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Feeding and Nutrients Requirement of Sultan Fish, Leptobarbus Hoevenii: a Review

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Feeding and Nutrients Requirement of Sultan Fish, Leptobarbus Hoevenii: a Review OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Aquatic Science ISSN: 2008-8019 Vol. 11, No. 1, 3-12, 2020 -Review- Feeding and nutrients requirement of Sultan fish, Leptobarbus hoevenii: A review Hsein-Loong Au1, 2, Leong-Seng Lim1*, Thumronk Amornsakun2, Sharifah Rahmah3, 4, Hon Jung Liew4, Poramat Musikarun5, Pornpanom Promkaew5, Wen Jye Mok3,6, Gunzo Kawamura1, Annita Seok-Kian Yong1, Rossita Shapawi1 and Saleem Mustafa1 1) Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. 2) Fisheries Technology Program, Department of Technology and Industries, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Mueang, Pattani, 94000 Thailand. 3) Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. 4) Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. 5) Inland Aquaculture Research and Development Regional Center 12, Khlong Hoy Kong, Amphoe Khlong Hoy Kong, Songkhla, 90230, Thailand. 6) Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Received: October-30-2019 Accepted: December-12-2019 Published: May-12-2020 Abstract: Sultan fish (Leptobarbus hoevenii) is a commercially important freshwater fish with high potential for aquaculture production in the Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia. Many studies have been focused on its nutrition and trophic biology but the feeding practices in the farming have not yet been reviewed. This paper reviews on nutritional management of L. hoevenii broodstock, larvae and juveniles in culture systems. In general, there are feeding guidelines developed for the L. hoevenii farming but they are not fully supported with the scientific studies. Knowledge on the larval developmental biology is lacking to fully understand the feeding ecology of this fish. In addition, there is a paucity of data on requirements of various major nutrients in L. hoevenii at different life stages. Further studies on these topics are essentially required to improve the feeding practices in the farming of L. hoevenii. Keywords: Hoven’s carp, Jelawat, aquaculture, nutrition, growth Introduction Sultan fish or the Jelawat (Leptobarbus hoevenii), is a the farming of L. hoevenii and highlights the relevance native cyprinid that can be found in the rivers and of knowledge management of nutritional data for use lakes in Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, in aquaculture. Thailand, and Vietnam (Mohsin and Ambak, 1983; Roberts, 1989; Rainboth, 1993; Vidthayanon et al., Maturation Diets for Broodstocks 1997; Kottelat, 2001). It is one of the high value Dietary nutrients play an essential role in fish freshwater fish species cultured in these countries maturation and reproductive performance. Knowledge (Mohsin and Ambak, 1983; Kottelat et al., 1993) due on the nutritional requirement of the brood fish is, to successful captive breeding in 1980s (Meenakarn, therefore, critically needed for the maturation diets 1986; Saidin et al., 1988; Liao et al., 2000). In development (Luquet and Watanabe, 1986; Izquierdo Malaysia, L. hoevenii has been recommended for et al., 2001). human consumption due to its high contents of In the feeding practices for the L. hoevenii protein, some minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and broodstock, the fish are usually fed with the self- iron) and vitamin B (Tee et al., 1989). In fact, the formulated feeds containing at least 30% of crude aquaculture production of this fish in recent years from protein. According to Meenakarn (1986), feeding the 2015 – 2018 also has been steadily increased from L. hoevenii brood fish with the formulated diet 923 to 1771.28 tonnes (Fisheries Department of containing 30% crude protein at 3% of the fish body Malaysia, 2015 – 2018) to fulfill the market demand. weight (BW) daily can be practiced to prepare the fish Feeding plays a critical role in the farming of aquatic for induced spawning. Truong et al. (2003) also animals. There is no dearth of data on feeding L. reported their success in conditioning the L. hoevenii hoevenii but this information has not been managed in brood fish for induced spawning by feeding them 35% a way to enable synthesis of useful data of potential crude protein containing diet at the rate of 2% - 4% use in aquaculture. This paper describes, evaluates, fish BW daily. Table 1 shows the ingredients and and provides an overview on the feeding practices in composition of the maturation diets for L. hoevenii () [email protected] Au et al. (2020) Feeding and nutrients requirement of Sultan fish, Leptobarbus hoevenii: A review Tab. 1: Ingredients and their composition in the maturation diets for L. hoevenii brood fish. Parameters Meenakarn (1986) Truong et al. (2003) Fish meal 35% √ Soybean meal 25% N/I Rice bran 20% √ Copra cake 10% N/I Wheat flour 6% N/I Vitamin premix 1% √ Mineral 3% Blood powder N/I √ Fish oil N/I √ Crude protein level 30% 