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Enhancing the Raman Scattering for Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Using Cadmium Oxide (Cdo) Nanoparticles

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Enhancing the Raman Scattering for Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Using Cadmium Oxide (Cdo) Nanoparticles ISSN: 2572-4061 Heidari. J Toxicol Risk Assess 2018, 4:012 DOI: 10.23937/2572-4061.1510012 Volume 4 | Issue 1 Journal of Open Access Toxicology and Risk Assessment RESEARCH ARTICLE Enhancing the Raman Scattering for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hu- man Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Using Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Alireza Heidari* Check for Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, USA updates *Corresponding author: Alireza Heidari, Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA hancement Factor (EF) of Raman signal can reaches up Abstract to 1015 times. The main mechanism that affects EF of In the current paper, the Localized Surface Plasmon Res- onance (LSPR) effect induced by Cadmium Oxide (CdO) signal is electromagnetic mechanism and is induced by nanoparticles is used to observe Raman spectrum of hu- enhancing the scattered light by the Localized Surface man cancer cells, tissues and tumors. The diagnosis and Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of metallic nanoparticles or treatment of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors in sam- in sharp points and other curvatures of Plasmon struc- ple is investigated through Nanomaterial Surface Energy tures. In this method, molecule should be placed at dis- Transfer (NSET) process from human cancer cells, tissues and tumors to the surface of nanoparticles, and Surface tance lower than 10 (nm) from the surface of nanopar- Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) process, as effective ticle [28-43]. factors for Raman spectrum detection. For interaction of hu- man cancer cells, tissues and tumors with Cadmium Oxide In recent years, a considerable attention has been (CdO) nanoparticles, colloidal state and Self-Assembled paid to pair and enhance the surface Plasmon fields in Monolayer (SAM) methods were used. Both methods have the connection point of metallic nanoparticles through shown good agreement with each other in detecting the Ra- creating various arrays and geometries [44-63]. In or- man spectrum. It should be noted that these methods and techniques can be applied on different types of human’s der to produce an ideal SERS substrate, various meth- cancer cells, tissues and tumors, respectively. ods such as Electron-Beam Lithography, Nanoimprint Lithography, Self-Assembling of nanoparticles and etc. Keywords are used. The first two methods can create very regular Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR), Nanomaterial Sur- and uniform structures with high repeatability. Howev- face Energy Transfer (NSET), Self-Assembled Monolayer er, such methods need high cost and special laboratory (SAM), Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Cancer Cells, conditions. In contrast, Self-Assembling of nanoparti- Tissues and Tumors, Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles cles is used as a low cost and high productivity method [64-75]. Introduction In addition, utilizing Plasmon structures leads to Since the discovering time of Raman scattering, a increase the maximum effective distance of Forster great effort has been begin to enhance Raman signal (fluorescence) Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) from for increasing the detection limit and sensitivity of this 10 (A°) to 220 (A°). This process of energy transfer be- method due to inherent low scattering cross section of tween fluorophore and surface of nanoparticle named Raman. Today, Plasmon structures are widely used to as Nanomaterial Surface Energy Transfer (NSET). In this enhance Raman signal. This method is known as Sur- condition, the quantum gain of energy transfer is de- face Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) [1-27]. The En- fined as: Citation: Heidari A (2018) Enhancing the Raman Scattering for Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Using Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles. J Toxicol Risk Assess 4:012. doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510012 Accepted: September 26, 2018: Published: September 28, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Heidari A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Heidari. J Toxicol Risk Assess 2018, 4:012 • Page 1 of 14 • DOI: 10.23937/2572-4061.1510012 ISSN: 2572-4061 Sample Sample configuration Objective lens Glass substrate Water Half mirror Mask pNIPAM-coated gold nanoparticle Mirror Sample holder Half mirror Spectrometer Iris Edge filter Lens ND Lens CCD camera Pinhole mirror 488/532 nm laser White light source Figure 1: Schematic view of experimental arrangement for Raman Spectroscopy. 