Marine Science
Unit 4.12 Marine Fishes Entry Task(s) What characteristics would you use to classify the following organism? Marine Fishes Unit 4.12 Marine Fishes Vocabulary.
• Using Chapter 12 (pgs. 296-317) of the textbook provide a definition for each term.
• Be sure to complete the vocabulary as we progress through the unit, it will be checked prior to the assessment.
Note: The “Unit 4.12 Marine Fishes Vocabulary” worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Marine Fishes Fishes
• Ancient group of animals whose origins date back more than 500 million years.
• More than 25,000 species (freshwater & marine).
• Astonishing variety of shapes, sizes, & colors
• Most diverse group of vertebrates in the ocean & the world.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barracuda_laban.jpg Marine Fishes What Are the Features of Protochordates & Jawless Fishes?
• Vertebrates in the phylum Chordata.
- Structures found in vertebrate embryos: hollow dorsal nerve cord & a notochord (flexible, rodlike structure).
• Subgroup of protochordates. Marine Fishes What Are the Features of Protochordates & Jawless Fishes?
• Of great scientific interest.
- Ancestors evolutionary link between invertebrates & vertebrates. Marine Fishes Compare Protochordates WS.
• Using Chapter 12 (pgs. 297-299) of the textbook complete the worksheet.
• Follow the instructions provided on the worksheet.
Note: The “Compare protochordates” worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Entry Task(s) What are the four common characteristics found in all chordates at some point during development?
• Notochord • Dorsal hollow nerve cord • Pharyngeal (gill) slits • Post-anal tail
Do the following organisms retain the chordate characteristics? Explain.
• Sea Squirt (tunicate) • Lancelet • Acorn Worm Video Lamprey: Ancient Bloodsucking Parasites | Earth Unplugged (8:26):
Synopsis: Lamprey are infamous for their bloodsucking behaviour but little else is know about the life cycle of these ancient creatures.
Lamprey are prehistoric animals that have a bad reputation as bloodsucking parasites but there's so much more to these animals than just their nightmarish mouth parts. Lizzie Daly travels to south west Ireland to find a Lamprey in the wild and learn more about this strange but fascinating species.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FodQ96zZEnA&t=70s Video Discovery Channel features Eddie Kisfaludy and Hagfish (5:36):
Synopsis: Discovery Channel and Pangolin Pictures present "Nasty by Nature" featuring Eddie Kisfaludy who presents Hagfish at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqk0mnMgwUQ
Eddie Kisfaludy and the Hagfish (5:34):
Synopsis: Eddie Kisfaludy who presents Hagfish at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE26tBwkz68 Marine Fishes Pet Store Brochure - Jawless Fish
Instructions.
• Log into google classroom & click on the assignment “Pet Store Brochure - Jawless Fish.”
• Complete the brochure with the required information. Entry Task(s) Which of the protochordates retain the dorsal nerve cord, notochord, & gill slits into its adult form?
• Lancelet • Acorn Worm
What class are the jawless fishes placed in?
• Agnatha Marine Fishes Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Existed as far back as 550 million years & still look quite ancient.
• Most primitive of the vertebrates.
• Adults retain their larval notochord for support of their long, flexible bodies.
Do NOT have a lower jaw.
• Have a sucker-like mouth with large teeth & rasp-like tongue.
http://anintrospectiveworld.blogspot.com/2014/05/lamprey.html https://mistralmtn.blogspot.com/2013/03/hagfish-what-is-it.html Marine Fishes Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Body structure:
• Flexible cartilage skeleton • Small fins • Elongated snake-like body
Many lampreys & hagfish make the Great Lakes their home.
http://dp0a.info/sea-lamprey-classification.html http://animalia-life.club/other/hagfish-anatomy.html Marine Fishes Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
ExistedLive as parasitesas far back & ascan 550 grow million up to one meter.
Travel by attaching to more mobile fish.
Two types of jawless fish.
• Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
• Hagfish
- Pacific Hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)
- Atlantic Hagfish (Myxine glutinosa)
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lamprey http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1999 Marine Fishes Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Sea lamprey feeding
• Uses sucking disk on mouth to attach to living trout or other host fish.
• Teeth & rasping tongue make a hole in host.
• Sucks blood & tissue from host.
Does NOT have scales. Marine Fishes Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Hagfish feeding
• Uses sharp teeth to burrow into the bodies of dead or dying fish.
Hagfish• Feed defensefrom the inside out.
Hagfish defense
• Excretes a protein from glands along ventral side that reacts with seawater to form a thick slime.
https://interestingengineering.com/slime-engineering-hagfish Marine Fishes Hagfish. Marine Fishes Complete the following pertaining to section 12.1.
• Read pgs. 297-300 in the textbook.
• Complete the following section review questions in your “Section Review” worksheet.
