To Lajna at the National Lajna Ima'illah Ijtima UK On

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

To Lajna at the National Lajna Ima'illah Ijtima UK On هوا ودهاا اﮐاﺭﺭﺣﻡﮐھھاﺭ Address delivered by Hadhrat Khalifatul Masih V (aba) to Lajna at the National Lajna Ima’illah Ijtima UK on 3 rd October 2010 After reciting Tashahhud, Ta‘awwuz and Surah Fatihah , Hudhur (aba) said: “As soon as the Holy Prophet Muhammad (saw) claimed to be a prophet, the kuffar (disbelievers) of Makkah at first derided and ridiculed him. Then, when the kuffar saw that one by one, he was gathering their people in his fold, and that having taken his Bai’at, the disadvantaged and the slaves among them were worshipping the One God instead of their idols, the kuffar began hatching every possible scheme to stop the message and the work of the Holy Prophet (saw) . They exceeded in their cruelty and oppression on his followers. None among the followers of the Holy Prophet (saw) , neither man nor woman, remained safe from these vicious kuffar . Islamic history relates the incident of a person whose legs were tied to two camels, which were made to run in opposite directions, tearing the body apart. This person was indeed a woman. Even though she was faced with a dreadful end, that determined woman – that woman who had pledged to always remain steadfast on Tauheed (the Oneness of God) – bore the torment of her body being ripped apart, rather than be disloyal to her God. In Makkah, we come across another incidence of cruelty when the entire family of Hadhrat Yaasir (ra) was being persecuted. On one such day when this family was being persecuted, the Holy Prophet (saw) happened to pass by. He saw that they were tied up with ropes and were being viciously beaten, so the Holy Prophet (saw) said, “O family of Yaasir, have patience! Allah the Exalted has made a house for you in Paradise; a house is being built for you in Paradise”.1 During this episode of brutality, Hadhrat Yaasir (ra) was martyred, and Hadhrat Sumayyah, his wife, was tortured into a terrible state. She was semi-unconscious; yet even in such a state, Abu Jahl struck a spear in her and martyred her most cruelly. Having taken a passport to the pleasure of Allah the Exalted, which Allah the Exalted had given them through His beloved Prophet (saw) , both of them left this world and attained eternal life. Today, even fourteen hundred years later, their sacrifices shine most resplendently in the history of Islam. Whenever you look into the history of Islam, their sacrifice will be mentioned. Women are weak by nature, yet Islam has produced such women who have continued to offer sacrifices shoulder to shoulder with men. They have left behind such exemplary models for the stability and strength of Tauheed , which shall forever be a source of fortifying our faith for times to come. Now see, it was during the Makkan period of the life of the Holy Prophet (saw) when the events of Sha’ab-e-abi Taalib took place. The Holy Prophet (saw) , Hadhrat Khadijah (ra) , his extended family and his followers spent two and half years giving continuous sacrifices. They endured constant hunger and thirst, and their children would cry with the pangs of hunger. Although the mothers were worried and agitated at the state of their children; and although they were sorrowful at seeing their children approach death due to hunger, they still could not even think of being disloyal to and turning away from that wealth of Tauheed and that living God they had attained. If the men were the embodiment of steadfastness and resolve, women did not lag behind them. Thus it was the spirit of sacrifice and strength of faith that Islam produced equally in both men and women. Then at the command of Allah the Exalted, the migration to Madinah took place and another phase in the expansion of Islam began. Even there the enemies of Islam followed the Muslims, and with an army, attacked Madinah. It was then that God Almighty gave the Holy Prophet (saw) permission to defend himself in order to stop the persecution of the enemies; commanding him that now was time to retaliate forcefully, because if the oppression was not stopped at that point, the tyranny would have escalated and continued to fuel fires against all other religions. And the perpetrators of this cruelty would have continued to raise the sword against those teachings that lay emphasis on the worship of the One God. Therefore, with the permission of Allah the Exalted, the Holy Prophet (saw) marshalled against the attackers of Madinah and stood up against them. The first battle was fought at the grounds of Badr and subsequently, whenever the enemy found the opportunity, they fanned the flames of war