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GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME The Ornamental Fish Trade Vol. 102 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Products, Trade and Marketing Service Viale delle Terme di Caracalla The Ornamental Fish Trade 00153 Rome, Italy Tel.: +39 06 5705 2692 Fax: +39 06 5705 3020 www.globefish.org Volume 102 The Ornamental Fish Trade Production and Commerce of Ornamental Fish: technical-managerial and legislative aspects by Pierluigi Monticini (November 2010) The GLOBEFISH Research Programme is an activity initiated by FAO's Products, Trade and Marketing Service, Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Economics Division, Rome, Italy and financed jointly by: - NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service), Washington, DC, USA - FROM, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain - Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark - European Commission, Directorate General for Fisheries, Brussels, EU - Norwegian Seafood Export Council, Tromsoe, Norway - FranceAgriMer, Montreuil-sous-Bois Cedex, France - ASMI (Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute), USA - DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans), Canada - SSA (Seafood Services Australia), Australia Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, GLOBEFISH, Products, Trade and Marketing Service, Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Economics Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy – Tel.: (39) 06570 52692 E-mail: [email protected] - Fax: (39) 06570 53020 – www.globefish.org The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Pierluigi Monticini: THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE. PRODUCTION AND COMMERCE OF ORNAMENTAL FISH: TECHNICAL-MANAGERIAL AND LEGISLATIVE ASPECTS. GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Vol. 102. Rome, FAO 2010. p. 134 The ornamental fish sector is a small but vital part of international fish trade. It contributes positively to rural development in many developing producing countries, and in the major markets for ornamental fish, the retail value is many times that of its trade value with a positive impact throughout the value- chain. The sector presents numerous challenges to operators, ranging from issues related to animal welfare and health to the protection of endangered species. Demand is linked to the health of the overall economy, adding to the cyclical nature of the industry. The report presents an overview of production, trade and markets for ornamental fish species. It provides extensive information on import regulations and requirements in major world markets. Acknowledgement: Research was carried out in collaboration with professionals who provided material and technical and logistical assistance, both in the laboratory and on numerous trips to the places of origin of ornamental fish species. Special thanks are expressed to Prof. Ning Labbish Chao of the University of Amazonas, Project Piaba, Manaus, Brazil. The cooperation and assistance of Prof. Marialetizia Fioravanti and her collaborators at the University of Bologna is also gratefully acknowledged Layout: Gloria Loriente Cover photographs courtesy of author. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2010 ii TABLE OF CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 FOREWORD 2 1. STATISTICAL DATA 4 1.1 Volume of trade 4 1.1.1 Export countries 4 1.1.2 Origin of ornamental fish 9 1.1.3 Imports 10 1.1.4 Summary 16 2. THE VALUE CHAIN 19 2.1 Supply chain 19 2.1.1 Fish farms and breeders 20 2.1.2 Exports 21 2.1.3 Airlines 21 2.1.4 Imports 22 2.1.5 Transshipping 22 2.2 South America 23 2.2.1 Amazonian flooded forest 23 2.2.2 Areas of origin 23 2.2.3 Barcelos, Rio Negro: a case study 25 2.2.4 Assessment of water quality 29 2.2.5 Exporters in Manaus 30 2.2.6 Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) 31 2.2.7 Statistical data 31 2.2.8 Sustainable management of ornamental fish species in Mamiraua: a case study 34 2.2.9 Biopiracy 35 2.3 Southeast Asia 35 2.3.1 Singapore 36 2.3.2 Thailand: a case study 40 2.3.3 Sri Lanka: an overview 42 2.3.4 Ornamental Fish International (OFI) 44 2.4 Ornamental fish from the Czech Republic 44 2.5 Global trade of marine ornamental species 45 2.5.1 Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) 46 2.5.2 Fish 46 2.5.3 Corals 47 2.5.4 Invertebrates 