretta a subire il giogo ed il të mrekullueshme, duke qënë se së gjelbër, monument loti dhe dhimbje; në figlio di Scanderbeg e forsennata rimase prima lusso della stirpe di Achille ed a sopport- ishte e habitur dhe e frikësuar të cilin, me dhuntitë e trishtuara dhe me immobile; quindi smorta e gelata are come sposo il suo superbo figlio Pirro. mbeti fillimisht pa lëvizur; pastaj, zëra të zymta që thërrasin shpirtin e madh Di ALESSANDRO CASTRIOTA SCANDERBEG cadde svenuta. Poi quando noi, Questi poi si invaghì di Ermione (figlia di e shurdhër dhe e akullt, ra pa të Hekorit, nderonte kujtimin e tij. Menelao e di Elena, la triste eroina) e lei dopo lungo tentativo, riuscimmo ndjenja.
    [Show full text]
  • Regesto Maior
    Silvia Ronchey Silvia Ronchey L’enigma di Piero L’enigma di Piero Regesto Maior Regesto Maior Qui chi lo desidera troverà allineate tutte le fonti, primarie e secondarie; esaminate e discusse in dettaglio tutte le prove; squadernato l'intero dossier indiziario di quest'indagine; messo a nudo l'ordito di testimonianze, di ipotesi di congetture che sono il rovescio e il sostegno della trama del libro. Perché il lettore possa sciogliere agevolmente le sigle e le abbreviazioni usate nei rimandi bibliograÞci interni al Regesto, viene fornita anche la Lista delle abbreviazioni già stampata nel libro Regesto Maior Indice Dal cuore delle tenebre ........................................................................................................8 Barrès ....................................................................................................................................9 Un signore addolorato, di grande aspetto ............................................................................11 Un intellettuale sulla cattedra di Pietro................................................................................16 Volti di Enea Silvio ..............................................................................................................19 Le spose occidentali ............................................................................................................22 L’allievo ..............................................................................................................................28 Johann David Passavant
    [Show full text]
  • Bbbs 33 (2007)
    33 2007 BULLETIN OF BRITISH BYZANTINE STUDIES BULLETIN OF BRITISH BYZANTINE STUDIES 33 ISSN 0265-162 2007 being the Bulletin of the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies Chairmen, Secretaries and Addresses of National Committees of the International Association of Byzantine Studies Albania: Dhorka Dhamo, Pellumb Xhufi, Rr Sulejman Pasha Pall 124, Shk. 3, Apart 37 Tirana-Albanie Australia: John Melville-Jones (President), Classics and Ancient History (M205) University of Western Australia, Crawley W.A. 6009, Australia; Kathleen Hay (Secretary) 104, Abbott Street, Sandringham, Victoria 3191, Australia; Lynda Garland (Treasurer) Austria: W. Hörander, Institut für Byzantinistik und Neograzistik der Universität Wien, Postgrasse 7, A-1010 Vienna, Austria Belgium: Anne Tihon (President); Jacques Noret (Vice-President and Treasurer); Caroline Mace (Secretary). Address of the Society for Byzantine Studies: Rue Ducale 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; address of the secretariat: Kardinaal Mercierplein 2, B3000 Leuven, Belgium Brazil: Angela Comnene, G. Kambani, 505 St Laurent Blvd, suite 106, Ottowa K1K4-4, Canada Bulgaria: Prof. Vassil Ghiuselev (President), University of Sofia "St Kliment Ohridski", Faculty of History, 15 Tsar Osvoboditel Bd., Room 40A, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria. Canada: Antony Littlewood, Dept. of Classical Studies, The University of Western Ontario, Talbot College, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7 Chile: Alejandro Zorbas, Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia, Centro de Estudios Bizaninos y Neohelenicos, Casilla 10136, Santiago, Chile China: Zhu Huan, Xu Jia-Lin, Wang Yue, History Dept., Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu Province, P. R. China Cyprus: Th. Papadopoullos, K. Kyrris, P.O. Box 22031, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus Czech Republic: R. Dostalova, V. Vavrinek, Institut des Études Grecques, Romaines et Latines pres l’Academie Tchecoslovaque des Sciences et Lettres, Lazarska 8, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic Denmark: K.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Ties and Written Multilingual Heritage of the Frankapani at the Dawn of the Early Modern Period