against the Muslims. Despite the Muslims being smaller in numbers and short of weaponry, they continued to fight the enemy. During these battles, which were purely an affair for men, Muslim women played a full role. The courageous women fulfilled their duty, and fulfilled it superbly. The duties mostly undertaken by them were looking after the Muslim men who were fighting, supplying them with drinking water, tending to the wounds of the injured, moving the injured and the martyred from the battlefield and picking up and passing on arrows to the soldiers to use. Now, a woman, who is apparently seen as weak, can only accomplish this by keeping her wits intact and overcoming her weaknesses. Otherwise it is entirely impossible for her to accomplish this task. This is not all, in fact, I will relate some other incidents; and a particular incident that I have selected for now is most significant – it shows that women, like men, also fought with the sword. It was also the task of women to keep the army supplied with food, and to help men in digging graves for the martyrs. The women also played a great role in raising the spirits of the army. However, they did not accomplish this like the women of the kuffar, who sang songs and incited the men’s passions in improper ways, but they 2 did so by calling on their sense of honour for their faith and by vying with them to walk in the face of death. Thus, women have a distinguished status in the history of Islam. When war was imposed on them, Muslim women fulfilled their roles fully in the conditions of war; otherwise, this was not the purpose of their lives. These were the female Companions of the Holy Prophet (saw) who, according to the prevalent conditions of the time, gave excellent advice to the Nizaam-e-Jama‘at (system of the community) then established. The female Companions also accomplished academic feats. They set high standards of worship and they trained their children in such a way as to instil the realisation in them that they have to sacrifice their life, wealth, time and honour for the sake of their faith and their nation; and have to always be prepared for this sacrifice. Hence, their fearlessness and bravery was not the result of a warring or ignorant mentality, but they took these steps for the fulfilment of their duties and to achieve their objective. They were conscious of the fact that they had to discharge their obligations. If today, after the appointment of the Promised Messiah (as) , the jihad of the sword has been abrogated, then instead the jihad of the pen has been announced by him. Along with the jihad of the pen, these days there is the electronic media. There are various sources through which Islam and Ahmadiyyat is attacked. Attacks are being launched on the person of the Holy Prophet (saw) , on the Holy Qur’an and on the Being of Allah the Exalted. Today the number of these attacks has increased from before. While there is a need for men to use their energy and capabilities to repel these attacks, women too need to employ all their energy and capabilities for this. The Internet, Facebook and other websites should not be accessed only for enjoyment, passing time and fun, but rather with heartfelt compassion and zeal, like the women of early Islam did, who understood their responsibility and tried to undertake their obligations and even put their lives at stake for the objective. Now is the time to put one’s life at stake. It is the time to utilise all of one’s capabilities to obliterate and bring to naught every attack of the opponent. Girls and educated women should present themselves to the administration of the Jama’at for this. As said earlier, I will present some examples of women who took part in jihad . I have chosen one well-known example, which I will present before you here so you know how these women stood persistently in defense of Islam. You have heard examples of sacrifice of life for the establishment of Tauheed . But there are also such examples of what was done for the defence of Islam; defence of the religion that establishes the Oneness of God and for the protection of the Holy Prophet (saw) with one’s life. How these people, these women, protected the Holy Prophet (saw) by putting their lives on the line and stood by him, resolute and staunch. 3 First of all, I will present the example of Hadhrat Umme Ammaarah (ra) . Hadhrat Umme Ammaarah (ra) was among those early fortunate women of Madinah who went to Makkah and took part in Bai’at-e-Aqabah Saaniah (Second Oath of Allegiance at Aqabah). This fortunate convoy consisted of 72 men and 2 women, one of whom was Umme Ammaarah Nusaibah (ra) binte Ka’ab and the other was Umme Asmaa binte Umar bin Adiy (ra) .
