2018, Ss. 323-346. EARLY MUSLIM RELATIONS WITH
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DEU FD XLVII/ 2018, . E2E-E4P. EARLY MUSLIM RELATIONS TITH INDUS VALLEY AND THE EXPEDITIONS DURING THE GUIDED CALIPHATE PERIOD .abihur RA MAN ∗ Tahsin KOA19T ∗∗ ABSTRACT The glorious past of the Indus valley has experienced a settlement of the civilization that was at its peak in the era before Christ. People had developed societies living with peace and prosperity. owever, time changed and the decline of Indus valley civilization occurred. After that, up to the middle of the Sth century A.D many other nations came and captured the area. It is being perceived as a common concept that Islam came into the Indus valley by the conquest of Muhammad bin kasim(d.92OS1,C at the beginning of I th century during the (mayyad period and started spreading in the region with the effort of Sufi saints. But literature presents some evidence on the presence of Islam in Indus valley even before Muhammad bin kasim. The purpose of this study is to find out the entrance and existence of Islam in Indus valley during the domination of the Guided Caliphate. To support the claim and analyze the issue the study follows the contemporary as well as the main Arabic sources of Islamic history. It has been found that, with the expansion of the Islamic state, the religion of Islam had also spread up to its vast boundaries along the cardinal directions. owever, due to many unsuccessful military expeditions caused by the unfair policies and wrong strategies towards local masses, the impact of the spread went unnoticed. On the contrary, Muhammad bin kasim was fair enough to the local people and gave them respect as well as high0rank positions in his administration resulting in his quick and comprehensive conquest of the region. It shows that Islam itself and the assimilation potential of people ∗ Doktora 78rencisi, Dokuz Eylül niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü slam Tarihi ve Sanatlar Ana Bilim Dal, zabihiiui2Mgmail.com, ORCID ID orcid.orgO0000000020I03S03,02 ∗∗ Do?. Dr., Dokuz Eylül niversitesi lahiyat Fakültesi slam Tarihi Ana Bilim Dal 78retim yesi, tahsin.kocyigitMdeu.edu.tr, ORCID ID orcid.orgO0000000020401S0 S2I2 Makalenin akemlere G=nderili; Tarihi 6 2,O02O201I Makalenin akemlerden Geli; Tarihi 6 24O0SO201I 324 .. RA MAN d T. KOA19T towards it was already there which became a part of Muhammad bin kasim success in the region. Key word 6 Sindh, Indus Valley, Islamic Conquest, Deybul, Caliphate RAGD ALFELER D7NEMNDE M SL MANLARIN ND(S VADS LE LK LGKLER VE ASKER SEFERLER 7. ndus vadisinin ;anl ge?mi;i, Milatbtan =nceki ?a8da zirvede olan uygarl8n bir in;asn ya;am;tr. nsanlar bar; ve refah i?inde ya;ayan toplumlarn geli;tirmi;lerdi. Ancak zaman de8i;ti ve Indus Vadisi uygarl8nn ?=kü;ü meydana geldi. Bundan sonra, S. yüzyln ortalarna kadar bir?ok kavim geldi ve b=lgeyi ele ge?irdi. Genel anlay; ;udur ki slam ndus vadisine I. yüzyln ba;nda Emevi d=neminde Muhammed bin KasmRn (d.92 O S1,C fethi ile ve Sufilerinin eme8i ile b=lgede yaylmaya ba;lam;t. Ancak literatür, Muhammed bin Kasmbdan =nce de ndus vadisinde slambn varl8 hakknda baz kantlar sunmaktadr. Bu ?al;mann amac Ra;it halifelerin hUkimiyeti srasnda ndus vadisinde slambn giri;ini ve varl8n bulmaktr. ddiay desteklemek ve konuyu analize etmek i?in, ?al;mamz, slam tarihinin ana Arap?a kaynaklarnn yan sra ?a8da; ?al;malardan da faydaland. slUmT devletin geni;lemesiyle birlikte slam dini de d=rt bir yana kadar yayld. Ancak, yerel halka y=nelik yanl; politikalarn ve yanl; stratejilerin yol a?t8 bir?ok ba;arsz askeri sefer nedeniyle slamRn yaylma etkisi fark edilemedi. Aksine, Muhammed bin KasmRn yerel halk i?in yeterince adil davranmas ve onlara y=netiminde yüksek dereceli pozisyonlar saygl bir ;ekilde vermesi b=lgedeki hzl ve kapsaml fetihlere yol a?m;t. Bu durum, slUmbn kendisinin ve ona kar; halkn asimilasyon potansiyelinin daha =nceden b=lgede bulundu8unu g=stermektedir ki bu durum Muhammed bin KasmRn zaferine bir nevi katk sa8lam;tr. Anahtar ke.ime.er 6 Sind, Indus Vadisi, slami fetih, Deybul, ilafet Introduction: Throughout the history of the world, there have been many civilizations which had a very deep impact on the overall development of mankind. Among them, Egyptian civilization at the river Nile, Mesopotamian civilization at the river Tigris and Euphrates, and Chinese civilization in the 1angtze and the 1ellow River are the considered to be Early Musli Relations with Indus :alley 32, the oldest civilizations of the world. 1 In 1I,2, British colonial officials wanted to extend their trade activities from the northwest to the southwest of India through a railway track, currently operational in Pakistan from Lahore to Karachi. During the construction of that railway project, they discovered the ruins of Indus valley civilization first in arappa, Punjab in 1921 and then in 1922 they discovered the ruins of Mohenjo daro in Sindh. Currently, the location of the ruins of Mohenjo daro is in the district of Larkana in the province of Sindh and the ruins of arappa are in the district of Sahiwal in the province of Punjab. 