1) How can you tell tunicates & lancelets are protochordates?
2) Why are all fishes classified as vertebrates in phylum Chordata?
3) Why are lampreys & hagfish referred to as primitive fishes? Assessment MSS9-4.12 Marine Fishes Assessment_01
• Grab a copy of the assessment.
• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned complete the assessment.
• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper. Video Grab a copy of the “Mystery Sharks of Seattle” question worksheet from the front counter.
Instructions:
• Carefully watch the video.
• Complete the questions as you find the answers in the video.
• Turn in the question worksheet at the end of the period.
Note: The “Mystery Sharks of Seattle” question worksheet can be located on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6601 Video Wildlife Detectives: Mystery Sharks of Seattle (51:09):
Synopsis: One of the world's largest & most elusive predatory sharks, the sixgill, suddenly appears in Seattle's waters. These creatures typically dwell in darkness several thousands of feet beneath the surface. Little is known about them. What would make them appear in the shallows of Puget Sound? And what does it say about our oceans? Researchers are hunting for answers.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQwThFPjdGM Entry Task(s) How would you classify the fish shown below?
• Jawless Fish (Agnatha)
How does the organism above feed?
• Sucking disk on mouth attaches to host fish; teeth & rasping tongue make a hole; sucks blood & tissue from host. Marine Fishes “Conservation: Shark Attack or Attack on Sharks?” article
Instructions:
• Read the article highlighting or underlining key information.
• Answer the questions following the article.
Note: The “Conservation: Shark Attack or Attack on Sharks?” worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Entry Task(s) What is the term used for fast-moving fish?
• Nekton or Pelagic
What are the three major groups of cartilaginous fishes?
• Sharks • Skates • Rays Marine Fishes Cartilaginous Fishes:Fishes Sharks & Rays
Class of Chondrichthyes (“cartilage fishes”).
• Cartilage makes up the entire skeleton of cartilaginous fishes.
• Of the 25,000 species of fishes, the cartilaginous species consists of fewer than 700 species.
• Ancient class that includes species of sharks, skates, & rays. Graphic Organizer Cartilaginous Fishes Graphic Organizer
Instructions:
• Read through the introduction to the graphic organizer.
• Using pgs. 300-305 of the textbook, fill in the graphic organizer with crustacean information.
Note: The “Cartilaginous Fishes” graphic organizer can be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828 Entry Task(s) What is the structure called that covers the gills of bony fish, but not cartilaginous fish?
What allows some bottom dwelling cartilaginous fish to continue breathing when lying on the bottom & not swimming?
• Spiracles Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
Placoid Scales
• Small toothlike structures (scales) embedded in the skin, also called dermal denticles.
• Point backward, from posterior to anterior feels rough (like sandpaper)
https://erinmdillon.wordpress.com/2015/08/18/dermal-denticles-up-close-and-personal/ http://www.thesuperfins.com/why-is-shark-skin-so-rough/ Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Breathe through visible or exposed gills slits.
- No operculum.
- Many sharks cannot force water over their gills to breathe, must keep swimming or rely on currents.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/sharkpix/31094720390 www.johneasley.com Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Bottom-dwelling cartilaginous fishes have a pair of dorsal breathing holes (spiracles).
- Water flows through spiracles into gill chambers.
- Can actively pump water.
http://www.mesa.edu.au/seaweek2005/infosheet01.asp Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Fins are more rigid than those of bony fish.
- Rely on the lift of winglike pectoral fins that help prevent sinking. Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Rays & skates have more highly developed pectoral fins.
- Up-&-down movements resemble the wings of a bird in flight.
- Wingspan of up to 7 meters long.
- While “flying” they open mouth to filter feed on plankton.
http://www.discoverwildlife.com/animals/facts-about-manta-rays Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Some live close to shore.
- Southern stingray
- Skate (Raja)
• Others live in deeper waters & feed on plankton.
- Eagle ray
- Manta ray
https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/fishes/southern-stingray http://dreamstop.com/manta-ray-dream-symbol/ http://sfbaywildlife.info/species/sharks.htm http://www.elasmodiver.com/whitespotted_eagle_ray.htm Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
Few rays can be dangerous.
• Stingrays have sharp, poisonous barb near the bottom of its tail.
- Sticks in skin & causes infection.
http://www.oceanwideimages.com/categories.asp?cID=197 http://www.julianrocks.net/Shells2/ShlPgs/StingraySpine.html Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
Few rays can be dangerous.
• To avoid being stung drag your feet along bottom as you walk.
• If you are stung…
- Do NOT try to remove the spine yourself.
- Remain calm, apply cold compress, & seek medical attention quickly. Marine Fishes Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
Sawfish (Pristis)
• Long bladelike snout contains 24 or more teeth sticking out to either side.
• Uses snout like a weapon.