Recommended publications
  • Gce 'O' Level Islamiyat : Paper 01
    GCE ‘O’ LEVEL ISLAMIYAT : PAPER 01 Topical Questions and Mark Scheme Compiled By : Syed Ruman Wajih Topical Past papers &Marking Schemes 2004------------ ------------ Islamiyat 2058/1 | 1 Topical Past papers &Marking Schemes 2004----------------- Islamiyat 2058/1 (PaperI) History and Importance of Quran Q1. (a) Briefly describe the four main sources of legal thinking in Islam. [12] (b) Give one example each to show how the third and fourth of these legal sources are used. [4] {November-05} (a) [Give up to 3 marks for each description.] • The Qur’an is the major source of instruction and thinking. • Its clear teachings are never questioned. • It is always referred to since no legal teaching ever contradicts it. • The Sunna of the Prophet is an authority next to the Qur’an. • It gives fuller teachings of what the Qur’an states in brief. • It and the Qur’an always agree. • It is taken as an authority where the Qur’an is silent. • The consensus of the community, ijma’, is referred to when the previous sources do not offer clear guidance. • It is understood as the agreement of believers on a point of faith or action. • Some take it as the consensus of the first generation of Muslims, others as the consensus of legal experts. • It never disagrees with the previous sources. • The Prophet said, ‘My community will never agree on error.’ • Analogy, qiyas, is employed when the previous sources do not offer clear guidance. • It involves an individual expert making a new decision on the basis of known teachings. • He compares the unknown with the known and identifies the common points between them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Firsts • Notes
    Abu Hudhaifa Ibn Utbah Seeking Another Status His name was Hashim, he did not have a son named Hudhaifa, or perhaps he had passed away at a young age. He was known for being very tall, handsome and having impeccable manners, being gentle, generous, and kind. One of his mannerisms was that he was quiet, despite his position. Utbah Abu Hudhaifa was from the tribe of Abu Shams, son of Utbah, one of the most influential ﷺ leaders of this tribe from Quraish. Utbah tried to negotiate with Prophet Muhammad and offered him great wealth, fame, prominence, or kingship of Mecca to stop spreading healing expenses if all ﷺ Islam's message. Utbah offered to pay for Prophet Muhammad's this was a result of a psychological condition. After politely listening to his offers, Prophet replied by reciting the Quran, starting with Sura Al Fussilat until he ﷺ Muhammad ﷺ reached Sura Al Sajida. Utbah was stunned by the recitation, and Prophet Muhammad told him that now it was time for Utbah to decide whether or not to accept the message and that he would not leave his message for anything that he was offered. When Utbah returned to Quraish, his face was changed after hearing the Quranic recitation. His heart, however, had not changed. He said that his advice was to leave Prophet .alone because he no longer believed it was witchcraft, sorcery, or poetry ﷺ Muhammad and his ﷺ They did not accept that approach, and they kept fighting the Prophet companions. Family Ties & Status Abu Hudhaifa’s mother was divorced from Utbah, accepted Islam, and later made the hijrah to Abyssinia.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Islamic Extremist Ideologies: the Historical Journey of Jihad from the Late Antique Period to the 21St Century Nikhil Kanade Claremont Mckenna College
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2016 Tracing Islamic Extremist Ideologies: The Historical Journey of Jihad from the Late Antique Period to the 21st Century Nikhil Kanade Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Kanade, Nikhil, "Tracing Islamic Extremist Ideologies: The iH storical Journey of Jihad from the Late Antique Period to the 21st Century" (2016). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 1389. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1389 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Claremont McKenna College TRACING ISLAMIC EXTREMIST IDEOLOGIES: THE HISTORICAL JOURNEY OF JIHAD FROM THE LATE ANTIQUE PERIOD TO THE 21ST CENTURY submitted to Professor Heather Ferguson by Nikhil Kanade For Senior Thesis Academic Year 2015-2016 April 25, 2016 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter One Demystifying the Origins of Jihad: The Emergence of Religiously Justified Warfare in the Late Antique World & Islam’s Inheritance ............................................... 10 The Late Antique World and the Prophet Muhammad ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Authenticity of the Qur'an
