High–Resolution Mapping of DNA/RNA Hypermethylation And
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Trends in Research Review Article ISSN: 2516-7138 High–resolution mapping of DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation process in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron radiation Alireza Heidari1* and Ricardo Gobato2 1Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA 2State Secretariat for Education of Paraná, Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Genesis, Bela Vista do Paraíso, Paraná, Brazil Changes in DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation Analysis (DTA), Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS), Electron Beam patterns are an important characteristic of human cancer cells, tissues Induced Current (EBIC), Elastic (Non–Rutherford) Backscattering and tumors. DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation is a Spectrometry (EBS), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA/RNA molecule. Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy (ECOSY), Electrical Capacitance DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation was the initial Tomography (ECT), Energy–Dispersive Analysis of X–Rays (EDAX), epigenetic abnormality recognized in human cancer cells, tissues and Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance (EDMR), Energy Dispersive tumors. In addition, DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation X–Ray Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX), Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy have brought more heavy metals from human cancer cells, tissues and (EELS), Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy (EFTEM), tumors under synchrotron radiation into the human healthy cells and Electron Induced Desorption (EID), Electrical Impedance Tomography caused more health in the human cells. Heavy metals are one of the and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (EIT and ERT), most important environmental pollutants. The aim of present study is Electroluminescence (EL), Electron Crystallography, Electrophoretic to be high–resolution mapping of DNA/RNA hypermethylation and Light Scattering (ELS), Electron Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR), hypomethylation process in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Electron Paramagnetic under synchrotron radiation. High–resolution mapping were applied Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR), Elastic Recoil Detection or Elastic on these types of human cells, tissues and tumors for determination of Recoil Detection Analysis (ERD or ERDA), Electron Spectroscopy for heavy metals content. Analytical Ultracentrifugation, Atomic Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD), Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Auger Electron Diffraction (AED), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), Electrospray Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Ionization Mass Spectrometry or Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS ), Atom Probe Field Ion (ESI–MS or ES–MS), Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (ESR), Microscopy (APFIM), Appearance Potential Spectroscopy (APS), Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (ESTM), Extended Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES), Angle Resolved X–Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), Exchange Spectroscopy Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARUPS), Attenuated Total (EXSY), Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), Fluorescence Reflectance (ATR), BET Surface Area Measurement (BET) (BET from Cross–Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS), Field Emission Microscopy Brunauer, Emmett, Teller), Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (FEM), Focused Ion Beam Microscopy (FIB), Field Ion Microscopy– (BiFC), Backscatter Kikuchi Diffraction (BKD), Bioluminescence Atom Probe (FIM–AP), Flow Birefringence, Fluorescence Anisotropy, Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET), Back Scattered Electron Diffraction Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM), Fluorescence Microscopy, (BSED), Coaxial Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy Feature–Oriented Scanning Probe Microscopy (FOSPM), Fluorescence (CAICISS), Coherent Anti–Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS), Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), Forward Recoil Spectrometry Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED), Charge Collection (FRS), Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance or Fourier Microscopy (CCM), Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI), Capillary Transform Mass Spectrometry (FTICR or FT–MS), Fourier Transform Electrophoresis (CE), Cryo–Electron Tomography (CET), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas Chromatography–Mass Cathodoluminescence (CL), Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Spectrometry (GC–MS), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), (CLSM), Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY), Cryo–Electron Microscopy Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy (GDOS), Grazing Incidence (Cryo–EM), Cryo–Scanning Electron Microscopy (Cryo–SEM), Cyclic Small Angle X–Ray Scattering (GISAXS), Grazing Incidence X–Ray Voltammetry (CV), Dielectric