- Swings back & forth as it swims through school of fish.
- Stunning & killing fish.
https://imgur.com/gallery/Yly7p/comment/593317362 Marine Fishes The Sharks
About 350 known species of sharks.
Sharks vary greatly in size.
• Smallest @ 25 cm = pigmy shark (Squaliolus laticaudus)
• Except for whales, whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) & basking sharks are the largest.
- Grow to 15 meters.
- Docile & gentle plankton feeders. https://www.finsunited.co.nz/bite-blog/pygmy-shark http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/leptobarbus-rubripinna/ Marine Fishes The Sharks
Only 35 have shown themselves to be dangerous to humans.
• Most feared = great white shark (Carcharodon Carcharias)
- Does deserve respect; grows as large as 6 meters in length & one of the fastest swimming of all sharks.
- Tends to live in colder waters near large prey = seals
• Tiger shark, bull shark, & hammerhead sharks among best known.
https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/595103/Craig-Ison-Evans-Head-shark-attack-Great-White-Australian Marine Fishes The Sharks
http://www.fhm.com/posts/9-scary-shark-movies-that-ll-keep-you-outta-the-water-134377/photos/sharks-jaws-256130#photo-anchor Marine Fishes The Sharks
Perception by the public is that sharks are dangerous maneaters; sharp teeth chomping off body parts.
• Attacks are not as common as the media leads us to believe.
• < 100 people a year & very few result in death.
• More people are hit by lightning each year.
• Regardless, media continues to mark them as a constant & overwhelming threat to beachgoers. Marine Fishes Structure & Behavior of Sharks
Swimming the seas for over 300 million years.
• Often called “living fossils” because they closely resemble some early ancestral forms.
https://www.redballoon.co.nz/product/water/shark-diving/certified-diving-with-hammerhead- https://magazine.diviac.com/diving-with-whale-sharks-everything-you-should-know/ sharks Cold Blooded Swimmers Structure & Behavior of Sharks
• Sharks have many sense organs that aid them in locating & attacking potential prey.
- Lateral line organ. - Ampullae of Lorenzini - Keen sense of smell. - Protective eyelids - Hinged jaws - Rows of teeth
http://ultimate-animals.com/a-description-of-the-great-white-shark-behaviour-at-seal-island/ Marine Fishes Structure & Behavior of Sharks
• Lateral line organ used in feeling vibrations.
- Lateral line = Line of sensitive sound receptors along each side of the fish’s body.
- When vibrations reach the shark it feels a change in pressure that becomes irritating. Marine Fishes Structure & Behavior of Sharks
• Pair of nostrils used for detecting smells
- Smell so sharp, a small amount of blood can be detected nearly half a kilometer away (1 part per million).
- Brain size responsible for keen sense of smell (2/3 utilized for detecting smells). Marine Fishes Structure & Behavior of Sharks
• Ampullae of Lorenzini detects electrical fields generated by the muscles of fish & other animals.
- Network of jelly filled pores
- Explains the bizarre behavior of attacking metal boat propellers & consuming metal cans & license plates. Marine Fishes Sharks:Structure Built & Behavior for the Hunt of Sharks
• Numerous rows of overlapping razor-sharp teeth
- Can be quickly regrown when teeth are broken off or worn down.
- Similar to a conveyor belt replacing teeth within a day.
- Most sharks have about 5 rows of teeth; the bull shark has 50 rows.
http://www.sharkwatchsa.com/en/blog/category/482/post/1206/white-shark-teeth-how-many/ Marine Fishes Structure & Behavior of Sharks
Basic body structure characterized by…
• Fins; used to push or propel themselves through water. Marine Fishes Structure & Behavior of Sharks
• Pectoral fins provide lift & prevents the shark from sinking.
- Possess large oily livers to help maintain buoyancy.
• Anal fins present in only some sharks. Marine Fishes Complete the following pertaining to section 12.2.
• Read pgs. 300-305 in the textbook.
• Complete the following section review questions in your “Section Review” worksheet.
1) Why are sharks, skates, & rays place in their own class?
2) In what kind of habitat are skates & rays found? What do they usually eat?
3) What special receptors does the shark have for detecting prey? Entry Task How can you tell the difference between a female & male shark?
• Male sharks have claspers between the pelvic fin & anal fin.
What is the difference between the lateral line & the ampullae of Lorenzini?
• Line of sensitive sound receptors along each side of the fish’s body that detect vibrations.
• Network of jelly filled pores that detects electrical fields generated by the muscles of fish & other animals. Assessment MSS9-4.12 Marine Fishes Assessment_02
• Grab a copy of the assessment.
• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned complete the assessment.
• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper. Marine Fishes How Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?
Bony fish belong to the class of Osteichthyes (“bony fish”)
• Skeleton made of bone.
