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Venetian Plans Against Mehmed Ii: the Proposals of 'Machomet Bey' and the Case of Yakub Pasha

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Venetian Plans Against Mehmed Ii: the Proposals of 'Machomet Bey' and the Case of Yakub Pasha APPENDIX I VENETIAN PLANS AGAINST MEHMED II: THE PROPOSALS OF 'MACHOMET BEY' AND THE CASE OF YAKUB PASHA Sometime in the summer of 1469, probably in July, the Council of Ten of the Venetian Republic received a letter from Leonardo III Tocco, Despot of Santa Maura and Cephalonia, passing on to Ven­ ice proposals for cooperation from a certain 'Machomet bey' , Sancakbey ('flambolaro') of Angelokastron.! The Council of Ten replied on the 5th ofAugust of the same year. Leonardo Tocco's original letter does not survive, but its contents are reproduced in the registers of the Council ofTen, following the Council's answer. This letter also con­ tained fragments of the original letter, addressed from 'Machomet Bey' to Leonardo Tocco. Leonardo Tocco's communication, as reproduced in the answer ofthe Council ofTen, contains some background information on this 'Machomet bey'. From this letter we learn that he was son of a cer­ tain 'Famiani' or 'Ftamiani' , ex-'dominus' of Thessaloniki.f Leonardo Tocco's letter also informs us that 'Machomet Bey' had served as Sancakbey of Lesbos. He had also served faithfully Sultan Mehmed II in the campaigns ofLesbos and Karaman." However, despite his serv­ ices to the Sultan, 'Machomet Bey' was then dismissed from his of­ fice in an insulting way." For this reason he swore to take revenge on Mehmed II, to do anything in his power to harm him, and to treat him as an enemy.P In order to placate 'Machomet bey', Mehmed II offered him the Sancak of the Morea, but the bey asked for that of 'Argyrokastron' in order to be able to make contacts with Leonardo III Tocco, who also had reasons to wish to harm the Sultan." I ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.123r-v. The first entry mentions 'Machomet bey' as 'flambolaro' of cArgirocastron' , something which is corrected by the Venetians in a later entry to that of 'Angelocastron' (ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.124v). 2 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.123r-v. Bozic, "Kolebanja", 162-163. 3 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.123v. 4 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.123v. 5 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.123v. 6 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.123v. Theoharis Stavrides - 9789004492332 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 02:41:55AM via free access VENETIAN PLANS AGAINST MEHMED II 403 'Machomet Bey' hoped that Tocco would be able to bring him into contact with Venice, the Pope or any other powerful Italian Signoria, in order to convey the following proposal: The Ottoman official could acquire from the Sultan the Sancak of the Morea any time that he would ask for it. From that position he could hand over to that Christian Signoria the castles of Coranto (Corinth), Mugli and Calaurita, which are 'the keys to the Morea'.7 'Machomet Bey' asked for Tocco's advice as to which Christian power or prince to contact and mentioned the Pope and Venice as possible candidates. It seems, however, that the Christian power aimed at was Venice, which at that time was conducting a war with the Ottomans in the Morea and would have been a prime candidate to accept this proposal. In return for his services, 'Machomet bey' demanded from Ven­ ice one safe-conduct in Latin and one in Greek. In this document it should be promised that he would be allowed to remain in his faith and not be molested or tempted to convert, that his sons and descend­ ants would be servants of the Venetian Signoria, and that after the conquest of the Morea he would receive halfof it, except for the castles and fortresses, all of which would remain in the possession of Ven­ ice. Moreover, he offered that if the Signoria gave him three thou­ sand soldiers, he would attack the Ottoman possessions in the Ro­ mania (ie. the southern Balkans) and would receive one third of all his conquests there, while Venice would get two-thirds." Then 'Machomet Bey' went on to alleviate any possible fears on the part ofVenice that he might hesitate to kill 'Turks', being a 'Turk' himself. For this he gave the examples of Mehmed II, who did not hesitate to fight against Karaman, killing innumerable 'Turks', and ofUzun Hasan, who kills 'Turks' daily. 