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Chronologica Dictionary of Sind Chronologial Dictionary of Sind

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CHRONOLOGICA DICTIONARY OF SIND CHRONOLOGIAL DICTIONARY OF SIND (From Geological Times to 1539 A.D.) By M. H. Panhwar Institute of Sindhology University of Sind, Jamshoro Sind-Pakistan All rights reserved. Copyright (c) M. H. Panhwar 1983. Institute of Sindhology Publication No. 99 > First printed — 1983 No. of Copies 2000 40 0-0 Price ^Pt&AW&Q Published By Institute of Sindhlogy, University of Sind Jamshoro, in collabortion with Academy of letters Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education Islamabad. Printed at Educational Press Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Road, Karachi. • PUBLISHER'S NOTE Institute of Sindhology is engaged in publishing informative material on - Sind under its scheme of "Documentation, Information and Source material on Sind". The present work is part of this scheme, and is being presented for benefit of all those interested in Sindhological Studies. The Institute has already pulished the following informative material on Sind, which has received due recognition in literary circles. 1. Catalogue of religious literature. 2. Catalogue of Sindhi Magazines and Journals. 3. Directory of Sindhi writers 1943-1973. 4. Source material on Sind. 5. Linguist geography of Sind. 6. Historical geography of Sind. The "Chronological Dictionary of Sind" containing 531 pages, 46 maps 14 charts and 130 figures is one of such publications. The text is arranged year by year, giving incidents, sources and analytical discussions. An elaborate bibliography and index: increases the usefulness of the book. The maps and photographs give pictographic history of Sind and have their own place. Sindhology has also published a number of articles of Mr. M.H. Panhwar, referred in the introduction in the journal Sindhology, to make available to the reader all new information collected, while the book was in press. This would make this text upto date to 1983. It is earnestly hoped that the information in this book will open new venues for research.. August 15, 1983 Prof. Dr. G. A. Allana Prof. Incharge Institute of Sindhology Sind University, J amshoro. m CONTENTS PAGE CONTENTS OF TEXT VII CONTENTS OF MAPS AND CHARTS X CONTENTS OF FIGURES XIV INTRODUCTION BY AUTHOR XXI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxvn TEXT 1 -392 BIBLIOGRAPHY after Page 392 INDEX Page 1-65 Page 1-70 CONTENTS OF TEXT PAGE 1. GEOLOGICAL CALENDAR, (3.5 Billion years ago to present times). 2. PLEISTOCENE PERIOD IN SIND, (Early, Middle and Late Stone age, sea level changes and Mesolithic period). 3. NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN SIND, (7000 B.C. to 3500 B.C.). 4. CHALCOUTfflC PERIOD IN SIND, (3500 B.C. to 1000 B.C.). 5. THE EARLY INDUS CULTURE, (3000 - 2350 B.C.). 6. THE HARAPPAN OR MATURE INDUS CULTURE, (2350 -1750 B.C.). 7. THE DECLINING INDUS CULTURE OR FALL OF INDUS CULTURE, (1750 B.C. -1000 B.C.). 8. THE PROTO - HISTORICAL PERIOD, (1300 -519 B.C.). 9. THE COMING OF RIG-VEDIC ARYANS, (1050 -850 B.C.). 10. ACHAEMENIAN CONQUEST OF SIND, (519 B.C.). 11. GREEK CONQUEST OF SIND AND THE REST OF PAKISTAN, (329 - 324 B.C.). • J 12. MAURYANS AND INTRODUCTION OF BlfDDHISM IN SIND, (324 - 187 B.C.). 13. BACTRIAN GREEKS AND CULTURE EXCHANGE, (187 -80 B.C.). 14. SCYTHIAN OR SAKA RULE OF SIND, (80 B.C. to 46 A.D.). 15. '•• 16. KUSHAN RULE AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE, (65 - 283 A.D.). 1 7. SASSANI ANS AND RISE OF LOCAL DYNASTIES, (283 - 499 A.D.), 1 8. RAI DYNASTY AND CLIMAX OF BUDDHIST POWER IN SIND, (499-641 A.D.) 19. BRAHMAN DYNASTY, (641 -712A.D.). 20. UMAYYAD DYNASTY AND ARAB RAIDS ON SIND, (669-711A.D.). 21. ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND, (711 -714A.D.). 22. UMAYYAD'S GOVERNORS OF SIND, (715-749A.D.). 23. ABBASID'S GOVERNORS OF SIND, (749 - 854 A.D.). 24. DECLINE OF ARAB POWER IN SIND, (835 - 854 A.D.). 25. HABARI DYNASTY OF SIND, (854- 1010 A.D.). 26. THE BEGINNINGS OF SOOMRA RISE TO POWER, (1010 - 1026 A.D.). 27. SOOMRA DYNASTY, (1026-1351 A.D.). 