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Taxation in Islam
Taxation in Islam The following article is based on the book Funds in the Khilafah State which is a translation of Al-Amwal fi Dowlat Al-Khilafah by Abdul-Qadeem Zalloom.1 Allah (swt) has revealed a comprehensive economic system that details all aspects of economic life including government revenues and taxation. In origin, the permanent sources of revenue for the Bait ul-Mal (State Treasury) should be sufficient to cover the obligatory expenditure of the Islamic State. These revenues that Shar’a (Islamic Law) has defined are: Fa’i, Jizya, Kharaj, Ushur, and income from Public properties. The financial burdens placed on modern states today are far higher than in previous times. When the Caliphate is re-established it will need to finance a huge re-development and industrial programme to reverse centuries of decline, and bring the Muslim world fully into the 21st century. Because of this, the Bait ul-Mal’s permanent sources of revenue may be insufficient to cover all the needs and interests the Caliphate is obliged to spend upon. In such a situation where the Bait ul-Mal’s revenues are insufficient to meet the Caliphate’s budgetary requirements, the Islamic obligation transfers from the Bait ul-Mal to the Muslims as a whole. This is because Allah (swt) has obliged the Muslims to spend on these needs and interests, and their failure to spend on them will lead to the harming of Muslims. Allah (swt) obliged the State and the Ummah to remove any harm from the Muslims. It was related on the authority of Abu Sa’id al-Khudri, (ra), that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “It is not allowed to do harm nor to allow being harmed.” [Ibn Majah, Al-Daraqutni] Therefore, Allah (swt) has obliged the State to collect money from the Muslims in order to cover its obligatory expenditure. -
The Transformation of Middle Eastern Cities in the 12 Century
Stefan Heidemann, Jena University The Transformation of Middle Eastern Cities in the 12th Century: Financing Urban Renewal The scope of the project1 The 12th century was a period of rapid change in the Middle East. It was a time of renewal as well as completion as the cityscapes’ Islamization came to a head. In Syria and Northern Mesopotamia a vast building program finally transformed the late Roman/early Islamic city of the sixth to the tenth centuries⎯followed by almost two centuries of decline⎯to the prosperous medieval city of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries, which can be still seen in the old towns of modern cities in the Middle East. The majority of the urban populations had become Muslim, and, with the appearance of a strong Muslim constituency, the cities became dominated by Islamic buildings and institutions, such as congregational mosques, schools of higher learning (madrasa), convents for mystics (khanqah), and hospitals. The period prior to the Seljuq conquest of Syria in 1087 witnessed urban decline. The beginning of the urban, political and economic renaissance2, and the extensive Zangid3 1 This chapter of my research project ‘the transformation of the Middle Eastern Cities in the 12th Century’ would not have been possible without the stimulating academic environment created by the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at MIT by invitation of Prof. Nasser Rabbat. Since 2004 this project is supported by the German Research Foundations (DFG) as ‘The New Economic Dynamics in the Zangid and Ayyubid Period’. The extended annotated version of this contribution will appear in Miriam Frenkel and Yaacov Lev (eds.), Charity in the Late Antiquity and Medieval Islam (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes), Wiesbaden (forthcoming). -
Gunpowder Empires
Gunpowder Empires James Gelvin “Modern Middle East” Part 1 - Chapter 2 expanded lecture notes by Denis Bašić Gunpowder Empires • These empires established strong centralized control through employing the military potential of gunpowder (naval and land-based siege cannons were particularly important). • The major states of the Western Hemisphere were destroyed by European gunpowder empires while throughout the Eastern Hemisphere, regional empires developed on the basis of military power and new centralized administrations. • The world gunpowder empires were : the Ottoman, Safavid, Moghul, Habsburg, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese. • Emperor vs. King Military Patronage State • brought to the Middle East by Turkic and Mongolian rulers • Their three main characteristics are : • they were essentially military • all economic resources belonged to the chief military family or families • their laws combined dynastic laws, local laws, and Islamic law (shari’a) Ottoman Empire - 1st Islamic gunpowder empire • The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic empires to harness gunpowder. • Most probably the Ottomans learned of gunpowder weapons from renegade Christians and used it to devastating effects in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. • The Ottomans used the largest cannons of the time to destroy the walls and conquer Constantinople in 1453. They conquered Constantinople the same year when the Hundred Years’ (116-year) War in Europe ended. The Siege of Constantinople (painted 1499) Sultan Mehmed II (1432-1481) on the road to the siege of Constantinople painter : Fausto Zonaro (1854-1929) The Great Ottoman Bombard Prior to the siege of Constantinople it is known that the Ottomans held the ability to cast medium-sized cannon, yet nothing near the range of some pieces they were able to put to field. -
Foresight Hindsight
Hindsight, Foresight ThinkingI Aboutnsight, Security in the Indo-Pacific EDITED BY ALEXANDER L. VUVING DANIEL K. INOUYE ASIA-PACIFIC CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES HINDSIGHT, INSIGHT, FORESIGHT HINDSIGHT, INSIGHT, FORESIGHT Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific Edited by Alexander L. Vuving Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific Published in September 2020 by the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2058 Maluhia Rd, Honolulu, HI 96815 (www.apcss.org) For reprint permissions, contact the editors via [email protected] Printed in the United States of America Cover Design by Nelson Gaspar and Debra Castro Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Name: Alexander L. Vuving, editor Title: Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific / Vuving, Alexander L., editor Subjects: International Relations; Security, International---Indo-Pacific Region; Geopolitics---Indo-Pacific Region; Indo-Pacific Region JZ1242 .H563 2020 ISBN: 978-0-9773246-6-8 The Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies is a U.S. Depart- ment of Defense executive education institution that addresses regional and global security issues, inviting military and civilian representatives of the United States and Indo-Pacific nations to its comprehensive program of resident courses and workshops, both in Hawaii and throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Through these events the Center provides a focal point where military, policy-makers, and civil society can gather to educate each other on regional issues, connect with a network of committed individuals, and empower themselves to enact cooperative solutions to the region’s security challenges. -
Unit 15 Islamic Society: Rise and Spread of Sects
The Rise andRoman Expansion Empire: of UNIT 15 ISLAMIC SOCIETY: RISE AND Political SystemIslam* SPREAD OF SECTS* Structure 15.0 Objectives 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Arabian Peninsula on the Eve of Islam 15.2.1 Jahaliya: Pre-Islamic Period of Ignorance? 15.2.2 Arabs Between the Great Empires 15.2.3 Southern Arabian Peninsula 15.3 Islam in Arabia and Muhammad: Early Islamic Society 15.3.1 Migration to Medina in 622 CE 15.3.2 Conquest of Mecca 15.4 Islamic Caliphate and Dissension in the Islamic World 15.5 The Ummayads: Kharijites and Shia 15.5.1 Who were the Kharijites? 15.5.2 Rise of Shia Islamic Sects 15.6 The Abbasid Caliphate: Mu’tazila and Asharite 15.7 Islamic Sufi Orders 15.7.1 Rise of Sufi Movement 15.7.2 Spread of Sufi Tariqa 15.8 Summary 15.9 Keywords 15.10 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 15.11 Suggested Readings 15.12 Instructional Video Recommendations 15.0 OBJECTIVES In this Unit, we are going to study the rise and expansion of Islam and its various sects. Islam, as we know, emerged in Arabia but later spread to the three continents – Asia, Europe and Africa. After studying this unit, you should be able to: z understand the social and political circumstances in the Arabian Peninsula on the eve of the rise of Islam, z know the early conflicts which led to the establishment of Islam, z analyse about the formation of first Islamic State (Caliphate) in Medina and its consequences on the world history, z discuss the rise of Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphates, and z comprehend the roots and growth of dissent groups in Islam – Kharijites, Shia and Sunni, and Sufism. -
The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2021