• Backbone made of a chain of individual bones (vertebrae).
95% of all fish on Earth.
• Found in every type of aquatic environment.
Pg. 306 Marine Fishes How Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?
Bony fish have a protective covering of scales.
• Loosely attached to the skin.
• Skin secretes a protective mucus that coats the scales.
• Mucus serves two functions:
- Barrier against infection.
- Reduces friction.
Pg. 306 Marine Fishes How Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?
Scales can indicate the approximate age of a fish.
• Contain growth rings called circuli.
• As fish grows older, new circuli are produced, forming bands.
• A single band may represent about a year’s growth, similar to a clam. Marine Fishes Determine how bony fish do the following:
• Breathe
• Locomotion (include buoyancy)
• Food-getting (include digestion)
• Sensitivity
• Reproduce Marine Fishes Complete the following pertaining to section 12.3.
• Read pgs. 306-313 in the textbook.
• Complete the following section review questions in your “Section Review” worksheet.
1) Explain how the different fins of a fish enable it to move.
2) How does a fish use its gills to breathe?
3) Describe several methods of food-getting in fish. Entry Task(s) What structure(s) in the bony fish carries out the function of flotation?
During the reproduction of bony fish, do the following occur external or internal?
• Fertilization = External
• Development = External Marine Fishes What Are Some Unusual Adaptations Among Fish?
•PorcupinePorcupine fish fish (Diodon (Diodon) )
• Can- Can inflate inflate itself itself like like the the puffer puffer fish (Chilomycterus) when threatened.threatened.
• Also has sharp spines that project outward when inflated to further discourage predators.
http://www.visitcocosisland.com/porcupine-fish/ Marine Fishes Camouflage in Fish
Flounder (Platichthys)
• Contains pigments in their cells.
• Pigments enable the flounder to darken or lighten to match the background.
- Pigments expand to darken & contract to lighten.
• Can even change color to match mottled patterns
https://www.saltwaterfish.com/product-sand-flounder Marine Fishes Camouflage in Fish
Sargassum fish
• Resembles the shape, color, & texture of sargassum seaweed.
• Blends into environment.
Trumpetfish (Aulostomus)
• Floats motionless, head facing down, alongside branching corals & sponges.
• Escapes detection.
Pg. 314 Marine Fishes Strange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish
Sea Horse (Hippocampus)
• To prevent being tossed by waves, it wraps its flexible tail around seaweed, marsh grass, or coral.
• Uses horselike snout to suck up plankton & other food particles.
• During reproduction, externally fertilized eggs are transferred into males brood pouch until baby fish hatch (2 wks).
Pg. 315 Marine Fishes CamouflageStrange Shapes in Fish & Behaviors of Fish
Flying fish (Cypselurus)
• Vibrates caudal fin (40 beats per sec.) to propel itself out of the water.
• Expands winglike pectoral fins to give lift.
• Glides as far as 30 meters & as high as 12 meters.
https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/france-and-eastern-caribbean-collaborate-on-flying-fish-management-study Marine Fishes CamouflageStrange Shapes in Fish & Behaviors of Fish
Dragonfish, Viperfish, & Anglerfish
• At depths of about 500-2000 meters meters.
• Wide-opening mouths with huge spiky teeth.
• Often have the ability to produce light (bioluminescence) to lure prey or attract mates.
• Uses bioluminescent lure to attract prey.
Pg. 316 Marine Fishes Strange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish
Mola (Mola mola) or ocean sunfish
• 3 m long & 2,275 kg, biggest of the bony fish.
• Feeds on jellyfish, small fish, & plankton.
• Swim using their elongated dorsal & anal fins
• Docile & slow moving making them vulnerable to predation by sea lions, killer whales, & humans.
• Female produces 300 million eggs, to help ensure survival.
Pg. 316 Marine Fishes Strange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish
Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)
• “Rediscovered” in the 1900s, thought to have been extinct for more than 60 million years.
• Scientifically important because paddlelike pectoral & pelvic fins resemble those of fossil lobefin fish.
- Lobefin fish = probable ancestor of early amphibians.
• Considered rare & protected by law.
Pg. 317 Marine Fishes Complete the following pertaining to section 12.4.
• Read pgs. 313-317 in the textbook.
• Complete the following section review questions in your “Section Review” worksheet.
1) Describe two adaptations of the flounder to life as a benthic organism.
2) What are some unusual characteristics of the sea horse?
3) What features do deep-sea fishes have for capturing prey? Echinoderms Unit 4.12 Review.
• Pgs. 318-321 in the textbook.
• Answer Chapter 112 Review questions 1-24 on the worksheet provided.
- You will need to write in the answers from the textbook.
• Pages have been scanned & loaded as an assignment in google classroom (“MSS9-4.12 Assessment Review”).