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The Importance of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform ISSN: 2641-9475 ONCOGEN Research Article 2019; 2(2): 7 The Importance of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR–FTIR) and Raman Biospectroscopy of Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi– Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) in Interpreting Infrared and Raman Spectra of Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tu- mors Alireza Heidari*1,2, Jennifer Esposito1, Angela Caissutti1 1Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA 2American International Standards Institute, Irvine, CA 3800, USA *Corresponding author: Graphical Abstract Alireza Heidari In the current research, structure of Single–Walled Carbon American International Standards Institute, Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes Irvine, CA 3800, USA (MWCNT) was investigated by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR–FTIR) and Raman spectrosco- Received : January 31, 2019 pies and it was combined with Carbon nanotubes to evaluate Published : March 12, 2019 its ability in act as radar absorber for interpreting infrared and Raman spectra of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors. In order to structurally characterize the sample and to determine characteristics related to degree of wave absorption by the sample, some analyses such as Back Scattering Raman, Atten- uated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Biospec- troscopy (ATR–FTIR), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Network An- alyzer (NA) were used. The structure of Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) was clearly observable through active modes of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of Single–Walled Carbon Raman spectra and results of X–Ray Diffraction (XRD). Accord- Nanotubes (SWCNT) with 90000x zoom. ing to Network Analyzer (NA) spectrum analysis, the effect of nanotubes on wave absorption characteristics of sample was determined for interpreting infrared and Raman spectra of hu- man cancer cells, tissues and tumors. Keywords: Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT), Multi– Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), Back Scattering Raman, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Biospectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), Raman Bio- spectroscopy, Network Analyzer (NA), Scanning Electron Mi- croscope (SEM), Interpreting, Infrared Spectra, Raman Spectra, Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors 3D simulation of Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT). Citation: Heidari A (2019). The Importance of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR–FTIR) and Raman Bio- spectroscopy of Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) in Interpreting Infrared and Raman Spectra of Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors. Oncogen 2(2): 7. 1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35702/onc.10007 ISSN: 2641-9475 Heidari A. 2019; 2(2): 7 Introduction cancers), Leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle cancers), Angio- sarcoma (blood vessel cancers), Mesothelioma (cancers of the Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled mesothelium, the tissues that line the chest and abdominal Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) are magnetics that are very use- cavities), Fibrosarcoma (cancers of fibrous tissues), Glioma ful due to their various applications and high electromagnetic and astrocytoma (cells of the connective tissue in the brain), efficiency in a wide range of frequency [1–12]. In recent years, Acute lymphocytic leukemias (ALL): These are cancers of white due to extraordinary use of electronic tools such as cellphone, blood cells known as lymphocytes, Chronic lymphocytic leu- private computers and radar systems, interference of elec- kemia (CLL), Acute myelocytic leukemias (AML): These are can- tromagnetic waves and its harmful effects have been widely cers of mature or immature cells known as myelocytes, such interested. As a result, investigation about electromagnetic as neutrophils, Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), Hodgkin wave absorbers are increasingly developed [12–15]. lymphoma, Non–Hodgkin lymphoma, Oral cancer: Roughly 85 percent of head and neck cancers are oral cancers. These Among wave absorbers, soft magnetic Single–Walled Carbon cancers may involve the mouth, the tongue, the tonsils, the Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes throat (the pharynx), and the nasal passageways, Laryngeal (MWCNT) can be an appropriate option in investigation about cancer: (cancer of the vocal cords), Ductal carcinoma in situ of wave absorbers because of having characteristics such as high the breast and lobular carcinoma in situ, Invasive (infiltrating) magnetic saturation, considerable Snoek’s limit, high mag- breast cancer (both ductal and lobular), Inflammatory breast netic coercivity, high chemical