Ultrafast Processes in Molecules Visualized with Femtosecond Pump-Probe Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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Ultrafast Processes in Molecules Visualized with Femtosecond Pump-Probe Photoelectron Spectroscopy SCHRIFTENREIHE DES HZB · EXAMENSARBEITEN Ultrafast processes in molecules visualized with femtosecond pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy Torsten Leitner Dissertation Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung November 2012 HZB–B 37 Berichte des Helmholtz-Zentrums Berlin (HZB-Berichte) Das Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie gibt eine Serie von Berichten über Forschungs- und Entwicklungsergebnisse oder andere Aktivitäten des Zentrums heraus. Diese Berichte sind auf den Seiten des Zentrums elektronisch erhältlich. Alle Rechte an den Berichten liegen beim Zentrum außer das einfache Nutzungsrecht, das ein Bezieher mit dem Herunterladen erhält. Reports of the Helmholtz Centre Berlin (HZB-Berichte) The Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy publishes a series of reports on its research and development or other activities. The reports may be retrieved from the web pages of HZB and used solely for scientific, non-commercial purposes of the downloader. All other rights stay with HZB. ISSN 1868-5781 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5442/d0031 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie · Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 · D-14109 Berlin · Telefon +49 30 8062 0 · Telefax +49 30 8062 42181 · www.helmholtz-berlin.de Ultrafast processes in molecules visualized with femtosecond pump–probe photoelectron spectroscopy vorgelegt von Dipl.-Phys. Torsten Leitner aus Kirchham von der Fakult¨atII - Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universit¨at Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften -Dr.rer.nat.- genehmigte Dissertation angefertigt am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin f¨urMaterialien und Energie Institut f¨urMethoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Mario D¨ahne Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Wolfgang Eberhardt Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Alexander F¨ohlisch Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 01. November 2012 Berlin 2012 D83 Zusammenfassung Eine der großen Herausforderungen der modernen Wissenschaft ist es, die Chemie auf ihrer fundamentalen inter- und intra-molekularen Ebene zu verstehen. Das Elek- tron ist der Hauptakteur in chemischen Reaktionen und erfordert Untersuchungen auf fundamentalen L¨angen-und Zeitskalen im Nanometer- bzw. Femto- bis Picosekun- denbereich. Photoanregung ist ein vielfach in der Natur vorkommender Ausl¨oser f¨ur chemische Prozesse – ohne die M¨oglichkeit, das Sonnenlicht als Energiequelle zu nutzen, w¨are Leben wie wir es kennen nicht m¨oglich. Diese Arbeit untersucht Methoden zur Visualisierung der Interaktion von Licht mit der elektronischen Struktur von Molek¨ulensowie der Dynamik in der elektronsichen Struktur nach Photoanregung. Die Methode, um die Funktion des Elektrons zu un- tersuchen, war zeitaufgel¨ostePhotoelektronenspektroskopie (TRPES – time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy). Die Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Hauptteile: Teil I “Methoden und Instrumente”, in dem experimentelle Aufbauten und Werkzeuge vorgestellt werden, die in der ultraschnellen Photoelektronenspektroskopie zum Einsatz kommen, und Teil II “Experimente”, in dem drei konkrete Experimente zur elektronischen Struktur von Molek¨ulenvorgestellt und diskutiert werden. In Teil I wird die Implementierung und der Betrieb eines TRPES Aufbaus zur Unter- suchung ultraschneller Dynamik in elektronischen Strukturen detailliert dargestellt, der auf der Erzeugung Hoher Harmonischer eines Laser basiert. Desweiteren wird eine Hochtemperatur-Molek¨ul-Verdampfungsquelle vorgestellt, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelt wurde, und die TRPES Experimentieraufbauten werden erl¨autert, die f¨ur diese Arbeit am Max-Born-Institut in Berlin und am Freie Elektronen Laser FLASH in Hamburg, verwendet wurden. Die Herausforderungen und L¨osungen zur Durchf¨uhrung eines TRPES Experiments bei FLASH werden detailliert geschildert, insbesondere wird ein Schema zur pr¨azisen Bestimmung der Pump–Probe Zeiten vorgestellt, die bei FLASH von einer großen Schuss-zu-Schuss Schwankung der Licht- pulsankuftszeiten beinflusst sind. Teil II demonstriert die Verwendbarkeit von Photoelektronenspektroskopie zur Visu- alisierung der Dynamik der elektronischen Struktur von Molek¨ulen.Die M¨oglichkeit Schlussfolgerungen ¨uber die Symmetrieeigenschaften der Elektronendichteverteilung zu ziehen wird untersucht, indem die Polarisationsabh¨angigkeit eines zwei-Farben zwei-Photonen Ionisierungsprozesses mit einem theoretischen Modell verglichen wird. Die Visualisierung koh¨arenter Kern- und Elektronenwellenpaketoszillationen von NaI Molek¨ulenim angeregten Zustand