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FINFISH NUTRITION in ASIA Methodological Approaches to Research and Development IDRC-233e FINFISH NUTRITION IN ASIA Methodological Approaches to Research and Development C.Y. Cho, C.B. Cowey, and T. Watanabe ARC HIV 63269 The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activity is concentrated in five sectors: agricul- ture, food and nutrition sciences; health sciences; information sci- ences; social sciences; and communications. IDRC is financed solely by the Parliament of Canada;its policies, however, are set by an international Board of Governors. The Centre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. © International Development Research Centre 1985 Postal Address: Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada Ki G 3H9 Head Office: 60 Queen Street, Ottawa Cho, C.Y. Cowey, C.B. Watanabe, T. IDRC-233e Finfish nutrition in Asia : methodological approaches to research and development. Ottawa, Ont., IDRC, 1985. 154 p. :ill. /Fish/, /animalnutrition!,/animal feeding!,!feed supplements!, !research and development! - !experimentation!,!Asia!,!diet!, !nutritive value!, !fish culture!, !protein rich food!, !vitamins!, !algae!, !conference report!, !list of participants!. UDC: 597:591.13 ISBN: 0-88936-429-X Microfiche edition available IDRC-233 e FINFISH NUTRITION IN ASIA Methodological Approaches to Research and Development (Includes Proceedings of the Asian Finfish Nutrition Workshop held in Singapore, 23-26 August 1983) C.Y. Cho, C.B. Cowey, and T. Watanabe /1 I Abstract Fish nutrition is fundamental to most aquaculture practices in Asia. Although IDRC research support aims, in part, to promote the culture of species requiring no supplementary feeding, it is recognized that formulated feeds are required to increase productivity of many important species now being cultured within the region. This requirement will undoubtedly continue in the future. Through observing some nutrition research projects, it has become apparent that many of the basic approaches to applied nutrition are not readily available to researchers. Thus, part I of this publication deals with methodological approaches to research and development. Included are discussions on nutrient requirements and deficiencies, fish feeds and their quality, feeding practices, nutrition of broodstock and larvae, and approach and design of nutrition experimentation, as well as an extensive reference and suggested reading list. Part II presents the proceedings of the Asian finfish nutrition workshop held in Singapore, 23-26 August 1983. Included are research papers dealing with a variety of questions that are important for countries with in the region. Résumé La nutrition des poissons est une question primordiale pour a plupart des exploitations d'aquiculture en Asie. Le CRDI subventionne des recherches destinées a favoriser a culture d'espèces n'ayant pas besoin d'un supplement alimentaire. II est cependant conscient quo Ia nourriture commerciale est nécessaire a l'augmentation et au maintien de Ia productivité de nombre d'espèces cultivées en ce moment dans Ia region. Lobservation de certains projets de recherche en nutrition a révélé que plusieurs approches fondamentales de Ia nutrition appliquée ne sont pas facilement accessibles aux chercheurs. La premiere partie de Ia publication Porte donc sur es approches méthodologiques de Ia recherche et du développement. Elle aborde notamment les besoins et les carences en matieres nutritives des poissons, leur nourriture et sa quafité, les méthodes d'alimentation, Ia nutrition des géniteurs et des larves, de même que l'optique et Ia méthode a appliquer a Ia conception des experiences de nutrition, Elle comprend aussi une importanteiste des references et de lectures suggérées. La deuxième partie, les actes de I'atelier sur Ia nutrition des poissons qui s'est tenu Singapour du 23 au 26 aoCt 1983, reproduit des documents de recherche portant sur une gamme de questions importantes pour es pays de a region. Resumen La nutrición de los peces es elemento fundamental en Ia mayoria de as prácticas de acuacultivo en Asia. A pesar de que Ia ayuda que brinda el CIID a las investigaciones estâ destinada, en parte, a fomentarIacria de especies que no requieran alimentación complementaria, so admite a necesidad de suministrar piensos formulados para aumentar Ia productividad de muchas especies importantes que se crian ahora en esta region. Todo parece indicar que esta situación persistirá en el futuro. El anâlisis de algunos proyectos de investigaciones sobre nutrición ha revelado que los investigadores no tienen fácil acceso a muchos enfoques bàsicos en el campo de Ia nutriciOn aplicada. Es por esto que en Ia primera parte de esta publicación se analizan enfoques metodolOgicos