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Jenis-Jenis Pakan Alami Leptobarbus Melanopterus Di Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu

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Jenis-Jenis Pakan Alami Leptobarbus Melanopterus Di Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu Protobiont (2019) Vol. 8 (1) : 6 – 12 Jenis-Jenis Pakan Alami Leptobarbus melanopterus di Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu Cristiar Samosir1, Tri Rima Setyawati1, Ari Hepi Yanti1 1Program Studi Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi Pontianak Email: [email protected] Abstract As the endemic fish of Danau Sentarum National Park, peam fish or Leptobarbus melanopterus had environmental problem such as overfishing due which threaten either juvenile or adult fish. These conditions were feared will led L. melanopterus population decrease in future if there is no sustainable management such as aquaculture. This research aims to identify the natural foods of L. melanopterus. Sixty four samples of L. melanopterus were collected through purposive sampling method. The results of gut analysis were found 17 genera of phytoplankton, 4 genera of zooplankton, 1 plant, and 1 Insecta. Zygnematophyceae had the most various genera which consisted of 7 genera while Ulvophyceae and Xanthophyceae only had 1 genera each of them. The natural food of L. melanopterus can be used as preliminary data for the application of aquaculture in the future. Keywords: fitoplankton, Leptobarbus melanopterus, natural food, Sentarum Lake, zooplankton PENDAHULUAN morfologi, L. melanopterus mirip dengan L. hoevenii. Karakteristik khas pada Salah satu kawasan konservasi terbesar di L. melanopterus yang dapat membedakannya dari Kalimantan Barat adalah Taman Nasional Danau L. hoevenii adalah warna merah dan hitam pada Sentarum (TNDS) di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. sirip ekor serta bercak merah cerah di operkulum. TNDS memiliki tipe ekosistem hamparan banjir Bercak merah ini diyakini oleh masyarakat lokal (floodplain) yang unik karena bersifat periodik. akan semakin cerah jika pH perairan semakin Kawasan ini termasuk periodik karena memiliki asam. Tingkat keasaman tersebut sebagian besar periode tergenang air selama 9 bulan dan periode dipengaruhi oleh substrat perairan berupa tanah kemarau selama 1-2 bulan (Kottelat & Widjanarti, gambut. 2005). Selain itu, keunikan dari area konservasi seluas 132.000 hektar ini yaitu memiliki Keunikan L. melanopterus menjadi daya tarik bagi keanekaragaman organisme akuatik yang sangat para kolektor ikan dari berbagai daerah. Tingginya tinggi, salah satunya adalah ikan air tawar (Giesen peminat L. melanopterus menyebabkan nelayan & Aglionby, 2000). lokal berusaha untuk memerolehnya dalam jumlah yang banyak dan menggunakan alat tangkap Biodiversitas ikan air tawar di TNDS tercatat berukuran besar. Alat tangkap tersebut tidak hanya sebanyak 265 jenis, mencakup jenis endemik menjerat ikan dewasa, melainkan juga menjerat maupun non-endemik (Kottelat et al., 1993). ikan juvenil yang berdampak buruk bagi regenerasi Beberapa jenis ikan endemik yang telah menjadi populasi. simbol TNDS meliputi arwana merah (Scleropages formosus), ulang uli (Chromobotia macracanthus), Kondisi ini dikhawatirkan dapat menyebabkan dan ringau (Datnioides microlepis). Ketiga jenis penurunan populasi di masa mendatang, jika tidak ikan ini banyak diperjualbelikan sebagai ikan hias diiringi pengelolaan secara berkelanjutan yaitu bahkan diekspor ke luar negeri karena keunikan melalui budidaya. Proses budidaya morfologi yang dimilikinya, sehingga berdampak L. melanopterus masih sangat terbatas dikarenakan pada penurunan populasi di habitatnya. Selain keterbatasan informasi dasar seperti pakan alami L. ketiga jenis ikan endemik tersebut, salah satu jenis melanopterus. Studi ini bertujuan untuk ikan endemik lainnya yang juga memiliki nilai jual mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis pakan alami yang yang tinggi dan mulai sering diperdagangkan terdapat di dalam lambung adalah Leptobarbus melanopterus atau dikenal L. melanopterus di TNDS, Kabupaten Kapuas dengan nama lokal ikan peam. Hulu. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menunjang proses budidaya di masa mendatang Leptobarbus melanopterus adalah ikan endemik dalam rangka pengelolaan populasi L. yang dominan ditemukan di TNDS. Secara melanopterus secara berkelanjutan. 