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MICRO-STATES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM The Challenge of Sovereignty by JOHN BARRY BARTMANN In submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science The University of London UMI Number: U615182 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615182 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 l WCL£ S F 7 4-Fo ABSTRACT The last forty years have witnessed a proliferation of veiy small states, or micro- atates with populations of approximately one million or less. Most of these states are developing economies but in recent years even the smallest European micro-states have won acceptance in the councils of the organised international system. This study is a comprehensive examination of the international relations of these states in three principal areas of concern: issues of status and legitimacy; the conduct of diplomacy and the efforts of micro-states to achieve strategies of self-reliant economic development. While the research has confirmed the vulnerabilities of micro-states in all three areas which have been stressed in the literature of the last decade, it also reveals surprising opportunities for some micro-states to ameliorate their weaknesses and to achieve a constructive engagements within the international system. The international milieu and the many support systems at both the regional and global level have actually reinforced the sovereignty of micro-states while providing them with added resources to exploit the opportunities which an increasingly integrated global economy offers. Unlike earlier studies in the field, this dissertation treats the experience of micro- states within the broad context of post-1945 history and thus provides an overall perspective for assessing the impact of very small size over 50 years, ft Also represents A departure from the existing literature in its determination to include both the developed micro-states in Europe and the more commonly studied micro-states in the developing world. Finally, much of the analysis compares the experiences of micro-states with those pf forty larger small states in the next population class, an approach which has not been undertaken elsewhere. The impact of this comparison further confirms the genera] findings of the dissertation that the international system of the mid to late 1990s has evolved into a largely supportive milieu for micro-states in spite of the serious and occasionally dangerous problems which they continue to face. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 10 APPENDIX....................................................................................... 61 TABLE I Micro-states Ranked According to Population ................................. 62 TABLE II Micro-states Ranked According to Size of Territory ....................... 64 TABLE III Micro-states Ranked According to Size of G.D.P ............................ 66 TABLE IV Micro-states Ranked According to Levels of Per Capita Income 68 CHAPTER ONE: “Sovereignty and Questions of Legitimacy: Problems of Status for Micro-states in the International System” .................. 70 CHAPTER TWO: “The Legitimacy of Micro-states in the International System: The Practice of International Organisations” .................................... 93 CHAPTER THREE: “Decolonisation and the Contest for Legitimacy in Very Small Territories” ................................................................. 112 CHAPTER FOUR: “Very Small Size and Other Sources of Status Weakness” ................. 159 CHAPTER FIVE: “Sovereignty and the Challenge of Diplomacy: The Relevance of Size in the External Relations of Micro-states” ............................ 185 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page APPENDIX......................................................................................... 231 TABLE I Number of Missions Established Abroad ............................................. 232 TABLE II Missions Resident in Small States and Micro-states .......................... 234 TABLE III Small State and Micro-state Memberships in Inter-governmental Organisations ...................................................... 236 TABLE IV Major IGO Memberships for Micro-states ......................................... 238 TABLE V Major IGO Memberships for Small States ......................................... 240 TABLE VI Micro-state Participation in the United Nations System ..................... 243 TABLE VII Small State Participation in the United Nations System ..................... 247 TABLE VIII The size of Small State and Micro-state Missions to the United Nations (New York) ....................................................... 251 TABLE IX Membership of Selected Micro-Dependencies in Inter-governmental Organisations...................................................... 253 TABLE X Micro-state and Small State Memberships in Non-governmental Organisations .................................................... 254 TABLE XI Patterns of Micro-state Diplomacy ....................................................... 257 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER SIX: “Economic Dependence in the International Relations of Micro-states: The Structure of the Small Economy” ................................................... 282 CHAPTER SEVEN: “Patterns of Trade and Capital Flows in the International Economic Relations of Micro-states” ..................................................................... 310 APPENDIX 1........................................................................................... 355 TABLE I Trade Statistics for Small States and Micro-states Ranked According to GNP, (1986) ....................................................... 356 TABLE II Small States and Micro-states Ranked According to Ratios of Total Trade (X+M) to GNP (1986) ...................................... 362 TABLE III Small State and Micro-state Trade The Ratio of Imports to GNP (1986) ................................................... 365 TABLE IV Small State and Micro-state Trade The Ratio of Exports to GNP (1986) .................................................... 368 TABLE V Small States and Micro-states Ranked According to the Hirshmann Index of Commodity Concentration of Export Trade (1986) .............................................................................. 371 TABLE VI Small States and Micro-states Ranked According to the Hirshmann Index of Geographic Concentration of Export Trade (1986) .............................................................................. 375 TABLE VII Small States and Micro-states Ranked According to the Hirshmann Index of Geographic Concentration of Import Trade (1986) .............................................................................. 379 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE VIII Ratio of Indices of Geographic Concentration of Trade (X+M) for Selected Small States (1986) .................................... 383 TABLE IX Ratio of Indices of Geographic Concentration Trade (X+M) for Selected Micro-states (1986) .................................... 385 APPENDIX I I ........................................................................................ 387 TABLE I-A Net Capital Flows to Micro-statesas % of GNP ................................... 388 Net Capital Flows ($US Millions) ........................................................ 389 GNP at Current Prices ($US Millions) .................................................. 390 TABLE I-B Net Capital Flows to Small Statesas % of GNP ................................. 391 Net Capital ..Flows ($US Millions)........................................................ 392 GNP at Current Prices ($US Millions).. ................................................ 393 TABLE II-A Net Capital Flows to Micro-states as % of Total Exports ................... 394 Total Exports F.O.B. ($US Millions) ................................................... 395 TABLE II-B Net Capital Flows to Small States as % of Total Exports .................... 396 Total Exports F.O.B. ($US Millions) ................................................... 397 TABLE III-A Net Capital Flows to Micro-states as % of Total Imports ................... 398 Total Imports (C.I.F.) ($US Millions) .................................................. 399 TABLE III-B Net Capital Flows to Small States as % of Total Imports ................... 400 Total Imports (C.I.F.) ($US Millions) ................................................. 401 TABLE IV-A Bilateral Receipts as % of Total Net Capital Flows to Micro-states 402 Bilateral Receipts .................................................................................. 403 Multilateral Receipts ............................................................................ 404 7 TABLE OF
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