PERSONS • OF THE YEAR • The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • B The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • i The Muslim 500: The World’s 500 Most Influential Chief Editor: Prof S Abdallah Schleifer Muslims, 2021 Editor: Dr Tarek Elghawary ISBN: print: 978-9957-635-57-2 Managing Editor: Mr Aftab Ahmed e-book: 978-9957-635-56-5 Editorial Board: Dr Minwer Al-Meheid, Mr Moustafa Jordan National Library Elqabbany, and Ms Zeinab Asfour Deposit No: 2020/10/4503 Researchers: Lamya Al-Khraisha, Moustafa Elqabbany, © 2020 The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre Zeinab Asfour, Noora Chahine, and M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin 20 Sa’ed Bino Road, Dabuq PO BOX 950361 Typeset by: Haji M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin Amman 11195, JORDAN www.rissc.jo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanic, including photocopying or recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily reflect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Set in Garamond Premiere Pro Printed in The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Calligraphy used throughout the book provided courte- sy of www.FreeIslamicCalligraphy.com Title page Bismilla by Mothana Al-Obaydi MABDA • Contents • INTRODUCTION 1 Persons of the Year - 2021 5 A Selected Surveyof the Muslim World 7 COVID-19 Special Report: Covid-19 Comparing International Policy Effectiveness 25 THE HOUSE OF ISLAM 49 THE -
Proquest Dissertations
The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. -
Manchester Muslims: the Developing Role of Mosques, Imams and Committees with Particular Reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM
Durham E-Theses Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM. AHMED, FIAZ How to cite: AHMED, FIAZ (2014) Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10724/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 DURHAM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM. Fiaz Ahmed September 2013 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief it contains no material previously published or written by another person except where dueacknowledgement has been made in the text. -
Gce 'O' Level Islamiyat : Paper 01
GCE ‘O’ LEVEL ISLAMIYAT : PAPER 01 Topical Questions and Mark Scheme Compiled By : Syed Ruman Wajih Topical Past papers &Marking Schemes 2004------------ ------------ Islamiyat 2058/1 | 1 Topical Past papers &Marking Schemes 2004----------------- Islamiyat 2058/1 (PaperI) History and Importance of Quran Q1. (a) Briefly describe the four main sources of legal thinking in Islam. [12] (b) Give one example each to show how the third and fourth of these legal sources are used. [4] {November-05} (a) [Give up to 3 marks for each description.] • The Qur’an is the major source of instruction and thinking. • Its clear teachings are never questioned. • It is always referred to since no legal teaching ever contradicts it. • The Sunna of the Prophet is an authority next to the Qur’an. • It gives fuller teachings of what the Qur’an states in brief. • It and the Qur’an always agree. • It is taken as an authority where the Qur’an is silent. • The consensus of the community, ijma’, is referred to when the previous sources do not offer clear guidance. • It is understood as the agreement of believers on a point of faith or action. • Some take it as the consensus of the first generation of Muslims, others as the consensus of legal experts. • It never disagrees with the previous sources. • The Prophet said, ‘My community will never agree on error.’ • Analogy, qiyas, is employed when the previous sources do not offer clear guidance. • It involves an individual expert making a new decision on the basis of known teachings. • He compares the unknown with the known and identifies the common points between them. -
I a STUDY of WEST ASIA THROUGH the PRISM of SHIA-SUNNI
i A STUDY OF WEST ASIA THROUGH THE PRISM OF SHIA-SUNNI CONFLICT: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA A Dissertation submitted to the Panjab University, Chandigarh in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Master of Philosophy in Social Sciences By Brigadier Rakesh Manocha, SM, VSM (Roll No. 4420) Under the guidance of Dr Sachin Chowdhry 44th Advance Professional Programme In Public Administration (2018-19) Indian Institute of Public Administration New Delhi ii CERTIFICATE I have the pleasure to certify that Brig Rakesh Manocha, SM, VSM has pursued his research work and prepared the present dissertation titled ‘A Study of West Asia through the Prism of Shia-Sunni Conflict: Implications for India’ under my guidance and supervision. The dissertation is the result of his own research and to the best of my knowledge, no part of it has earlier comprised any other monograph, dissertation or book. This is being submitted to