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Hadron Spectroscopy at Gluex and Beyond (1) Justin Stevens Preliminaries

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Hadron Spectroscopy at Gluex and Beyond (1) Justin Stevens Preliminaries Hadron Spectroscopy at GlueX and Beyond (1) Justin Stevens Preliminaries Goal: A self-contained introduction to hadron spectroscopy and an overview of recent excitement in the field Outline: Introduction to QCD and hadron spectroscopy Why study spectroscopy through QCD? Classification of hadrons Heavy quark spectroscopy: “The XYZ story” Light quark spectroscopy (tomorrow and Wednesday) HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "2 Standard Model Coupling 10-6 1/137 1 Strength: Higgs Boson Higgs H Spin 1 Spin 1/2 HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "3 Standard Model Coupling 10-6 1/137 1 Strength: Higgs Boson Higgs H Spin 1 Spin 1/2 HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "4 Quarks and hadrons Proposed to explain proton structure and properties of other states observed at the time! proton = uud u neutron = udd u | i d | i d J =1/2 u J =1/2 d Color charge analogous to electric charge: atoms are electrically neutral and hadrons are color neutral (or color singlets)! Another flavor of “light” quarks: strange u d u s ⇡+ = ud¯ K+ = us¯ | i HUGS 2018 ↵ Justin Stevens, "5 Quarks and hadrons Proposed to explain proton structure and properties of other states observed at the time proton = uud u ∆++ = uuu u | i d | i u J =1/2 u J =3/2 u Color charge analogous to electric charge: atoms are electrically neutral and hadrons are color neutral (or color singlets) Another flavor of “light” quarks: strange u d u s ⇡+ = ud¯ K+ = us¯ | i HUGS 2018 ↵ Justin Stevens, "6 Quarks and hadrons Proposed to explain proton structure and properties of other states observed at the time proton = uud u ∆++ = uuu u | i d | i u J =1/2 u J =3/2 u Color charge analogous to electric charge: atoms are electrically neutral and hadrons are color neutral (or color singlets) Another flavor of “light” quarks: strange u d u s ⇡+ = ud¯ K+ = us¯ | i HUGS 2018 ↵ Justin Stevens, "7 Quarks and hadrons Proposed to explain proton structure and properties of other states observed at the time proton = uud u ∆++ = uuu u | i d | i u J =1/2 u J =3/2 u Color charge analogous to electric charge: atoms are electrically neutral and hadrons are color neutral (or color singlets) Another flavor of “light” quarks: strange u d u s ⇡+ = ud¯ K+ = us¯ | i HUGS 2018 ↵ Justin Stevens, "8 Quarks and hadrons Proposed to explain proton structure and properties of other states observed at the time proton = uud u ∆++ = uuu u | i d | i u J =1/2 u J =3/2 u Color charge analogous to electric charge: atoms are electrically neutral and hadrons are color neutral (or color singlets) Another flavor of “light” quarks: strange u d u s ⇡+ = ud¯ K+ = us¯ | i HUGS 2018 ↵ Justin Stevens, "9 Quarks and hadrons Proposed to explain proton structure and properties of other states observed at the time proton = uud u ∆++ = uuu u | i d | i u J =1/2 u J =3/2 u Color charge analogous to electric charge: atoms are electrically neutral and hadrons are color neutral (or color singlets) Another flavor of “light” quarks: strange u d u s ⇡+ = ud¯ K+ = us¯ | i HUGS 2018 ↵ Justin Stevens, "10 Color interactions in QCD High energy (short distance) limit Interactions are weak: quarks are “asymptotically free”! QCD is calculable using perturbation theory, e.g. Higgs production at LHC! Low energy (long distance) limit Interactions are strong and increase with distance, so quarks are confined QCD is not calculable perturbatively, but recent, dramatic progress in lattice QCD! Opportunity to study QCD in strongly coupled bound states, i.e. hadrons HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "11 Aside: what about nucleon structure? HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "12 Comparing E&M and QCD E&M QCD Photons (gluons) mediate forces between electric (color) charges q q g ɣ q¯ q¯ Gluon self-interaction produces a potential that grows ~linearly with distance HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "13 Confined states of quarks and gluons Observed mesons and baryons well q st q q q described by 1 principles QCD q But these aren’t the only states mesons baryons permitted by QCD Lattice QCD: Science (2008) HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "14 Confined states of quarks and gluons Observed mesons and baryons well q st q q q described by 1 principles QCD q But these aren’t the only states mesons baryons permitted by QCD q q q q q q q q q ... tetraquark pentaquark ... Phys. Lett. 8 (1964) 214 HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "15 Confined states of quarks and gluons Observed mesons and baryons well q st q q q described by 1 principles QCD q But these aren’t the only states mesons baryons permitted by QCD