6 Protobiont (2019) Vol. 8 (1) : 6 – 12 Prosedur Kerja BAHAN DAN METODE Pengambilan Sampel Leptobarbus melanopterus Bahan Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini metode purposive sampling. Sebanyak 64 ekor L. adalah akuades, formalin 4%, dan formalin 10%. melanopterus ditangkap dengan beberapa alat Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian tangkap seperti alat pancing, bubu, dan gill net (1,5 dan 3 inchi). Sampel diambil dari setiap stasiun Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama tiga bulan mulai pada malam hari. Preservasi sampel dilakukan dari bulan Mei hingga Juli 2018 di TNDS, dengan cara disuntik formalin 4% pada bagian Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. Jenis pakan alami L. abdomen dan direndam dalam formalin 10%. melanopterus diidentifikasi di Laboratorium Larutan formalin 10% diganti dengan etanol 70% Zoologi Program Studi Biologi Fakultas MIPA, untuk preservasi jangka panjang. Universitas Tanjungpura. Analisis Lambung Stasiun Penelitian Saluran pencernaan L. melanopterus dibedah untuk Stasiun pengambilan sampel L. melanopterus di dikeluarkan isinya dan diawetkan dengan larutan TNDS terdiri atas tiga stasiun Stasiun 1 mewakili formalin 4% sebanyak 1 mL. Pakan yang inlet (0°54'19.11" U,112°12'51.25"T), stasiun 2 berukuran makroskopis langsung diamati dan mewakili bagian tengah (0°51'15.12"U, diidentifikasi, sedangkan yang berukuran 112°8'11.26"T), dan stasiun 3 mewakili outlet mikroskopis diamati dengan bantuan mikroskop (0°51'18.66"U, 112°4'36.66"T) (Gambar 1). binokuler. Jenis-jenis pakan dibagi menjadi beberapa kategori yaitu fitoplankton, zooplankton, tumbuhan, Insecta, dan ikan. Jenis pakan diidentifikasi berdasarkan buku Edmonson (1966). Gambar 1. Peta Stasiun Pengambilan Sampel L. melanopterus HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN K2 (168-194 mm), K4 (222-248 mm), dan K6 (276-302 mm). Kelompok ukuran panjang pada Hasil jantan yaitu K1 (146-163 mm), K2 (164-181 mm), Sampel L. melanopterus yang diperoleh K3 (182-199 mm), dan K6 (235-252 mm). Hasil sebanyak 64 ekor. Masing-masing jenis kelamin identifikasi menunjukkan empat kategori pakan terdiri atas empat kelompok ukuran panjang. yang dikonsumsi yaitu fitoplankton, zooplankton, Kelompok ukuran panjang total pada betina tumbuhan, dan Insecta. Kategori fitoplankton terdiri atas K1 (146-167 mm), terdiri atas 17 genera, sedangkan zooplankton terdiri atas 4 genera. Masing-masing kategori 7 Protobiont (2019) Vol. 8 (1) : 6 – 12 tumbuhan dan Insecta hanya terdiri atas 1 jenis. Zygnematophyceae. Jumlah genera yang Semua jenis pakan dapat ditemukan pada individu teridentifikasi dari kelas Zygnematophyceae yaitu jantan maupun betina (Tabel 1). Persentase tiap 7 genera dengan nilai persentase variasi sebesar kategori pakan dapat dilihat pada Gambar 2. 41,18%. Kelas dengan variasi paling sedikit adalah kelas Xanthophyceae dan Ulvophyceae. Masing- Kategori fitoplankton terdiri atas 6 kelas dan kelas masing kelas tersebut hanya teridentifikasi satu dengan variasi genera terbanyak adalah genus dengan nilai persentase 5,88% Tabel 1. Jenis-jenis Pakan Alami L. melanopterus Betina Jantan No Taksa K1 K2 K4 K6 K1 K2 K3 K6 Fitoplankton Zygnematophyceae 1 Cylindrocystis + - - + + - - - 2 Staurastrum + + + - + + + - 3 Triploceras + + - - + + + - 4 Desmidium + + + + + + + + 5 Spirogyra + + + + + + + + 6 Bambusina + + + - + + - - 7 Tetmemorus + + + - + + + - Bacillariophyceae 8 Frustulia + + - - + - + - 9 Fragillaria + + + + + - - + 10 Navicula + + + - + + - + 11 Hantzschia + + + - + + + - Xanthophyceae 12 Tribonema + + + + + + - + Chlorophyceae 13 Hydrodictyon + + - - + - - - 14 Bulbochaete + + + - + + + - Cyanophyceae 15 Merismopedia + + - - + + + - 16 Chroococcus + + + - + + + + Ulvophyceae 17 Ulothrix + + + + + + + + Zooplankton Branchiopoda 18 Bosmina + + + + + + + + 19 Bosminopsis + + + + + + + + 20 Nauplius + + + + + + + + Monogonta 21 Monostyla + + + + + + + + Tumbuhan 22 Cabang Tumbuhan + - + + + + - - Insecta 23 Semut + + + - + - - - Keterangan: (+): ditemukan, (-): tidak ditemukan 8 Protobiont (2019) Vol. 8 (1) : 6 – 12 Nilai persentase variasi genera tiap kelas dari memiliki preferensi tersendiri terhadap jenis pakan kategori fitoplankton dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3. yang dikonsumsinya. Semua jenis pakan alami dapat ditemukan pada saluran pencernaan individu 0,74 kelompok ukuran panjang 1 (K1) pada betina maupun jantan. Jika dibandingkan dengan K6 (pada betina dan betina), variasi jenis yang dikonsumsi lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan K1 0,17 (Tabel 1). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa individu 0,04 0,04 dewasa memiliki preferensi pakan yang spesifik, Persentase Variasi (%) PersentaseVariasi sedangkan saat juvenil cenderung general. Fito Zoo Tmbh Ins Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Sajeevan & Madhusoodana (2016), bahwa kondisi yang sama Gambar 2. Persentase Tiap Kategori Pakan Alami juga ditemukan pada ikan Rachycentron canadum. L. melanopterus. Keterangan: Fito: R. canadum juvenil memakan semua kategori fitoplankton, zoo: zooplankton, tmbh: pakan alami, tetapi pada R. canadum dewasa ada tumbuhan, ins: insecta beberapa pakan yang tidak ditemukan seperti mollusca dan shrimp non-penaeid. Hal ini 41,18 menandakan ikan dewasa memiliki karakter aktif mencari mangsa yang melimpah di alam. 23,53 (%) Jenis pakan yang dikonsumsi L. melanopterus 11,76 11,76 5,88 5,88 terdiri atas empat kategori yaitu fitoplankton, Persentase Variasi Variasi Persentase zooplankton, tumbuhan, dan Insecta (Gambar 2). Salah satu kategori dengan variasi genera tertinggi Zyg Bac Xan Chlo
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