stability and resistance against cancer, Male breast cancer, Non–small cell lung cancer, Small corrosion [16, 17]. cell lung cancer, Mesothelioma, Esophageal cancer, Stomach Regarding the fact that Raman spectra can be considered as cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Liver cancer, Colon cancer, Anal can- finger print of each chemicals, the aim of the current study is to cer, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Prostate cancer, Testicular structurally investigate one of these chemicals called Single– cancer, Ovarian cancer (including germ cell tumors), Uterine Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled Car- cancer (endometrial cancer), Fallopian tube cancer, Cervical bon Nanotubes (MWCNT). Moreover, due to special physic– cancer, Thyroid cancer, Osteosarcoma (bone cancers), Kaposi’s chemical characteristics of Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes sarcoma: Kaposi’s sarcoma is a soft tissue cancer often seen in (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) such people with HIV/AIDS, Ewing’s sarcoma: Ewing’s sarcoma is a as low weight, resistance against corrosion, high mechanical bone cancer that primarily affects children, Hodgkin’s lympho- strength, high flexibility and unique electrical performance ma, Non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Acute lymphocytic leukemia [18–223], the effect of these nanotubes on radar absorption (ALL), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Acute myeloge- ability of Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and nous leukemia (AML), Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) was studied by Myeloma, Melanoma, Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, analyzing network analyzer (NA) spectrum for interpreting in- Basal cell carcinoma, By the grade of the tumor, By the stage of frared and Raman spectra of human cancer cells, tissues and the tumor, Non–hereditary cancer vs hereditary cancer, DNA/ tumors such as Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Myelomas, Leukemias, RNA molecular profiles. Lymphomas, Mixed types (including blastomas), Adenocarci- nomas: Adenocarcinomas begin in glandular cells that manu- Methodology facture fluids, such as breast milk, Squamous cell carcinomas: An analogy to describe cancer cells has been that of a car. The Examples of squamous cells include those in the top layer of growth of the cells can be pictured as a car that has the accel- the skin, the upper portion of the esophagus and airways, and erator stuck down. At the same time, the brakes don’t work the lower portion of the cervix and vagina, Basal cell carcino- (the cells doesn’t respond to tumor suppressor proteins.) mas: Basal cells are only present in the skin and are the deep- est layer of skin cells, Transitional cell carcinomas: Transitional We can take this analogy a step further. The invasion of cancer cells are epithelial cells that are “stretchy” and are present in cells can be viewed as a car breaking through a gate into a the bladder and parts of the kidney, Osteosarcoma (bone can- gated community. Normal cells respond to signals from neigh- cers): Osteocytes are bone cells, Chondrosarcoma (cartilage boring cells that say “this is my boundary, stay out.” Cancer cancers): Cartilage cells are called chondroblasts, Liposarcoma cells are antisocial in other ways as well. As they “gang” up with (fatty tissue cancers), Rhabdomyosarcoma (skeletal muscle other cancer cells, all of which are becoming more immature Citation: Heidari A (2019). The Importance of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR–FTIR) and Raman Bio- spectroscopy of Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) in Interpreting Infrared and Raman Spectra of Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors. Oncogen 2(2): 7. 2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35702/onc.10007 ISSN: 2641-9475 Heidari A. 2019; 2(2): 7 in their actions over time (due to rapid division), they spread As spinel oxides of metallic conductors are divided into nor- out and invade other communities as well. mal and reverse groups, Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) have But just as crime hasn’t overridden the United States, there are a reverse spinel structure and its initial symmetry and spatial many police officers (checkpoints) that keep the majority of group are and respectively. cells in the body in line. The difference between these two spectrums is that the re- It is actually very difficult for a normal cell to become a cancer lated modes are of lower intensity in lower temperature and cell. It has to be abnormal in ways that facilitate growth, inhibit at the other hand, additional modes are observed that can be repair and death, ignore signals from neighbors, and achieve a attributed to incomplete structure and presence of impurities form of immortality. This is why cancer isn’t caused by a single such as Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes
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