mittels TRPES mit sub 100 fs Zeitaufl¨osungwird demonstriert und zeigt quantenmechanische E↵ekte, wie z.B. koh¨arente Uberlagerung¨ von Wellenpaketen, auf, die sich in der Koexistenz eines einzelnen Molek¨uls in ver- schiedenen intra-molekularen Abst¨anden widerspiegelt. Weiterhin wird ein Trans- fer des Wellenpakets zwischen verschiedenen intra-molekularen Potenzialen, folglich molekularen Zustanden, visualisiert. Zuletzt wird ein Experiment zur O↵enlegung der transienten elektronischen Struktur w¨ahrend der schrittweisen Photo-Dissoziation von iii Fe(CO)5 Molek¨ulenin der Gas-Phase vorgestellt, Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei auf der Entflechtung des komplexen TRPES Datensatzes bzw. der Trennung der ¨uberlap- penden Photoelektronenspektren, die von den im Laufe des Photo-Dissoziations- Prozesses auftretenden verschiedenen molekularen Spezies stammen. iv Abstract One of the grand challenges in modern science is understanding chemistry on a fun- damental inter- and intra-molecular scale. The principal player in chemical reactions is the electron and therefore, the fundamental scales to address are the sub to few nanometer length scale and the femto- to picosecond time scale. A widely occur- ring trigger for chemical reactions in nature is photo-excitation – without the ability of harvesting sunlight and using it for further chemical processes life as we know it would not be possible. Therefore, in order to contribute to understanding chem- istry on a fundamental level, methods for visualizing the interaction of light with the electronic structure of molecules and the dynamics in the electronic structure after photo-excitation are investigated in this thesis. The method of choice to address the function of the electron was time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES). The thesis is divided into two major parts: Part I “Methods and Instruments” where experimental setups and tools used for ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy are in- troduced and Part II “Experiments”, presenting and discussing three concrete exper- iments on electronic molecular structures. In Part I, the implementation and operation of a TRPES setup for investigating ultrafast electronic structure dynamics, based on laser high-harmonic generation, is discussed in detail. Furthermore, a high-temperature molecular evaporation source developed within the framework of this thesis is introduced and the TRPES setups used for this thesis at the Max-Born-Institute in Berlin and the free electron laser FLASH on the DESY site in Hamburg are detailed. The challenges and solutions for performing TRPES at FLASH are addressed in detail, especially a scheme for accurate pump–probe timing, which at FLASH underlies a large shot-to-shot arrival-time jitter. Part II demonstrates the usability of photo-electron spectroscopy for visualizing the dynamics of the electronic structure in molecules. The possibility of drawing con- clusions on symmetry properties of the electron density distribution is explored by comparing the polarization dependence of a two-color two-photon ionization process to an approximative theoretical model. The visualization of coherent nuclear and elec- tronic wave packet oscillations in excited state NaI molecules by means of TRPES with sub 100 fs time resolution is demonstrated, revealing quantum mechanical e↵ects like coherent superposition of wave packets reflected in the co-existence of a single molecule in several intra-molecular distances. Furthermore, a transfer of the molecular wave packet population between intra-molecular potentials, hence between molecu- lar states, is visualized. Lastly, an experiment on revealing the transient electronic structure during the step-wise photo-dissociation of Fe(CO)5 molecules in gas-phase is presented, with a focus on how to disentangle the complex TRPES data set and separate the overlapping photoelectron spectra arising from the di↵erent molecular species occurring during the photo-dissociation process. v vi Contents 1 Introduction 1 I Methods and Intruments 3 2 High-order Harmonic Generation at HZB 5 2.1 HHG as a three step process ...................... 6 2.2 The HHG setup at HZB ........................ 9 3 High-Temperature Sample Source 27 4 Pump-Probe Setup at the Max-Born-Institute Berlin 31 5 Pump-Probe Setup at the Free Electron Laser in Hamburg 33 II Experiments 41 6 Polarization Control in Two-Color Above Threshold Ionization 43 6.1 Polarization dependence ........................ 44 6.2 Theoretical model ........................... 46 6.3 Experiment ............................... 49 6.4 Results ................................. 51 6.5 Conclusion for this chapter ...................... 54 7 Coherent Nuclear and Electronic Wave Packet Dynamics in NaI 57 7.1 How it works .............................. 58 7.2 Experiment ............................... 65 7.3 Ultrafast auto-ionizing dissociation .................. 67 7.4 Coherent electronic
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