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The French Texans
Texans One and All The French Texans Although a French flag of some sort is represented in “six flags over Tex- as” displays, France never—in any sense of political control or official claims—flew a flag over Texas and never gave her own citizens strong reasons for emigration. However, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, did make one foray west of the drainage of the Mississippi, and General Charles Lallemand did lead a short-lived military colony into East Texas. France, in the New World, was more interested in trade than settlement and was often distracted by continental European problems. The nation was neither equipped for colonial ventures nor had that much interest Revised 2013 in the western Gulf of Mexico. Nevertheless, in 1685 the young Sieur de La Salle landed at Matagorda Bay, Texas, some 600 miles west of his target: the Mississippi River. The few colonists he brought were to found a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, to which France did have a claim, and thus tie down France's claims that, for a time, stretched from Canada to the Gulf—in theory. Encountering storms and perhaps suffering from bad navigation, the ships found the Spanish coast. Navigation in those days could determine, with an exactness of perhaps 30 miles on a good day, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle position north and south. But the day was not good, and the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico stretches more east and west. In those days, east and west positions on a rotating globe were hard to determine. -
Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border
Language Contact at the Romance–Germanic Language Border Other Books of Interest from Multilingual Matters Beyond Bilingualism: Multilingualism and Multilingual Education Jasone Cenoz and Fred Genesee (eds) Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe Paul Gubbins and Mike Holt (eds) Bilingualism: Beyond Basic Principles Jean-Marc Dewaele, Alex Housen and Li wei (eds) Can Threatened Languages be Saved? Joshua Fishman (ed.) Chtimi: The Urban Vernaculars of Northern France Timothy Pooley Community and Communication Sue Wright A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism Philip Herdina and Ulrike Jessner Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism Colin Baker and Sylvia Prys Jones Identity, Insecurity and Image: France and Language Dennis Ager Language, Culture and Communication in Contemporary Europe Charlotte Hoffman (ed.) Language and Society in a Changing Italy Arturo Tosi Language Planning in Malawi, Mozambique and the Philippines Robert B. Kaplan and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. (eds) Language Planning in Nepal, Taiwan and Sweden Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. and Robert B. Kaplan (eds) Language Planning: From Practice to Theory Robert B. Kaplan and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. (eds) Language Reclamation Hubisi Nwenmely Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe Christina Bratt Paulston and Donald Peckham (eds) Motivation in Language Planning and Language Policy Dennis Ager Multilingualism in Spain M. Teresa Turell (ed.) The Other Languages of Europe Guus Extra and Durk Gorter (eds) A Reader in French Sociolinguistics Malcolm Offord (ed.) Please contact us for the latest book information: Multilingual Matters, Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, BS21 7HH, England http://www.multilingual-matters.com Language Contact at the Romance–Germanic Language Border Edited by Jeanine Treffers-Daller and Roland Willemyns MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon • Buffalo • Toronto • Sydney Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Language Contact at Romance-Germanic Language Border/Edited by Jeanine Treffers-Daller and Roland Willemyns. -
Social and Solidarity Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for Today’S Entrepreneurs
Social and Solidarity Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for Today’s Entrepreneurs UNITEE Strasbourg, 21st March 2014 The European-Turkish Business Confederation (UNITEE) represents, at the European level, entrepreneurs and business professionals with a migrant background (New Europeans). Their dual cultural background and their entrepreneurial spirit present a central asset which can facilitate Europe’s economic growth. FEDIF Grand Est is the Federation of French-Turkish Entrepreneurs of the French Great East region. It represents trade and industry entrepreneurs of the East of France. The first objective of FEDIF Grand Est is to contribute to the economic development of the region by promoting entrepreneurship and supporting the regional enterprises. CONFERENCE REPORT On Friday, 21st March 2014, UNITEE and FEDIF Grand Est organised the panel discussion “Social and Solidarity Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for Today’s Entrepreneurs” in UNITEE’s Strasbourg Office. Catherine Trautmann, MEP, and Pierre Roth, Managing Director of the Regional Chamber of the Social and Solidarity Economy of Alsace, were invited to this event to discuss the topic of social and solidarity economy (SSE), a major issue in the context of economic crisis. SPEAKERS Moderator: Mme Camille Serres, Project Manager Catherine Trautmann, MEP, Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament Pierre Roth, Managing Director of the Regional Chamber of the Social and Solidarity Economy of Alsace (CRESS Alsace) 2 CONFERENCE REPORT Aburahman Atli, Secretary General of FEDIF Grand Est and head of UNITEE’s Strasbourg Office, opened the conference with a welcome speech in which he underlined the challenges and opportunities of this new form of economy in our worrying economic climate. -
Texas Life Main Ideas Key Terms and People 1
DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Section 3 Texas Life Main Ideas Key Terms and People 1. Most people in the Republic of Texas lived on farms or • land speculators ranches, though some lived in towns. • denominations 2. Games, literature, and art provided leisure activities. • circuit riders 3. Churches and schools were social centers. • academies Why It Matters Today • Th é o d o r e G e n t i l z Education was a major concern for people in the Republic. Use current events sources to learn about education in the United States and other countries today. TEKS: 4A, 9A, 19B, 19D, 21B, 22D The Story Continues Before making their journey to Texas, many immigrants myNotebook read a book by David Woodman Jr. called Guide to Texas Use the annotation Emigrants. This handy guide had many tips. He advised tools in your eBook to take notes on settlers to bring a reliable rifle and a strong dog. Woodman life in Texas during offered one other important recommendation. “It would be Bleed Art Guide: the period of the All bleeding art should be extended fully to the bleed guide. Republic. best to carry tents . for covering, until the house is built.” Woodman also said it was important to bring farming tools, a wagon, and comfortable clothing. Farming, Towns, and Transportation Most Texans, whether long-time residents or new immigrants, were Art and Non-Teaching Text Guide: Folios, annos, standards, non-bleeding art, etc. should farmers and ranchers, although their farms varied widely in size. -
Managing France's Regional Languages
MANAGING FRANCE’S REGIONAL LANGUAGES: LANGUAGE POLICY IN BILINGUAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN ALSACE Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Michelle Anne Harrison September 2012 Abstract The introduction of regional language bilingual education in France dates back to the late 1960s in the private education system and to the 1980s in the public system. Before this time the extensive use of regional languages was forbidden in French schools, which served as ‘local centres for the gallicisation of France’ (Blackwood 2008, 28). France began to pursue a French-only language policy from the time of the 1789 Revolution, with Jacobin ideology proposing that to be French, one must speak French. Thus began the shaping of France into a nation-state. As the result of the official language policy that imposed French in all public domains, as well as extra-linguistic factors such as the Industrial Revolution and the two World Wars, a significant language shift occurred in France during the twentieth century, as an increasing number of parents chose not to pass on their regional language to the next generation. In light of the decline in intergenerational transmission of the regional languages, Judge (2007, 233) concludes that ‘in the short term, everything depends on education in the [regional languages]’. This thesis analyses the development of language policy in bilingual education programmes in Alsace; Spolsky’s tripartite language policy model (2004), which focuses on language management, language practices and language beliefs, will be employed. In spite of the efforts of the State to impose the French language, in Alsace the traditionally non-standard spoken regional language variety, Alsatian, continued to be used widely until the mid-twentieth century. -
CASTRO's COLONY: EMPRESARIO COLONIZATION in TEXAS, 1842-1865 by BOBBY WEAVER, B.A., M.A
CASTRO'S COLONY: EMPRESARIO COLONIZATION IN TEXAS, 1842-1865 by BOBBY WEAVER, B.A., M.A. A DISSERTATION IN HISTORY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Accepted August, 1983 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I cannot thank all those who helped me produce this work, but some individuals must be mentioned. The idea of writing about Henri Castro was first suggested to me by Dr. Seymour V. Connor in a seminar at Texas Tech University. That idea started becoming a reality when James Menke of San Antonio offered the use of his files on Castro's colony. Menke's help and advice during the research phase of the project provided insights that only years of exposure to a subject can give. Without his support I would long ago have abandoned the project. The suggestions of my doctoral committee includ- ing Dr. John Wunder, Dr. Dan Flores, Dr. Robert Hayes, Dr. Otto Nelson, and Dr. Evelyn Montgomery helped me over some of the rough spots. My chairman, Dr. Alwyn Barr, was extremely patient with my halting prose. I learned much from him and I owe him much. I hope this product justifies the support I have received from all these individuals. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF MAPS iv INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter I. THE EMPRESARIOS OF 1842 7 II. THE PROJECT BEGINS 39 III. A TOWN IS FOUNDED 6 8 IV. THE REORGANIZATION 97 V. SETTLING THE GRANT, 1845-1847 123 VI. THE COLONISTS: ADAPTING TO A NEW LIFE ... -
Bragging Rights: the Highest Peaks in Kendall County
Banner Graphic - Kristy Watson - Polonyx Graphic Design Bragging Rights: The Highest Peaks in Kendall County 2019 Winter By Mike Howle n my career as a geographic 451 N. Main St. I data coordinator I am occa- Boerne, TX 78006 sionally asked “What is the 830-249-3053 - highest point in Kendall Coun- 2020: December www.boernelibrary.org ty?” What is it in our DNA that wants to know what the high In this Issue: ground is? Attaining a lofty Bragging Rights position in order to gaze down Texas Treasures from a position of strength…a Magical History Tours King of the Hill? Planning for Joseph Graham refuge in the case of epic Ancient Trails, Part 3 flooding in our hills? Or just fun trivial facts? Elevations are certainly relative from sea The Pink Boll Weevil Peril - January Toepperwein Rifle level to the Rocky Mountains. For instance, the state that is sometimes known to be 1909 Boerne Incorporation “flat as a pancake,” Kansas, has a high elevation of 4,039 feet…compare that number to In Memorium: our Kendall County hills. Kate Skinner-Klee - In some cases the high ground is obvious and sometimes dramatic. In the Texas Hill February Country, after being here a while, it’s a bit less dramatic because everywhere you look you see the high ground. And that is why the question of “What’s the highest elevation in Kendall County” is so interesting. When you get on top of a hill and all the surrounding landscape is lower than where you stand, it begs the question, “Is this the highest point in the county?” Over the years I’ve heard many claims that this or that hill/mountain (what makes a hill a moun- tain is a topic for another time) is the highest point, or the second or third highest point Digital Media Lab in the county? Some realtors use the claim to help sell property. -
Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss . -
German Dialects in Kansas and Missouri Scholarworks User Guide August, 2020
German Dialects in Kansas and Missouri ScholarWorks User Guide August, 2020 Table of Contents INTERVIEW METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 1 THE RECORDINGS ................................................................................................................................................. 2 THE SPEAKERS ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 KANSAS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 MISSOURI .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 THE QUESTIONNAIRES ......................................................................................................................................... 5 WENKER SENTENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 KU QUESTIONNAIRE ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 REFERENCE MAPS FOR LOCATING POTENTIAL SPEAKERS ..................................................................................... -
ANGLO-GERMAN CULTURAL RELATIONS Language & Literature
ANGLO-GERMAN CULTURAL RELATIONS Language & literature, travel & tourism, c.1714–1914 The catalogue before you, published to mark my tenth anniversary as an independent bookseller, has been years in the making. Many people know me for selling Russian material, but in fact my interest in Germany About has always been stronger. German has always been my favoured foreign this language and I have enjoyed finding, researching, and writing about the catalogue books, manuscripts, music, and ephemera which make up this catalogue. It’s only when you specialize, and collect, in any depth that things start to get interesting, and that has certainly been the case here. You see connections, reactions, and developments; pieces of a historical jigsaw fall into place. The material here charts the cultural connections between the English- and German-speaking worlds in, roughly, the two hundred years between the Hanoverian Succession and the First World War. Through travel and translation, one culture discovers another; discovery then leads to influence. A German immigrant teaches music in London, the same year (1737) an Englishman in Göttingen compiles the first anthology of English literature for Germans. Later, in the 1760s, the first English translations of German literature are mirrored by the appearance of Wieland’s influential edition of Shakespeare. The catalogue documents two major eighteenth- century European literary events: Ossian and Werther, both linked by and to the young Goethe, whose own Faust so captured the English imagination in the nineteenth century. (The web of influence within literature itself is likewise tantalising: Werther reads Ossian, Frankenstein’s monster reads Werther.) The rise of the Gothic is also found here: Bürger’s Lenore in five English translations (1796–7), one of them Walter Scott’s first book, but the influence, surprisingly perhaps, was felt even earlier (and the other way round), in Sophia Lee’s The Recess, translated by Benedikte Naubert in 1786. -
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Pronunciation Dictionaries for the Alsatian Dialects to Analyze Spelling and Phonetic Variation
Pronunciation Dictionaries for the Alsatian Dialects to Analyze Spelling and Phonetic Variation Lucie Steiblé, Delphine Bernhard LiLPa, Université de Strasbourg, France [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This article presents new pronunciation dictionaries for the under-resourced Alsatian dialects, spoken in north-eastern France. These dictionaries are compared with existing phonetic transcriptions of Alsatian, German and French in order to analyze the relationship between speech and writing. The Alsatian dialects do not have a standardized spelling system, despite a literary history that goes back to the beginning of the 19th century. As a consequence, writers often use their own spelling systems, more or less based on German and often with some specifically French characters. But none of these systems can be seen as fully canonical. In this paper, we present the findings of an analysis of the spelling systems used in four different Alsatian datasets, including three newly transcribed lexicons, and describe how they differ by taking the phonetic transcriptions into account. We also detail experiments with a grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) system trained on manually transcribed data and show that the combination of both spelling and phonetic variation presents specific challenges. Keywords: Alsatian, transcription, spelling variation 1. Introduction • We train and evaluate a G2P system based on the man- The Alsatian dialects, which belong to the High German di- ual transcriptions. alects, are still spoken by approximately 500,000 speakers in Alsace, a region in north-eastern France (INSEE et al., 2. Related Work 1999). Being non-dominant varieties, in a French-speaking Spelling variation is an issue for many different applica- country, they are mostly considered as oral languages, and tions which have to process texts lacking spelling con- have no standardized spelling system.