2 In conclusion to this excavation, it was established that Indus valley civilization was a contemporary of the above mentioned ancient civilizations. According to the archaeological studies, these structures having brick houses were built in between 330001300 BCP they had a 900 degree cutting path, sufficient drainage, and water systems. Moreover, despite being built at that time, their ruins are astonishingly still sustaining and relate to us the tremendous stories of an ancient civilization. Many ethnic groups including Persians, Scythians and Arabs have ruled over Indus valley throughout its history along with Alexander the GreatP and it has also remained as a free and independent territory occasionally in the hands of Indians as well. In other words, the history of ancient times is evident of the fact that the Indus valley, known to Arab historians as ZBiladu al0Sind[, is historically considered as a region that has never lost its essence and importance. Geographica. Location and Characteri tic of Indu Va..ey According to ZChach Namah[, during the period of Rai Buddhist dynasty around ,40 to 244 AD, the boundary of Sindh valley was marked up to Kashmir and Kanuj in the east and extended up to Makran in the west. It bordered on Gujarat (in present day IndiaC and the Indian Ocean in the south and in the north up to Kikan and Kirdan mountains which are somewhere near Kalat and kuetta district in Baluchistan. In 1 Sharma, Sehdev Kumar and Pahuja, Dmanjit Kumar, Five great civilization of the world , Educreation Publication, New Delhi (without dateC6 p,1 2 Mohan Gehani, Brief Introduction:History of Sindh , Indian Institute of Sindhology, Gujarat (IndiaC, 200I6 pp,22029. 322 .. RA MAN d T. KOA19T Rai Buddhist dynasty, the Sindh region was divided into four provinces. The first one was Brahmanabad and it contained four districts6 Neyrun, Deybul, Lohana, and Lakha. The second province was Multan and it consisted of five districts6 Brahmapur, Shahar, Saka, Karor, and Kambh, up to the border of Kashmir. The third province was Sivistan having four districts in it, namely Bodhiya, Chankan, Kohistan, and Rochiyan. The fourth province was Iskalanda with four districts, including Pabiya, Talvaria, Chachpur, and Jodhpur. All of these provinces were administrated by governors appointed by the king, who himself remained at ZAlor[ the capital of the Indus valley and fifth province of the region, having three more districts like ZKirdan[, ZKikan[, and ZBarhasR directly under the authority of the capital city. 3 An Arab historian Ibn urdazbih counted approximately 2I cities and towns of the region of Sindh. 4 Ibn awkal was the first geographer who drew the map of Sindh as shown below in figure 1. Ibn awkal also gave the detailed information about the Sindh region. e divided it into four provinces6 ZMansurah[, ZMakran[, ZTuran[ and ZBudha[ or ZBudhiya[ and also described the distance between each of these provinces. , 3 Al0Kufi, Abu Bakr Ali bin amid(d.213O121SC, Fethu Sind Z Chach na ah” th, Dr.Suheyl .akkar DUr0ul fikir0 Beirut, 1stOEd, 19926 pp,1,01I. 4 Ibn Khordadbeh Abu al0kasim (baydullah ibn Abdullah (d.2I0OI94C, Al-MasPlik wa%l-Ma Plik , DUr SUdir, BeirutO1II96 pp,,20,S. , Ibn auqal, Abu al0kasim Muhammad ibn auqal, al-Baghdadi, Surat al-Ard , DUr SUdir, BeirutO 193I6 2O31S. Early Musli Relations with Indus :alley 32S Figure16 Map of Sindh by Ibn awkal (d. 3SIO9I9C Afterwards, another Arab historian and geographer Al0MaqdTsT who visited the Sindh by himself described Sindh as having five provinces6 ZMukran[, ZTuran[, Sind (MansurahC ZVeyhend[ and ZMultan[. 2 In general, the area of Sindh can be divided into various regions on the basis of their characteristics. The land is considered very fertile in the north and northeast of the Indus valley, with rain and canal system making it very productive as well. The middle part of the region is suggested to be agriculturally rich due to the availability of water from the Sind River. The east side of the region is a ZThar[ desert and west 2 Al0MaqdTsT, Shams al0DTn Abu Abdullah Ahmed bin Abu Bakr, Ahsan al-TaFPsO fi Ma%rifat al-AFPli , DUr ul kutub al0ilmiyyah, BeirutOLebanon, 1stOEd 020036 pp,4S404S,. 32I .. RA MAN d T. KOA19T side is a mountainous area. ence, both of these areas are not much productive for agriculture. But in terms of richness in natural resources, there are underground reserves of iron and coal in Sindh area. S As it has been mentioned above that agricultural products are also somehow cultivated in almost every part of the region. Generally, two types of crops are grown annually, one of which is in autumn, for example, wheat, barley, oil seeds, mustard, saffron, garlic and onion.