28. THE BEGINNINGS OF SAMMA'S RISE TO PO\YER, (1333- 1351 A.D.). 29 . MUHAMMAD TUGHLAQ'S EXPEDITION ON SIND AND DEATH, (1347 - 1351 A.D.). 30. FALL OF SOOMRAS AND SAMMA - DELHI CONFLICT, j (1351- 1368 A.D.). 3 1 . SIND SUBMITS TO DELHI, (1368 - 1388 A.D.). VHI CONTENTS OF MAPS AND CHARTS Opposite Page \ 1. Geological Map of Sind, showing formation of Sind. 3.5 Billion years ago to the present time. (MAP) 1 2. 2500 - 1000 B.C. The extent of early, mature and declining Indus Civilization. (MAP) 3. 4500 - 800 B.C. Expansion of Copper and Bronze Working (MAP) 32 4. 2000 B.C. - 1226 A.D. Drying up of Hakra (The lost river of the Indian Desert and the Rann of Cutch). (MAP) 32 5. 1000 B.C. -1226 A.D.* The Crook of Cutch Making Cutch as Bridge between Sind, Kathiawar and Western Gujrat. (MAP) 32 6. 1000 -50 B.C. Expansion of Iron Working. (MAP) 32 7. 1000 -500 B.C. Expansion of Iron in the Sub-continent and 600 - 500 B.C. 16 Principalities or Mahajanpadas. (MAP) 64 8. 640 — 325 B.C. Sind Principalities and Contemporary Achaemenians (Chart) 64 9. 519 B.C. -1524 A.D. Routes of Invasion of Sind By Achaemenians, Macedonians, Bactrians, Scythians, Parthians, Kushans, Sassanians, and Arghoons, from Central Asia through Afghanistan. 72 10. 519 B.C. Empire of Darius I The Achaemenian 72 1 1. 450 B.C. The first world Map showing Sind by Herodotus. (Adopted from Michael Grant). % 80 12. 323 B.C. Empire of Alexander 80 1 3. 326 - 324 B.C. Alexanders' Conquest of Sind and Retreat. 80 X 32. SAMMAS REGAIN INDEPENDENCE, (1388-1524 A.D.). 336 33. SAMMA FEUDS AND THEIR FALL, (1512-1521 A.D.). 368 34. SAMMAS STRUGGLE TO REGAIN SIND, (1522- 1536 A.D.) 379 • IX 14. 323 - 187 B.C. Mauryan Empire to its Largest Extent in 250 B.C. 80 15. 324 -187 B.C. Mauryans and their Contemporaries. 88 16. 301 B.C. Greek Empire of Alexander's Successor's and Mauryan Empire (Sind became part of Mauryan Empire). 88 17. 200 B.C. - 200 A.D. Trade Routes between Sind and the Western World. 18. 184-70 B.C. Bactrian Greeks and their contemporaries. 88 19. 187 - 184 B.C. Route of Conquest of Sind by Bactrian Greeks (Demetrius and Menander}. 88 20. 174 B.C. Indo — Greek Roman and Hellenic Empires in 174 B.C. 88 21. 145 B.C. Trade Routes Parthian and Greek Empires. 88 22. 74 B.C. Empires of Parthians and Scythians (Including Sind). 23. 70 B.C. - 46 A J). Scythian Rulers and their Contemporaries. 96 24. 46 - 78 A.D. Parthians and their Contemporaries. 25. 65 - 283 AJX Kushans and their Contemporaries. 104 I 26. 100 - 750 A.D. Cities of Sind. 104 27. 150 A.D. The World According to Ptolemy (Adopted from Michael Grant). 104 28. 150 A.D. Map of Sind and Adjoining Territories according -V to Claudius Ptolemy (Based on McCrindle 1885). 104 v 29. 176-499 A.D. Sassanids and their contemporaries in Sind and adjoining areas. 112 XI 30. 138A.D. Khusan, Parthian and Roman Empires. 112 31. 230A.D. Ardasir's Empire, Trade and Trade Routes. 112 s 32. 400 A.D. Vahlikas of Sind and the Gupta Empire. 112 33. 499 - 640/41 A.D. Rai Dynasty of Sind and Their Contemporaries. 120 34. 640 A.D. Rai Sehasi - II 's Sind, Harasha Empire and Contemporary Sub - continents. 120 35. 641 - 662 A.D. Chach's Sind and its Division as Hieun Tsang saw them. 128 36. 640/41 - 725 A.D. Contemporaries of Brahman Dynasty. 128 37. 711- 714 AJ). Conquest of Sind by the Arabs. 136 38. 712-751A.D. , . Umayyad Governors of Sind and their Contemporaries. 136 39. 751 - 854 A.D. Abbasid Governors of Sind and their Contemporaries. 1 84 40. 854- 1011 AX). Habaris of Sind and their Contemporaries. 184 41. 925 A.D. Indian Sub - continent in 925 A.D. and Habari Kingdom of Sind. 1 84 42. 854- 1011 A.D. Habaris and Adjoining Local Arab ' Kingdom in 951 A.D. 184 43. 951 A.D. Istakhri's Map of Sind (Modern names in Brackets). Northern Frontier of Sind was about 50 Miles Noth of Multan, Lasbela, Part of Makran upto Kej, Kalat, Sibi, and Gandova formed part of Sind. 184 44. 976 A.D. Ibn Haukal' s Map of Sind (Based pn Elliot (1867). 184 45. 1025 A.D. Khafif Soomra and Contemporary Sub-continent. 224 XII 46. 1011 - 1351/52 A.D. Soomras of Sind and their Contemporaries. 224 47. 1150 A.D. the Sind and the Neighbouring Territories from Al-Sharif Al-Idrisi. Based on seventh section of the second clime (Bodleian Library, MS—Greaves). 