Received: 12 October 2017 | Revised: 5 March 2018 | Accepted: 9 March 2018 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14150 PRIMARY RESEARCH ARTICLE Waxing and waning of forests: Late Quaternary biogeography of southeast Africa Sarah J. Ivory1,2 | Anne-Marie Lezine 3 | Annie Vincens4 | Andrew S. Cohen5 1Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Abstract 2Department of Geosciences, Penn State African ecosystems are at great risk. Despite their ecological and economic impor- University, State College, PA, USA tance, long-standing ideas about African forest ecology and biogeography, such as 3LOCEAN, CNRS, Paris, France the timing of changes in forest extent and the importance of disturbance, have been 4CEREGE, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France 5Department of Geosciences, University of unable to be tested due to a lack of sufficiently long records. Here, we present the Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA longest continuous terrestrial record of late Quaternary vegetation from southern Correspondence Africa collected to date from a drill core from Lake Malawi covering the last Sarah J. Ivory, Department of Geosciences, ~600,000 years. Pollen analysis permits us to investigate changes in vegetation Penn State University, State College, PA, USA. structure and composition over multiple climatic transitions. We observe nine Email:
[email protected] phases of forest expansion and collapse related to regional hydroclimate change. Funding information The development of desert, steppe and grassland vegetation during arid periods is US National Science Foundation–Earth likely dynamically linked to thresholds in regional hydrology associated with lake System History Program, Grant/Award Number: EAR-0602350; International level and moisture recycling. Species composition of these dryland ecosystems Continental Scientific Drilling Program; varied greatly and is unlike the vegetation found at Malawi today, with assemblages National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, Grant/Award Number: suggesting strong Somali-Masai affinities.