    The authenticity of the Qur’an BS Foad, M.D 2011 What is the evidence that the Qur’an is indeed a divine 1-The evidence is in the Qur’an itself: -Its verses are clear and logical -It provides guidance and addresses our hearts & souls -None of its verses were proven wrong -It was preserved in its original form 2-Muhammad (PBUH) was illiterate: how can he produce such a Qur’an? 3-No one could produce such a Qur’an Qur’anic verses are clear and logical The Qur’an encourages us to think, consider and reflect and ask us to ponder its verses “Do they not ponder on the Qur’an? Had it been from other than God, they would surely have found in it much discrepancy” An-Nesa’a 4: 82 Qur’anic verses are clear and logical Study the Qur’an and reflect on its verses “Here is a Book which We have sent to you, full of blessings, that they may reflect on its signs, and that men of understanding may receive admonition” Sa D 38: 29 Qur’anic verses are clear and logical The relationship between the spouses is a sign of God “And among His signs is that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your hearts. Indeed in this are signs for those who reflect” Ar-Rum 30: 21 Qur’anic verses are clear and logical Our human diversity is a sign of God “And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the variations in your languages and your colors.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Jihad: a Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery
    This is an Amended Edition Amendment Notes: 1. In 155, the quote, ‘However pure Mr. Gandhi’s character may be, he must appear to me, from the point of view of my religion, inferior to any Mussalman, even though he be without character… Yes, according to my religion and creed, I do hold an adulterous and a fallen Mussalman to be better than Mahatma Gandhi’, belonging to a diff erent Muhammad Ali, was wrongly attributed to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and has been removed. 2. Eighty other minor typos and errors have been amended. Islamic Jihad A Legacy of Forced Conversion‚ Imperialism‚ and Slavery M. A. Khan iUniverse, Inc. New York Bloomington Copyright © 2009 by M. A. Khan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them. iUniverse books may be ordered through booksellers or by contacting: iUniverse 1663 Liberty Drive Bloomington, IN 47403 www.iuniverse.com 1-800-Authors (1-800-288-4677) Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any Web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.
    [Show full text]
  • Answering Missionary Allegations Against the Qur‟An‟S Preservation
    Qur‟an that they had memorized, nor were they We already know from many narratives, that written down. people like Zaid ibn Thaabit already had memorized the entire Qur‟an, and did not die Missionaries point to this tradition to try to in the Battle of Yamama. illustrate that chunks of the Qur‟an have been lost forever, however this report is of doubtful Was there not a general agreement regarding the authenticity. reliability of the „Uthamnic Codex? The collector of this report – Abu Bakr Ibn There was a unanimous consensus from every Abi Dawood – was so well known for his single Muslim living during „Uthman‟s time that the dishonesty and unreliability in collection of contents of his texts were perfectly portraying the Answering Missionary traditions to the extent that his very own preserved Qur‟an. Allegations Against the father Abi Dawud called him a “liar”. (See Al- Dhahabi, Tadhkirat al-huffaz, Volume 2, page 302) Ali (ra), the Prophet‟s paternal cousin, son-in-law, Qur‟an‟s Preservation major companion and fourth Caliph, assures us The chain of transmission of this report has that there was a consensus in agreement By Bassam Zawadi an unreliable narrator Yunus ibn Yazeed regarding „Uthman‟s actions, Ali (ra) said: known for making major mistakes, and “By Allah, he did not do what he did Evangelical missionary Christians, in a vain furthermore, the chain also has a gap, regarding the Qur‟an, except by agreement attempt to divert Muslims from raising criticism which means we do not know who from us.” (Ibn Hajar Al Asqalani in Fathul Baari, Volume against the textual integrity of the Bible, have transmitted it during this gap.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Compilation of Quran the Companions of Prophet Muhammad Served in Transferring the Islamic Holy Book to Future Ge