240 48. 1236 A.D. Indian Sub-continent in 1236 A.D. on death of Atlatmish. 240 49. 1333 AJ). Ibn Batuta's Routes. To Janani, Sehwan and Lahri Bandar, and Return Route to Multan and Delhi. 296 50. Sind in 1351 A.D. Muhammad Tughlaq's Invasion of Sind and Taghi's flight to Sind. 296 51. 1000 - 1525 A.D. Soomra — Samma Cities, of Sind. 212 52. 1352- 1524 A.D. Sammas of Sind and their Contemporaries. 212 • 53. 1441 A.D. Indian Sub-continent Around 1441 A.D. 344 54. 1508 AJ). Indian Sub-continent as Portugese saw. 344 55. 1508 A.D. Sind Boundaries under Jam Nizamuddin and Areas under his active influence. 368 56. 57. CONTENTS OF FIGURES 1. Rampithecus, who lived 14 million years ago. 2. 7 — 5 million years old set of teeth found in 1930, at Siwalik hills.
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    SEEPAGE OF WATER FROM THE RIVER INDUS AND OCCURRENCE OF FRESH GROUND WATER IN SINDH BY M.H. PANHWAR I was involved with investigation of ground water in the Province of Sindh since 1953, with the first assignment as Agricultural Engineer in Sindh. My previous experience in various areas of Sindh had revealed that in many cases even at shallow depths of a few meters, ground water was brackish in the Indus plains of Sindh. The easiest solution for the initial ground water survey was to take samples out from the existing dug and lined wells which were about 10 meters deep and also from hand pumps of same depth used for domestic purposes. Such wells and hand pumps existed in each one of some 20,000 sizeable villages in the Indus Alluvial Plains. A representative survey of about 2,000 such water sources showed that ground water in the close vicinity of the river Indus was invariably fresh, in the first 280 miles of its run in Sindh from Kashmore to Hyderabad, but was slightly brackish on the down streams side up to the point, where it discharged into the Arabian sea. This general rule did not apply to whole Sindh as there were areas, even 40 miles away from the river Indus, which also had fresh water. I therefore thought that the river Indus which has been changing courses periodically had passed through such areas in the recent centuries and seepage from it has left fresh water there. It appeared that, if I could get correct information on the courses of the river Indus in the past, the occurrence and the quality of ground water could probably be known comparatively more reliably.
  • Banbhore) (200 Bc to 200 Ad)

    Banbhore) (200 Bc to 200 Ad)

    INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF SINDH FROM ITS PORT BARBARICON (BANBHORE) (200 BC TO 200 AD) BY M.H. PANHWAR This period covers the rule of Bactrian Greeks, Scythians, Parthians and Kushans in Sindh, rest of the present Pakistan and parts of India. The origins of the development of European trade in the Sindh and trade routes under notice go back to later part of the sixth century BC, and it involved continuous efforts over next seven centuries. (a) After Darius-I’s conquest of Gandhara and Sindhu, admiral Skylax (a Greek of Caryanda), made exploratory voyage down the Kabul and the Indus from Kaspapyrus or Kasyabapura (Peshawar) to the Sindh coast and thence along the Arabian coast to the Red Sea and Egypt in 518 BC, completing the journey in 2 1/2 years and returning to Iran in 514 BC. The voyage was meant to connect the South Asia with Egypt. Darius-I also restored Necho-II’s canal connecting the Nile with the Red Sea. Thus he made Egypt and not Mesopotamia the main line of communication between the Indian and the Mediterranean Oceans. Darius built ‘the Royal Road’ connecting various cities of the empire. It ran the distance of 1677 well-garrisoned miles from Euphesus to Susa. A much longer route than this was from Babylon to Ecbatans and from thence to Kabul, which was already connected with Peshawar. The great voyage of Skylax connected Peshawar with the Red Sea and Egypt, via the Indus and the Arabian Sea. The earlier Egyptian navigation under Pharaohs had purely utilitarian and limited objectives were in no way similar to the great historical voyages, like one by Skylax, for general exploration.