relativos a las actividades de investigación y desarrollo. Los temas tratados en Ia prinlera parte incluyen: necesidad y carencia de nutrientes; piensos para peces y Ia calidad de los mismos; précticas de alimentación; nutrición de las crias y larvas; y principios y diseño de experimentos sobre nutrición. También se incluye una extensa lista de referencias y de lecturas complementarias. La segunda parte recoge los debates del seminario sobre nutrición de los peces en Asia, celebrado en Singapur del 23 al 26 de agosto de 1983. Se incluyen algunas ponencias que tratan de muchas cuestiones de importancia para los paIses de Ia region. Contents Foreword5 Future Plans and Recommendations7 Part I.Methodological Approaches to Research and Development C.Y. Cho, C.B. Cowey, and T. Watanabe 9 Introduction10 Current Status of Finfish Nutrition: Nutrient Requirements and Deficiencies 11 Protein and Amino Acids11 Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Energy15 Vitamins20 Minerals25 Fish Feeds and TheirQuality29 Types of Fish Feed: Dry or Moist Diets29 Selection of Feed Ingredients 32 Ingredient Quality and Digestibility33 Diet Formulation36 Computerized Least-Cost Formula Approach40 Feed Manufacturing and Its Specifications43 Storage of Feedstuffs49 Diet Evaluation49 Measurement of Feed Ingredient Digestibility51 Feeding Practices55 Feeding Strategy and Water Temperature 55 Dietary Energy Level and Total Feed Requirements57 Mechanical (Automatic) and Pendulum (Demand) Feeders57 N utrition of Broodstock and Larvae - Status Quo 58 Effect of N utritional Quality of Broodstock Diets on Egg Development58 Nutritional Quality of Natural Food for Finfish Larvae64 Formulated Larval Diets66 Nutrition Experimentation: Approach and Design 69 Phase I69 Phase II 71 Experimental Designs and Procedures74 References and Suggested Readings76 Selected References76 General Textbooks80 Part II.Proceedings of the Asian Finfish Nutrition Workshop held in Singapore, 23-26 August 1 983 81 Performance of various fish-meal diets in young sea bass Renee Chou82 An evaluation of the apparent digestibility of some locally available plants and a pelleted feed in three finfish in MalaysiaA.T. Law, S.H. Cheah, and K.]. Mg 90 Evaluation of the use of internal and external markers in digestibility studies Sena S. De Silva96 Protein requirements of catfish fry, Pan gasius sutchi, Fowler Wiang Chuapoehuk and Thamrongsilpa Pothisoong103 The effect of three diets with variable protein levels on ovary development and fecundity in Leptobarbus hovenii S. Pathmasothy107 Cage culture of S. niloticus in Sri Lanka: Effect of stocking density and dietary crude protein levels on growthN.D. Wannigama, D.E.M. Weerakoon, and C. Muthukumarana 113 Water-soluble vitamins essential for the growth of C/ariasChertphong Butthep, Prasert Sitasit, and Ma/i Boon yaratpalin118 Determination of the optimum level of vitamin premix for the diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)fingerlings Ningrum Suhenda and Rustami Djajadiredja 1 30 Acceptability of five species of freshwater algae to tilapia (Oreochromis niioticus) fryJulia B. Pantastico, Jose P. Ba/dia, and Deogracias Re yes, Jr. 136 Lipid composition of milkfish grown in ponds by traditional aquaculture L.V. Benitezand/.R. Gorriceta145 Participants 153 An Evaluation of the Apparent Digestibility of Some Locally Available Plants and a Pelleted Feed in Three Finfish in Malaysia A.T. Law, S.H. Cheah, and K.J. Ang Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia This paper presents some of the findings of the studies on finfish nutrition that are being conducted at the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. Three studies have been completed in this program: digestibility of carpet grass (Axonopus compressus) and napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) by grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon ide/la), digestibility of yam leaves (Co/ocasium antiquorum) and the 37% protein Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) feed by Kalui (Osphromenus gouramy), and digestibility and digestion coefficients of the 37% protein MARDI feed by Jelawat (Leptobarbus hoevenii). The apparent digestibilities of carpet grass and napier grass in grass carp and yam leavesinKalui were 20.92, 16.45, and 55.29% dry matter respectively. The apparent digestibilities of the 37% protein MARDI feed in Kalui and Jelawat were 82.85 and 70.15% respectively. The low digestibility of the plants in grass carp and Kalui indicated that, for more intensive culture systems,nutritionally balanced pellet feedsare necessary for successful culture of these fish. Introduction The growing demand for fish protein in Malaysia has motivated active development
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