47 2.5.5 Conservation of ecosystems and prevention of destructive practices 47 2.5.6 Human impact 48 2.5.7 Post-capture mortality rates 48 2.5.8 Technical aspects: collection 48 2.5.9 The Philippines 49 2.6 GMOs – a new fluorescent fish 51 iii 3. TECHNICAL ASPECTS 53 3.1 Transport 53 3.1.1 Packaging system 53 3.1.2 Biomass 53 3.1.3 Principles of transport 54 3.1.4 Packaging technology 54 3.1.5 Quality control of fish 55 3.1.6 Fasting 55 3.1.7 Temperature 56 3.1.8 Changes in pH during transport 57 3.1.9 Use of salt (NaCl) 58 3.1.10 Use of anaesthetics 58 3.1.11 Light management 58 3.1.12 Acclimatization and packaging of fish after arrival 58 3.1.13 Quarantine 59 3.1.14 Prophylactic treatment 60 3.2 Diseases 61 3.2.1 Fungal infection in ornamental fish 62 3.2.2 Parasitic disorders 64 3.2.3 Bacterial infection 71 3.2.4 Zoonoses 75 3.2.5 Viral diseases 75 3.2.6 Treatment and prophylaxis 77 3.2.7 Death On Arrival (DOA) 79 4. REGULATIONS 80 4.1 International legislation 80 4.1.1 Introduction 80 4.1.2 World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) 80 4.2 European legislation 81 4.2.1 European Fish Health Regulation 81 4.2.2 Border Inspection Post (BIP) 82 4.2.3 Veterinary Offices for Community Affairs (UVAC) 82 4.2.4 Council Directive 2006/88/EC, 24 October 2006 83 4.2.5 Commission Regulation (EC) 1251/2008 and Commission Regulation (EC) 719/2009 84 4.2.6 Regulations on the well-being of animals 84 4.3 United States legislation 86 4.3.1 Regulation of aquaculture 86 4.3.2 Import and export of live fish 86 4.3.3 Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act, 2004 87 4.3.4 Animal Welfare Act, 2007 88 4.3.5 Lacey Act 89 4.3.6 Endangered Species Act (ESA) 90 4.4 Washington Convention 91 4.4.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 91 4.4.2 Protected species 92 4.4.3 The case of the Banggai cardinal fish 93 iv 4.4.4 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 94 4.5 Japanese legislation 95 4.5.1 Law on the Protection of Fisheries Resources (Act No. 78, 1996) 96 4.5.2 Law on the Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control (Act No. 166, 1951) amended (Act No. 68, 2004) 97 4.5.3 The Pet Food Safety Law 97 4.5.4 Wildlife protection system 97 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 6. SPECIALIST JOURNALS 108 7. WEBLIOGRAPHY 109 Appendix 1 Ornamental fish exporters, Thailand 106 Appendix 2 Ornamental fish, Thailand 113 Appendix 3 International organizations 117 Appendix 4 Database: Exports 119 Appendix 5 Database: Re-exports 126 Appendix 6 Database: Imports 127 v LIST OF TABLES 1 Japan exports 2 Main export countries 3 United States exports 4 Exports by continent 5 Most imported marine ornamental fish species 6 Most imported freshwater ornamental fish species 7 Species of marine fish and invertebrates reproduced in captivity and marketed 8 Japan imports 9 United States imports 10 Main import countries 11 Imports by continent 12 Total trade 13 Re-exports 14 United States import and export trend 15 Trade in selected European countries 16 Mortality rate 17 Trade in Brazil 18 Development in top three export countries in South America 19 Trade in Singapore 20 Singapore/World exports 21 Thailand exports 22 Trade in Thailand 23 Sri Lanka exports 24 Czech Republic exports 25 Trade in the Czech Republic 26 Trade in the Philippines 27 Exports from Sri Lanka, the Philippines and Indonesia 28 Temperature/oxygen saturation 29 Prophylactic treatment vi LIST OF FIGURES 1 Number of export countries 2 Export value 3 Main export countries 4 Development in top five export countries 5 Exports by continent 6 Number of import countries 7 Import value 8 Imports by country 9 Imports by continent 10 Re-exports 11 Trade trend 12 Capture and export from the Amazon Basin 13 Export countries from South America 14 Singapore/World exports 15 Singapore export value 16 Thailand exports 17 Sri Lanka exports 18 Czech Republic exports 19 Asian tiger exports LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 1 Heckel and Scalare in aquarium 2 Customs in Manaus 3 Liosomadoras oncinus, the jaguar catfish 4 Manaus beach during dry season 5 Igarapé Zamula, Rio Negro 6 View of Barcelos, Rio Negro 7 Acarà bandeira after catching 8 Fishing tools used on the Rio Negro 9 Export facilities in Barcelos 10 Symphysodon discus after quarantine 11 Different specimens of Symphysodon aequifasciata spp.
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