1 Water and APTES (3-Aminopropyl-Triethoxysilane) were φTr = 4 supplied from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. d (1) 1+ SERS spectra for samples were obtained using the d 0 designed arrangement for Raman spectroscopy. A sche- where d0 is the distance in which fluorophore has a matic view of this arrangement is shown in (Figure 1). A same probability for emission and energy transfer to laser with 532 (nm) wavelength was used as excitation nanoparticle [76-106]. The emitted fluorescence signal source. Laser light was focused on the sample by a 4X by molecule can be enhance by Plasmon field at the vi- thing and the scattered Raman signal was collected by cinity of nanoparticle either at emissive wavelength or at that thing and was sent to spectrometer for analysis. excitation wavelength. At the other hand, fluorescence Sample preparation method signal of molecule can be transferred to the neighbor- ing nanoparticle through non-radiant process of NSET. Nanoparticles were synthesized based on Alireza As Plasmon modes are mainly damped in non-radiant Heidari and Christopher Brown method [1]. Briefly, 18 form, this process can be led to considerable reduction (mg) Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles solution was of fluorescence in the sample. Domination of each of heated up to boiling point at 90 (ml) water. Then, 2 (ml) these two processes and its intensity are depend on of 1% citrate solution was added to it and was main- factors such as overlapping of nanoparticle absorption tained at boiling point for 90 minutes [1]. spectrum with fluorescence spectrum of sample, dis- The glassy substrates activated with hydroxyl group tance and relative direction between them, size and were placed in 1% solution of APTES for 4 hours. After form of nanoparticles and etc. [107-161]. washing with toluene, substrates were submerged into In the current paper, SERS spectrum of a very light colloidal Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles solution emissive sample of human cancer cells, tissues and for 24 hours and then, were maintained into the water tumors is obtained at colloidal condition and over the up to the time for using. To measure the Raman spec- substrate monolayer produced using Self-Assembled trum of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors, sub- Monolayer (SAM) method and the effects of enhanced strates were placed in 1 (μM) solution of sample and Raman scattering and NSET are studied for observing then, Raman spectrum was measured. the spectrum of these human cancer cells, tissues and To observe SERS signal at colloidal state, at least 3 tumors. It should be noted that these methods and hours before the test, 0.01 (M) solution of NaCl and 1 techniques can be applied on different types of human’s (μM) solution of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors cancer cells, tissues and tumors, respectively [162-191]. were added to Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles. Martials, Research Method and Experimental Results and Discussion Techniques The general scheme of formation mechanism of sub- Materials and tools strate is shown in (Figure 2). Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles, Sodium Citrate Figure 3 shows absorption spectrum of Cadmium Ox- ide (CdO) nanoparticles at colloidal and self-assembled (Na3C6H5O7), Sulfuric Acid, Hydrogen Peroxide, HPLC, Heidari. J Toxicol Risk Assess 2018, 4:012 • Page 2 of 14 • DOI: 10.23937/2572-4061.1510012 ISSN: 2572-4061 (a) (b) (c) Figure 2: Various stages of formation of substrate; a) Cleaning and activating the glassy medium; b) Surface functionalizing using silane group and; c) Connection of nanoparticles to the surface using silane group. states over a glassy medium. Maximum Plasmon reso- over substrate and at colloidal state, respectively. De- nance at colloidal state is about 453 (nm). However, this tecting such spectrum from such human cancer cells, maximum for the substrates produced using self-assem- tissues and tumors which has very strong absorption bled method shows a shift towards shorter wavelengths and fluorescence in utilized wavelength of laser (Fig- (418 nm). This shift can be attributed to dipole-dipole ure 3) can be attributed to Surface Enhanced Raman interaction between arrayed nanoparticles in a two-di- Scattering phenomenon at the presence of nanopar- mensional structure. Further, a new peak is emerged ticles and to reduction in fluorescence due to energy around 710 (nm) due to pairing of nanoparticles. transfer to nanoparticles through NSET process. Fig- ure 3 shows considerable overlapping of fluorescence Figure 4a and Figure 4b show the enhanced Raman human cancer cells, tissues and tumors spectrum with spectrum of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors absorption spectrum of nanoparticles, especially when Heidari. J Toxicol Risk Assess 2018, 4:012 • Page 3 of 14 • DOI: 10.23937/2572-4061.1510012 ISSN: 2572-4061 25000 20000 15000 Intensity 10000 5000 0 (a) 200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 3000 Raman shift (cm-1) 14000 12000 10000 8000
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