'Machomet Bey' declared that if he had in his power fifty thousand 'Turks', subjects of Mehmed II, he would kill them all in one day, in order to perform a service to God and satisfy his will." Finally, 'Machomet Bey' asked from the Council of Ten absolute secrecy concerning their dealings, particu­ larly since the Sultan had two spies in Venice, whom he paid four thousand ducats a year, and who conveyed to him all the secrets of the city. Otherwise, the Signoria would miss this opportunity, and 'Machomet Bey' himself would lose his head. to 7 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, [123v. 8 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, [124r. 9 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, [I24r. 10 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, [l24r. Theoharis Stavrides - 9789004492332 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 02:41:55AM via free access 404 APPENDIX I Together with the affirmative answer of the Council of Ten and the safe-conduct requested by 'Machomet Bey', a formal Patens in the name of the Doge Cristoforo Moro was sent to Leonardo Tocco. In it the Signoria of Venice formally accepted 'Machomet Bey"s pro­ posal and vowed to keep absolute secrecy about the dealings. It is also interesting that the decision to accept the proposals was taken unanimously, sixteen to zero, a fact that points to the enthusiasm with which they were received at this particular time. II The correspondence between the Council of Ten and Leonardo Tocco was continued a few months later. On the 12th of February 1470, the Council ofTen wrote to Tocco expressing their doubts about the truth ofthe proposals, since they had no other proofbut the mere word of 'Machomet Bey'. 12 This was the last mention of 'Machomet Bey' in the Venetian archives. The information in the Venetian document is not enough to help us identify 'Machomet Bey' with any of the known high-ranking of­ ficials of the period of Mehmed II. What we learn about this person from the letter of Leonardo III Tocco to the Council of Ten is the following: First, we may infer that the Bey in question must have been a par­ ticularly powerful and highly-placed one. The Venetians call him 'magnificent and powerful lord' ('magnifico etpotenti domino') and in the letter of Leonardo III Tocco it is mentioned that he had been Sancakbey of the newly-conquered island of Lesbos .l'' Moreover, shortly after his dismissal Mehmed II tried to placate him by offering him the Sancak of the Morea. The mere fact that the Sultan tried to keep the Bey content shows that he must have been a man whom he held in high esteem. Furthermore, the offer of the particular Sancak of the Morea is indicative of the Bey's importance. At that time, the Morea had acquired increased importance since it constituted the main bone of contention between the Ottomans and the Venetians in the Turco­ Venetian war of 1463-1479. Being the main theatre of the war, the Morea could not have been entrusted to a minor bey. The fact that the Sancakbeys of the Morea in the 1460's were major Ottoman com­ manders, who had already distinguished themselves elsewhere, like Turahanoglu Orner Bey, constitutes further proof of the importance of that position. From the above considerations, it follows that this II ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.124v. 12 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.135r. 13 ASV, Consiglio dei Dieci, Misti, 17, f.123v. Theoharis Stavrides - 9789004492332 Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 02:41:55AM via free access VENETIAN PLANS AGAINST MEHMED II 405 'Machomet Bey' must have been a high official possessing great power and influence. In the letter to Leonardo III Tocco, the Bey in question mentions his lineage, saying that he was descended from a certain Famiani or Ftamiani, who was dominus of Thessaloniki.l! Unless this meant that he was the son of an Ottoman governor of the city, this would sug­ gest that the Bey may have been a descendant of a Byzantine aristo­ cratic family and that his ancestors included high Byzantine officials. The last Byzantine governor ofThessaloniki, from 1408 until the sale of the city to the Venetians in 1423, was Andronikos Palaiologos, brother ofJohn VIII and Constantine XL15 'Machomet Bey' says explicitly that he was the son of Famiani ('filio quondam famiani').16 However, we see no one with a name similar to Famiani/Ftamiani being governor in Thessaloniki for more than sixty years before 'Machomet Bey"s letter. The Bey who sent the proposals to Venice through the Despot of Santa Maura is an elusive one to identify. It is possible that he may have been using dissimulation, hiding his true identity, either in or­ der to sound the Venetians and to protect himself against the Sul­ tan's spies in Venice, or in order to deceive, for some reason, the recipients of his proposal. Ifwe take the information that he gives as correct, then the only things we know about him are that he was a high-standing Ottoman official, who held the office of Sancakbey of Lesbos for some time , and that of Sancakbey of Angelokastron, and that he was descended from a lord of Thessaloniki.
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