q q ⇤b J/ pK− q q q ! q q q q tetraquark pentaquark HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "16 Confined states of quarks and gluons Observed mesons and baryons well q st q q q described by 1 principles QCD q But these aren’t the only states mesons baryons permitted by QCD q q q q q q q q q tetraquark pentaquark g q Do gluonic degrees of freedom q g g manifest themselves in the bound states we observe in nature? glueball hybrid meson HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "17 Classifying mesons General properties: mass, electric charge, quark flavor q q Grouped by quantum numbers: J PC Angular momentum: J~ = L~ + S~ Parity: Invert spatial coordinates Spin 0 P =( 1)L+1 − Charge conj.: particle ↔ antiparticle C =( 1)L+S − strangeness Allowed JPC for q q ¯ mesons: PC + + ++ ++ electric charge J =0− , 1−−, 1 −, 0 , 2 ... HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "18 Classifying mesons General properties: mass, electric charge, quark flavor q q Grouped by quantum numbers: J PC Angular momentum: J~ = L~ + S~ Parity: Invert spatial coordinates Spin 1 P =( 1)L+1 − Charge conj.: particle ↔ antiparticle C =( 1)L+S − strangeness Allowed JPC for q q ¯ mesons: PC + + ++ ++ electric charge J =0− , 1−−, 1 −, 0 , 2 ... HUGS 2018 Justin Stevens, "19 11 11 Lattice QCD spectrum Dudek et al. PRD 88 (2013) 094505 2000 uu¯ + dd¯ ss¯ 1500 Meson Mass (MeV) φ = ss¯ 1000 | i ! = uu¯ + dd¯ ↵ 500 ⇡0 = uu¯ dd¯ − J PC ↵ 3 FIG. 11: Isoscalar (green/black) and isovector (blue) meson spectrum on the m⇡ = 391 MeV, 24 128 lattice. The vertical heightNote: of each box indicates the statistical uncertainty on the mass determination. States outlined in⇥ orange are the lowest-lying states having dominant overlap with operators featuring a chromomagnetic construction – their interpretation as the lightest HUGS 2018 hybrid meson supermultiplet willJustin be Stevens, discussed later."20 extrapolation might be the complex resonance pole posi- to the spatial volume at m⇡ = 391 MeV, and we note that 3 tion, but we do not obtain this in our simple calculations since only a 16 volume was used at m⇡ = 524 MeV, the using only “single-hadron” operators. mass shown there may be an underestimate. + We discuss the specific case of the 0− and 1−− sys- Figure 19 shows the octet-singlet basis mixing angle, 3 FIG. 11: Isoscalar (green/black) and isovector (blue) meson spectrum on the m⇡ = 391tems MeV, in the 24 next128 subsections. lattice. The vertical ✓ = ↵ 54.74◦, which by definition must be zero at the ⇥ − 4 height of each box indicates the statistical uncertainty on the mass determination. States outlined in orange are the lowest-lying SU(3)F point . While we have no particularly well mo- states having dominant overlap with operators featuring a chromomagnetic construction – their interpretation as the lightest tivated form to describe the quark mass dependence, it hybrid meson supermultiplet will be discussed later. E. The low-lying pseudoscalars: ⇡, ⌘, ⌘0 is notable that the trend is for the data to approach a phenomenologically reasonable value 10◦ [1, 45–47]. In lattice calculations of the type performed in this ⇠ paper, where isospin is exact and electromagnetism does extrapolation might be the complex resonance pole posi- to the spatial volumenot at m feature,⇡ = 391 the MeV,⇡ and ⌘ andmesons we note are exactly that stable and ⌘ 3 0 tion, but we do not obtain this in our simple calculations since only a 16 volumeis rendered was used stable at sincem⇡ = its 524 isospin MeV, conserving the ⌘⇡⇡ decay F. The low-lying vector mesons: ⇢, !, φ using only “single-hadron” operators. mass shown there maymode be is an kinematically underestimate. closed. Because of this, many of + We discuss the specific case of the 0− and 1−− sys- the caveats presented in Section III B do not apply. Fig- Figure 20 shows the e↵ective masses of !, φ and ⇢ prin- Figure 19 shows the octet-singlet basis mixing angle, 3 ure 17 shows the quality of the principal correlators from cipal correlators on the m⇡ = 391 MeV, 24 128 lattice. tems in the next subsections. ✓ = ↵ 54.74◦, which by definition must be zero at the ⇥ − 4 which we extract the meson masses, in the form of an The splitting between the ⇢ and ! is small but statisti- SU(3)F point . Whilee↵ective we have mass, no particularly well mo- cally significant, reflecting the small disconnected contri- tivated form to describe the quark mass dependence, it bution at large times in this channel. At the pion masses E. The low-lying pseudoscalars: ⇡, ⌘, ⌘0 1 λ(t) is notable that the trend is for them data= tolog approach, a (16) presented in this paper, the ! and φ mesons are kine- e↵ δt λ(t + δt) phenomenologically reasonable value 10◦ [1, 45–47]. matically stable against decay into their lowest thresh- In lattice calculations of the type performed in this ⇠ old channels, ⇡⇡⇡ and KK.
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