35% Supplementary diets A B √ = Included in the diet formulation but the amount was not provided N/I = Not included A: Vegetables at 10% of body weight; twice a week B: Guava and plum at 2% of body weight available from Meenakarn (1986) and Truong et al. strategies of fish can be species specific (Chew and (2003). These feeding practices are in agreement with Ip, 2014; Lefevre et al., 2014), even among different the findings by Pathmasothy (1983), stating that cyprinids (Liew et al., 2012). dietary crude protein levels can significantly affect the Other than protein, the dietary lipid source is gonad-somatic index (GSI) and fecundity of the L. another critical factor to be considered in the hoevenii. Pathmasothy (1983) reported that the L. formulation of maturation diets for fish. Different lipid hoevenii brood fish fed diets containing 32% or 40% sources provide different essential fatty acids (EFA), of crude protein level were found to attain significantly and this is the key factor that influences the fish higher (P<0.05) GSI and fecundity than those fed diet maturation and its reproductive performance with crude protein level of 24%; however, the optimum (Izquierdo et al., 2001). The EFAs that are required in dietary protein requirement was not determined. the maturation diets for the brood fish can be Further study should be conducted to determine the estimated from the fish eggs because the brood fish optimum dietary protein requirement in the maturation will incorporate the EFA they obtained from the diets diets for L. hoevenii, as well as the effect of different into their gonads and eventually into the developing dietary amino acids on the L. hoevenii maturation and eggs (Izquierdo et al., 2001; Suloma and Ogata, reproductive performance. 2012). In the case of L. hoevenii, the EFAs In addition to the high protein diets, Meenakarn composition that are required to be in their maturation (1986) supplemented vegetables to the L. hoevenii diets is still unknown. Nevertheless, the cyprinids brood fish at 10% of their BW a week, while Truong et (common carp, Cyprinus carpio and grass carp, al. (2003) provided them guava and plums at 2% of Ctenopharyngodon idella) were reported to require their BW (without mentioning the frequency in the both linoleic (C18:2n-6) and linolenic (C18:3n-3) acids report). The intention of such a feeding protocol was through their diets (Takeuchi, 1996) because they lack to imitate the natural diets of L. hoevenii, since this enzymes to de-saturate the de novo synthesized oleic fish is omnivorous (Roberts, 1993). However, the acid (C18:1n-9) to these EFAs (Henderson, 1996). In nutritional roles of plants in the diet of L. hoevenii is fact, both of these essential fatty acids were also unknown. It is assumed that the L. hoevenii may detected in the eggs from the wild-caught L. hoevenii utilize energy derived from the plants diet to maintain (Aryani et al., 2009). These outcomes suggest that the their active metabolism, while the protein obtained lipid sources with high linoleic and linolenic acids from the formulated feeds was used mainly for growth content should be used in the maturation diets for L. and maturation. Indeed, Montgomery and Targett hoevenii brood fish. Further study is needed to (1992) reported that the omnivorous pinfish, Lagodon validate this hypothesis. rhomboids, could partially assimilate the eelgrass diet Vitamins and minerals are also important nutrients for energy to maintain its active metabolism, while for gonad maturation in fishes (Volkoff and London, prioritizing the consumed protein from the grass 2018). However, there is still no information on the shrimp diet for its optimum growth. This hypothesis dietary vitamin and mineral requirements for the should be elucidated in the future as the metabolic maturation diets of L. hoevenii. Further studies on this Int. J. Aqu. Sci; 11 (1): 3-12, 2020 4 Au et al. (2020) Feeding and nutrients requirement of Sultan fish, Leptobarbus hoevenii: A review topic are necessary to improve the formulation of information on the early larval development of L. maturation diets for this fish. hoevenii is very scarce, and the timing in conjunction of its first feeding and exhaustion of the yolk has not Feeding Regimes in Larval and Juvenile yet been determined. Further examination on the early Rearing larval development of L. hoevenii (including yolk absorption, sensory organs and alimentary tract Optimum first feeding timing development, and behavioural changes) in In most of the fish species, the newly hatched fish conjunction with the larval first exogenous feeding larvae rely on yolk for the early development. When activity should be conducted in the future in order to the yolk is almost exhausted, fish larvae make use of determine the optimum first feeding timing. their functional sensory organs, especially the pigmented eyes for active feeding. At the same time, Ideal food items for first feeding the larval mouth opens, and the digestive system There are several considerations in selecting the ideal develops.
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