Thermal Analysis (DE(T)A), De Haas– van Alphen Effect (dHvA), Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC), Dielectric Spectroscopy (Dielectric spectroscopy), *Correspondence to: Alireza Heidari, Faculty of Chemistry, California South Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Deep–Level Transient Spectroscopy University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA, E-mail: Scholar.Researcher. (DLTS), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Dual Polarisation [email protected]; [email protected] Interferometry (DPI), Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (DRS), Received: January 10, 2019; Accepted: January 22, 2019; Published: January 24, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Differential Thermal 2019 Trends in Res, 2019 doi: 10.15761/TR.1000131 Volume 2(2): 1-2 Heidari A (2019) High–resolution mapping of DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation process in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron radiation Diffraction (GIXD), Grazing Incidence X–Ray Reflectivity (GIXR), Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RR Spectroscopy), Selected Area Gas–Liquid Chromatography (GLC), High Angle Annular Dark–Field Diffraction (SAD), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), Imaging (HAADF), Helium Atom Scattering (HAS), High Performance Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM), Small Angle Neutron Scattering Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), High Resolution Electron Energy (SANS), Small Angle X–Ray Scattering (SAXS), Surface Composition Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS), High–Resolution Electron Microscopy by Analysis of Neutral Species and Ion–Impact Radiation (SCANIIR), (HREM), High–Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Scanning Confocal Electron Microscopy (SCEM), Spectroscopic (HRTEM), Heavy–Ion Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (HI–ERDA), Ellipsometry (SE), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Surface High–Energy Proton Induced X–Ray Emission (HE–PIXE), Ion Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (SEIRA), Scanning Induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy (IAES), Ion Beam Analysis Electron Microscopy (SEM), Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (IBA), Ion Beam Induced Charge Microscopy (IBIC), Inductively (SERS), Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (SERRS), Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–AES), Surface Extended X–Ray Absorption Fine Structure (SEXAFS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS), Scanning Ion–Conductance Microscopy (SICM), Solid Immersion Immunofluorescence, Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR), Inelastic Lens (SIL), Solid Immersion Mirror (SIM), Secondary Ion Mass Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy (IETS), Intelligent Gravimetric Spectrometry (SIMS), Sputtered Neutral Species Mass Spectrometry Analysis (IGA), Inert Gas Fusion (IGF), Ion Induced X–Ray Analysis (SNMS), Scanning Near–Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM), Single (IIX), Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy (INS), Inelastic Neutron Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Scanning Probe Scattering, Infrared Non–Destructive Testing of Materials (IRNDT), Microscopy (SPM), Selected–Reaction–Monitoring Capillary– Infrared Spectroscopy (IRS), Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS), Electrophoresis Mass–Spectrometry (SRM–CE/MS), Solid–State Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), Intermediate Voltage Electron Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR), Stark Spectroscopy, Stimulated Microscopy (IVEM), Low–Angle Laser Light Scattering (LALLS), Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED), Scanning Transmission Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS), Low–Energy Electron Microscopy (STEM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Electron Diffraction (LEED), Low–Energy Electron Microscopy Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS), Surface X–Ray Diffraction (LEEM), Low–Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS), Laser Induced Breakdown (SXRD), Thermoacoustic Tomography or Thermoacoustic Computed Spectroscopy (LIBS), Laser Optical Emission Spectroscopy (LOES), Tomography (TAT or TACT), Transmission Electron Microscope/ Light (Raman) Scattering (LS), Matrix–Assisted Laser Desorption/ Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmitting Ionization (MALDI), Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), Medium Energy Ion Kinetic Analysis (TIKA), Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Ion Scattering (MEIS), Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM), Magnetic (TIMS), Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM), Induction Tomography (MIT), Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy Photothermal Lens Spectroscopy (TLS), Thermomechanical Analysis (MPM), Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM), Magnetic (TMA), Time–of–Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF–MS), Two–Photon Resonance Imaging (MRI), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Tandem Mass Excitation Microscopy, Total Reflection X–Ray Fluorescence Analysis Spectrometry (MS/MS), Mechanically Stimulated Gas Emission (TXRF),