    History of the compilation of Quran The companions of Prophet Muhammad served in transferring the Islamic holy book to future generations. The Quran was compiled into a book in the time of the first caliph, Abu Bakr The journey of the Quran, which began to be revealed to Prophet Muhammad during the month of Ramadan in 610, in its original form to the present day is a characteristic that none of the previous sacred books have. The companions of Prophet Muhammad, who were great people, played an important role in the compilation of the Quran, leaving an interesting story behind. 12 People During the 23 years of Muhammad's time as a prophet, the verses of the Quran were memorized as they were revealed, and about 42 scribes wrote the verses on different materials such as paper, cloth, bone fragments and leather. In ancient times, literacy was a skill that few people had and Muhammad himself did not know how to read or write. During the time of Caliph Abu Bakr, when 70 people who knew the Quran by heart (qari), were killed in the Battle of Yamama, Umar ibn al-Khattab became concerned and appealed to Abu Bakr in order to compile the Quran into a book. Abu Bakr formed a delegation under the leadership of Zaid ibn Thabit, one of the leading scribes. This delegation of 12 people, including famous figures such as Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha ibn Ubaydullah, Abdullah ibn Masood, Ubayy ibn Kab, Khalid ibn al-Walid, Hudhaifah and Saleem, came together in Umar's house and collected all the materials on which verses from the Quran were written.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazrat Umme Ummaarahra
    Hazrat Umme Ummaarahra Islam International Publications LTD. Umme Ummaarah ra Written by Nafisa Bashir Translated from Urdu into English by Hajra Ahmad First Published in the UK, 2016 © Islam International Publications Ltd. Published by Islam International Publications Ltd. (Additional Wakalat-e-Tasneef) Islamabad, Sheephatch Lane Tilford, Surrey GU10 2AQ, UK For further information please visit www.alislam.org. ISBN 978-1-84880-883-6 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface ..........................................................................v Hazrat Umme Ummaarahra .......................................... 1 Family Background ........................................................ 1 Marriages and Children ................................................ 2 Acceptance of Islam ....................................................... 2 Arrival of the Holy Prophet in Madinah ...................................................................... 4 The Holy Prophet’s Childhood Visit to Madinah ............................................................. 6 A Huge Privilege for the Najjaar Family .......................................................... 6 Preparing for the Battle of Uhud ................................. 7 Hazrat Umme Ummaarah’sra Role in the Battle of Uhud .................................................... 8 Courage of Hazrat Umme Ummaarah ............................................ 9 Aftermath of the Battle ................................................11 Unwavering Faith and a Mother’s Immense Sacrifice ........................................12
    [Show full text]
  • View of Reality
    Current Trends in Islamist Ideology VOLUME 12 ■ EGYPT’S MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AFTER THE REVOLUTION / Samuel Tadros ■ THE SPRING OF A NEW POLITICAL SALAFISM? / Hassan Mneimneh ■ ISLAM IN THE NATIONAL STORY OF PAKISTAN / Aparna Pande ■ THE ASSERTION OF BARELVI EXTREMISM / Ismail Khan ■ THE EXTREMIST REACTION TO THE UK’S PREVENT STRATEGY / Jack Barclay ■ ORGANIZATION VS. IDEOLOGY / David Martin Jones and M.L.R. Smith HUDSON INSTITUTE Center on Islam, Democracy, and the Future of the Muslim World Current Trends in Islamist Ideology volume 12 Edited by Hillel Fradkin, Husain Haqqani (on leave), Eric Brown, and Hassan Mneimneh hudson institute Center on Islam, Democracy, and the Future of the Muslim World ©2011 Hudson Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1940-834X For more information about obtaining additional copies of this or other Hudson Institute publica- tions, please visit Hudson’s website at www.hudson.org/bookstore or call toll free: 1-888-554-1325. ABOUT HUDSON INSTITUTE Hudson Institute is a nonpartisan, independent policy research organization dedicated to innovative research and analysis that promotes global security, prosperity, and freedom. Founded in 1961 by strategist Herman Kahn, Hudson Institute challenges conventional thinking and helps manage strate- gic transitions to the future through interdisciplinary studies in defense, international relations, eco- nomics, health care, technology, culture, and law. With offices in Washington and New York, Hud son seeks to guide public policymakers and global leaders in government and business through a vigorous program of publications, conferences, policy briefings, and recommendations. Hudson Institute is a 501(c)(3) organization financed by tax-deductible contributions from private individuals, corporations, foundations, and by government grants.