the Panjab University, Chandigarh, in partial fulfilment of award of Master of Philosophy in Social Sciences based on curriculum of Advance Professional Programme in Public Administration (APPPA) at Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi. I recommend that the dissertation of Brig Rakesh Manocha, SM, VSM is worthy of consideration for the award of M.Phil degree of Panjab University, Chandigarh. Dr Sachin Chowdhry Supervisor and Guide IIPA, Delhi iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the outset I wish to acknowledge the opportunity provided by the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Delhi to pursue research on the fascinating subject of West Asia through the prism of Sectarian Divide in the post American invasion of 2003 and its repercussions on India. -
Representations of Slave Women in Discourses of Slavery and Abolition, 1780-1838
The University of Hull Representations of Slave Women in Discourses of Slavery and Abolition, 1780-1838 A thesis submitted to the Department of Economic and Social History in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Henrice Altink Cardiff, Wales September 2002 :If CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v MAP OF JAMAICA 1834 vii INTRODUCTION 1 PART I. SLAVE WOMEN AS MOTHER INTRODUCTION TO PART I 27 CHAPTER 1 BELLY-WOMEN 34 Incentives to Breed Pregnancy The Delivery The Lying-In Period Conclusions CHAPTER 2 PICKENINY MUMMAS 60 'If [Only] They Were Encouraged As Nurses' 'The Most Essential and Most Important of All the Maternal Duties' Conclusions PART II. SLAVE WOMEN AS COMPANIONS INTRODUCTION TO PART II 85 CHAPTER 3 DEVIANT AND DANGEROUS: ATTITUDES TO SLAVE WOMEN'S SEXUALITY 93 'Rat-Traps Who Have Two Husbands, and Make Love to the Bucicras' 'Naturally. Endowed with Moderate Passions' Conclusions CHAPTER 4 SLAVE MARRIAGE: SOLUTION OR PROBLEM? 130 From an Undesirable to an Acceptable Institution Official Encouragement to Slave Marriage A Beneficial or Harmful Institution? Conclusions CHAPTER 5 SLAVE MARRIAGE: THE FOUNDATIONS OF FREEDOM 158 Marriage as the Preparation for Freedom Marriage as the Blessing of Freedom Conclusions 111 PART III. SLAVE WOMEN AS SUBJECTS TO PLANTATION DISCIPLINE INTRODUCTION TO PART III 184 CHAPTER 6 THE INDECENCY OF THE LASH 192 'An Outrage on All Decency' A Just Punishment for Unruly Women? Conclusions CHAPTER 7 SLAVERY BY ANOTHER NAME 222 'Repugnant to Every Feeling of Humanity' 'I did Not See Any Cruelty Practised' Conclusions CONCLUSION 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY 273 Manuscript Sources Printed Primary Sources Secondary Sources iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have incurred many debts while researching and writing this thesis. -
Representations of Slave Women in Discourses on Slavery and Abolition, 1780–1838
Representations of Slave Women in Discourses on Slavery and Abolition, 1780–1838 RRT0263Z_C000.inddT0263Z_C000.indd i 44/23/2007/23/2007 99:17:34:17:34 AAMM Routledge Studies in Slave and Post-Slave Societies and Cultures EDITED BY GAD HEUMAN 1. Abolition and Its Aftermath in Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa Indian Ocean Africa and Asia edited by Suzanne Miers and Martin A. edited by Gwyn Campbell Klein 2. Resisting Bondage in Indian Classical Slavery Ocean Africa and Asia edited by M. I. Finley edited by Edward Alpers, Gwyn Campbell and Michael Salman Popular Politics and British Anti-Slavery 3. Representations of Slave Women The Mobilisation of Public Opinion against in Discourses on Slavery and the Slave Trade, 1787–1807 Abolition, 1780–1838 J. R. Oldfield Henrice Altink Routes to Slavery Previous titles to appear in Studies in Direction, Ethnicity and Mortality in the Slave and Post-Slave Societies and Transatlantic Slave Trade Cultures include edited by David Eltis and David Richardson The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia edited by Gwyn Campbell Representing the Body of the Slave edited by Thomas Wiedemann and Jane Gardner Rethinking the African Diaspora The Making of a Black Atlantic World in the Bight of Benin and Brazil edited by Kristin Mann and Edna G. Bay After Slavery Emancipation and its Discontents Edited by Howard Temperley From Slavery to Emancipation in the Atlantic World edited by Sylvia R. Frey and Betty Wood RRT0263Z_C000.inddT0263Z_C000.indd iiii 44/23/2007/23/2007 99:17:52:17:52 AAMM Representations of Slave Women in Discourses on Slavery and Abolition, 1780–1838 Henrice Altink I~ ~?io~:!;n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK RT0263Z_C000.indd iii 4/23/2007 9:17:52 AM First published 2007 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2007 Taylor & Francis.