    Ivan Jurković Ivan Jurković Family Ties and Written Multilingual Heritage of the Frankapani at the Dawn of the Early Modern Period Pregledni rad Review article UDK 81’246.3:929.737Frankopan>”14/15” 929.737Frankopan:930.85>(4)”14/15” https://doi.org/10.32728/tab.17.2020.7 In the second half of the fifteenth and the first half of the sixteenth century the Frankapani of Krk, Senj, and Modruš were at the peak of their power. This family of Croatian counts was networked through marriage from the Adriatic to the Baltic Sea with Italian, Hungarian, Austrian, and German royal and aristocratic families. Their presence at the courts of their next of kin, as well as their in-laws, is therefore not surprising, whether it be the Roman Curia or the Hohenzollern Branderburger Palace in Berlin. In such a wide system of commu- nications, the Frankapani presented themselves to the European public as a multilingual family ready to promulgate not only the written heritage honoured during the Middle Ages in Croatia (Latin and Glagolitic), but also ready to adopt, promote, and disseminate the written heritage of their spouses (Italian, German, Hungarian).* Key words: the Frankapani of Krk, Senj, and Modruš, the German-Roman Breviary, the anti-Turkish speech Oratio pro Croatia, the translated epistles of Saint Paul Epistolae Pavli lingva Hvngarica donatae, prayer book Hortu- lus Animae, symbolic communication, (self)promotion, sixteenth century In late mediaeval and early modern times, not a soul in Western Christendom questioned the legend that Pope Gregory the Great (590–604) was descended from the Frankapani (It.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungary, Venice and the Ottoman Empire After the Fall of Negroponte
    SREDNJI VIJEK Alexandru Simon ISSN 0353-295X UDK 94(450 Venezia)“14“ RADOVI – Zavod za hrvatsku povijest 94(439)“14“ Vol. 42, Zagreb 2010. 94(497)“14“ Original scientific paper Crusading between the Adriatic and the Black Sea: Hungary, Venice and the Ottoman Empire after the Fall of Negroponte In early 1474, almost ten years had elapsed since Matthias Corvinus’ last and failed major anti-Ottoman attempt. The rather peculiar, given previous and later events and developments, Habsburg-Hunyadi ‘crusader’ plan of 1466-1467 had ended in the Transylvanian rebellion and the ensuing Moldavian campaign of king Matthias. Over the next years, the king focused on his Bohemian and Habsburg problems and claims, while the crusader plans drafted in 1471 were once again basically brought to a halt by another conspiracy against John Hunyadi’s son. Less than three years later, the Ottoman raid on Oradea (Nagyvarad, Grosswardein), as well as Venetian financial offers, compelled the king to re-take anti-Ottoman action. His unsuccessful negotiations with sultan Mehmed II (1472-1473), alongside the aid rendered during the Walachian- Moldavian conflict to Stephen III of Moldavia (1470/1471-1473), also brought back the king to the crusader frontline. While having to restore good connections to pope Sixtus IV, eager, in return to strengthen his Western credit by crusader actions and plans, Matthias Corvinus had also to deal with the Habsburg and Jagellonian attempts to weaken his position and diminish his influence in crusader matters too, in Hungary as well as in the neighboring areas. Newfound sources, namely Italian, Milanese in particular, archival data, provided the grounds for new perspectives on Matthias Corvinus’ Ottoman and anti-Ottoman actions in the mid 1470’.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Tocco: Seigneurs, Vassaux, Otages, Renegats
    GAMER, I, 1 (2012) s. 11-22 LES TOCCO: SEIGNEURS, VASSAUX, OTAGES, RENEGATS Elizabeth A. Zachariadou* Özet Toccolar: Derebeyler, Vasallar, Rehineler, Muhtediler Tocco Latin Hanedanının Batı Yunanistan’ın eski Bizans bölgelerine doğru yayılması Osmanlı’nın Trakya’ya genişlemesiyle aynı döneme rastlamaktadır. Çok geçmeden I. Carlo Tocco (ölümü 1429) ancak Sultan Bayezid döneminde Osmanlı’nın vasalı olması durumunda ayakta kalabileceklerinin farkına varmıştır. Carlo’nun torunları, önce Sultan I. Mehmed daha sonra Sultan II. Murad’ın sarayında rehine olarak hizmet etmişlerdir. Tocco Hanedanı Venedikliler ile Osmanlılar arasındaki savaşı sonlandıran 1479 antlaşmasıyla birlikte son bulmuştur. Ancak 1539’da Aya Mavra’nın Sancakbeyi Karluzade Hüseyinşah Bey idi. Tocco’lara ait bölgelerin adı vasal Carlo’ya atfen Osmanlılar tarafından Karluili ya da Karleli olarak adlandırılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tocco, Osmanlı, Yunanistan, Venedik Abstract The expansion of the Latin dynasty of the Tocco in the old Byzantine territories of western Greece coincided with the expansion of the Ottomans in Thrace. Soon Carlo I Tocco (died in 1429) realized that he could survive only if he accepted to become a vassal of the Ottomans, probably in the time of Sultan Bayezid I. The descendants of Carlo served as hostages in the court of the Sultans Mehemmed I and later Murad II. The dynasty of the Toccos disappeared with the end of the war between the Venetians and the Ottomans which finished with the treaty of 1479. However, a Karluzade Huseynşahbeğ was sancakbeği of Aya Mavra in 1539. The territories of the Toccos * Prof. Dr., University of Crete. Elizabeth A. Zachariadou were named by the Ottomans Karluili or Karleli after their vassal Carlo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latin Orient