    [Show full text]
  • 2058 ISLAMIYAT 2058/22 Paper 2, Maximum Raw Mark 50
    CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge Ordinary Level MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2014 series 2058 ISLAMIYAT 2058/22 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 50 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2014 series for ® most Cambridge IGCSE , Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components. ® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge O Level – October/November 2014 2058 22 A01 (Knowledge – part (a) questions) Question 1(a) has a maximum mark of 4 and questions 2 (a) – 5 (a) have a maximum mark of 10. Level Mark Mark Level Descriptor Question Questions 1 2–5 Very Good/Excellent. A thorough, well-developed and substantial response. Demonstrates extensive, relevant and highly accurate knowledge of the subject in considerable detail 4 4 8–10 and with evident expertise. Likely to quote Qur’an verses and Hadiths to support and illustrate points made. Comprehensive and thoughtful. Good. Addresses the question confidently and coherently. Demonstrates sound, detailed and generally relevant and 3 3 5–7 accurate knowledge of the subject matter in great detail.
    [Show full text]
  • (Fatwă) Pronounced by Ibn Taymħyah on the Mongols, 702/1303
    Appendix Extract from a Legal Ruling (Fatwă) Pronounced by Ibn TaymĦyah on the Mongols, 702/1303 [The fatwă is given in reply to a speciÀ c question, which provides the framework within which it should be read. The question is stated as follows:] What is the view of top scholars concerning these Mongols who came [to the Muslim lands] in 699[/1299] and committed well known atrocities? They killed Muslims, enslaved their children, plundered their property and committed offences against what is religiously sacred, such as humiliating Muslims and their mosques, particularly the al-Aqßă Mosque in Jerusalem, committed corruption there, pilfered large quantities of Muslim property belonging to individuals and the state, took captive a large number of Muslims, driving them from their homeland. Despite all this, they claim to be committed to the declaration of faith (shahădah: ‘I bear witness that there is no deity other than God, and that Mu˙ammad is God’s messenger’). They maintain that it is forbidden in Islăm to À ght against them because they follow the basic principles of Islăm, and they did not go ahead with their objective of exterminating all Muslims. Is À ghting them permissible or a duty? Whichever answer is given, what is the basis of this ruling? Please give us a ruling on this matter; may God reward you. [In answer Ibn TaymĦyah wrote:] All praise is due to God. Any community or group that refuses to abide by any clear and universally accepted Islamic law, whether belonging to these people or to some other group, must be fought until they abide by its laws.
    [Show full text]
  • Reasons for the Success of Early Islamic Conquest
    Josh Liller ASH 3932 AE 070: Islamic History to 1798 Prof. Paul Halsall April 15, 2003 Reasons for the Success of Early Islamic Conquests During and after the life of Muhammad, Muslims successfully conquered a vast amount of territory starting with Mecca and expanding throughout Arabia, Anatolia, Persia, and into North Africa and Spain. While the conquest of such a vast area is amazing to begin with, what was even more impressive was the speed in which the conquest was accomplished: Arabia, the whole of the Sasanian Empire, and much of the Byzantine Empire’s Asia lands were under Muslim control less than thirty years after Muhammad’s death. Since Islam was a new religion and Arabia had lacked any real political unity prior to this time, how did the Muslims have so much success? The answer lies in a combination of their use of geography, organizational skills, and military tactics. Most people, except for the nomads who lived there, avoided the deserts in Arabia. Muhammad wisely made allies with these nomads. These nomads were very experienced in desert life and the use of camels as transportation. With help from the nomads, camels, and to a lesser extent horses, Muslim armies were able to cross desert areas quicker and with less ill effects than their enemies who largely viewed the desert as an obstacle to be avoided. This mobility helped them rapidly move armies and supplies to where they were needed most. However, this mobility was used as part of campaign strategy rather than as a battle tactic.1 Furthermore, battles were often sought where the desert could be used as a safe area to retreat to should the battle not go well for the Muslims.
    [Show full text]