    y^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/latinorienOOmill THE LATIN ORIENT HELPS FOR STUDENTS OF HISTORY, No. 37 Edited by C.Johnson, M.A., H. W. V. Temperley, M.A. and J. P. Whitney, D.D., D.C.L. THE LATIN ORIENT BY WILLIAM MILLER, M.A. HON. LL.D. IN THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF GREECE ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREECE AUTHOR OF "the LATINS IN THE LEVANT* ST. MICHAEL'S \ 0. \ COLLEGE / i:^ > LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. 1920 m ^o lo CONTENTS PAGE 1. The Crusading States in Palestine - - - 11 2. The Kingdom of Cyprus - - - - 17 3. The Prankish States in Greece - - - 23 4. The Venetian Colonies in Greece and Albania - 41 5. The Genoese Colonies - - - - - 61 6. The Knights of Rhodes - - - - 56 Bibliography - . - - - - 68 .rA5 THE LATIN ORIENT The Latin States, which arose in the Middle Ages in the Near East, may be divided into six groups: 1. The Crusading States in Palestine, which were the offspring of the First Crusade, and comprised: (a) The Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291). lb) The Principality of Antioch (1098-1188; the city till 1268). (c) The County of Edessa (1098-1144). (d) The County of Tripohs (1102-88; the city till 1289). 2. The Kingdom of Cyprus, which, founded by an accident, nominally continued the Kingdom of Jerusalem till it ended as a Venetian colony (1191- 1571). 3. The Frankish States, which sprang from the ruins of the Greek Empire as the result of the Fourth Crusade.
    [Show full text]
  • A Stroll Down the Historic Eras of Kefalonia
    A stroll down the historic eras of Kefalonia Αrchaeology An aition explaining the name of Cephallenia and reinforcing its cultural connections with Athens associates the island with the mythological figure of Cephalus, who helped Amphitryon of Mycenae in a war against the Taphians and Teleboans. He was rewarded with the island of Same, which thereafter came to be known as Cephallenia. Cephalonia has also been suggested as the Homeric Ithaca, the home of Odysseus, rather than the smaller island bearing this name today. Robert Bittlestone, in his book Odysseus Unbound, has suggested that Paliki, now a peninsula of Cephalonia, was a separate island during the late Bronze Age, and it may be this which Homer was referring to when he described Ithaca. A project which started in the Summer of 2007 and lasted three years has examined this possibility. Cephalonia is also referenced in relation to the goddess Britomartis, as the location where she is said to have ‘received divine honours from the inhabitants under the name of Laphria’. Αrchaeology In the Southwest of the island, in the area of Leivathos, an ongoing archaeological field survey by the Irish Institute at Athens has discovered dozens of sites, with dates ranging from the Palaeolithic to the Venetian period. From an archaeological point of view, Cephalonia is an extremely interesting island. Archaeological finds go back to 40,000 BP. Without doubt, the most important era for the island is the Mycenaean era, from approximately 1500-1100 B.C. The archaeological museum in Cephalonia’s capital Argostoli – although small – is regarded as the most important museum in Greece for its exhibits from this era.
    [Show full text]
  • Despre O Carte
    Alexandru Simon Matthias Corvinus’ Anti-Ottoman Policies in the Early 1470’: Political Patterns, Military Actions and Late Medieval Propaganda The ‘low-born’ contested king Matthias Corvinus was enthroned a crusader without having proven to be one. His was a crusader by blood, as the son of athlete John (Ioan/ Iancu, János) Hunyadi. It played a great role, especially on the continental level, ensuring Matthias the im-mediate support of Calixt III and the eventual aid of Pius II. It was both his lasting political safe-conduct (for he was expected to do great things) and political handicap (for his actions turned out to be no match for these expectations). From his failed anti-Ottoman plan of 1467, which helped sparkle the Transylvanian rebellion, a plan drafted together with his previous and future arch-enemy, then his adoptive father, Frederic(k) (Friedrich) III of Habsburg, to the Djem crisis, when he appeared both as the Christian Mars and the blood-relative of the sultans, his ‘crusa-der career’ was a constant and aware mixture of high-profile politically correct speech and equally useful compromise, grounded on the every-day frontier life with the Ottomans and on the limits and resources of the much challenged bulwark of Christendom, the Hungarian realm1. Matthias seemingly never forgot an aspect, which he, like many contemporary “analysts’ and politicians, overlooked in their discourses. Had it not been for the ‘miracle of Belgrade’, Hunyadi’s anti-Ottoman, in particular, career would have ended as a failure, after the defeats of Varna (1444) and Kossovopolje (1448), regardless of who was actually to blame for them.
    [Show full text]