MILITAEY AND NAYAL RECOGNITION BOOK A HANDBOOK ON THE ORGANIZATION, INSIGNIA OF RANK, AND CUSTOMS OF THE SERVICE OF THE WORLD'S IMPORTANT ARMIES AND NAVIES BY Lieut. Comm. J. W. BUNKLEY U. S. Navy" 60 FULL-PAGE PLATES 20 IN COLORS SECOND EDf.T.'.oy — REVISED AND ENLARGED NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 25 Park Place 1918 2STA.VY DEPARTMENT WASHINGTON 1^1 October 5, 1917. To: Lieutenant J. W. Bunklet, U. S. Navy, SUBJECT: Publication of Article. 1. You are authorized to publish the manuscript sub mitted this day for scrutiny in accordance with Article 1534 (3) Navy Regulations, 1913. Copyright, 1917, 1918 BY D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION The great expansion in the existing corps of our Army and the organization of new services have necessitated many changes in insignia and the adopt ing of new insignia. The present edition has been revised and enlarged to include the changes. It also describes and illustrates the new war medals. A new chapter with a plate are devoted to the "War Medals and Decorations of the Allies." A chapter on "The Public Health Service," with plates illustrating the insignia, is added, and a colored plate showing the distinctive markings of the aeroplanes of the world, accompanied by a short chapter on aeroplanes, is included in this edition. JOEL WILLIAM BUNKLEY Nov., 1918 < PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION The following pages were prepared, not only for those in the Military and Naval Service, but also for the laymen who, since the beginning of the war, have shown such a keen interest in the uniforms, insignia, and customs of our fighting forces. The information was all obtained from official sources and every effort has been put forth to make it as correct and as complete as possible. Special stress has been laid on the insignia of rank, which has been shown in the most minute detail. It is hoped that every man, both old and new, in the service will find this volume useful in recognizing the various insignia and uniforms of his own and sister services and of the foreign Armies and Navies, which he meets from day to day. The chapters on the organization of our Army and Navy, the duties of the officers and men, as well as the composition of the various units, should prove particularly interesting at this time. Those on the customs of the service were written especially for men who have lately entered, or who contemplate entering, the military or naval life and who wish to become familiar with the etiquette and customs peculiar to such a life. JOEL WILLIAM BUNKLEY Navy Yard, Washington December, 1917 I CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. Organization of the Army Bureaus and Corps '. 1 II. Composition op the Army 7 III. Organization op the Army in the Field .... 13 IV. Departments and Divisions 15 V. Various Ranks Held in Army 17 VI. United States Army Uniforms 25 VII. Army Etiquette and Customs 48 Salutes — Courtesies in Conversation. VIII. Calls 60 IX. Composition of the Navy 57 The Fleet Naval Reserve — The Naval Re serve — The Naval Auxiliary Reserve — The - Naval Coast Defense Reserve — The Naval Reserve Flying Corps — The Volunteer Naval Reserve — United States Junior Naval Reserve. X. Organization of the Navy Ashore 65 XI. Naval Districts '. 70 XII. The Organization of the Navy Afloat 72 XIII. Types of Ships 75 XIV. Duties of Naval Officers and Men Aboard Ship 78 Duties of Naval Officers according to Rank — Titles and Relative Rank of Staff Officers, U. S. Navy. Xy . United States Navy Uniforms 88 XVI. Naval Etiquette and Customs — Salutes . 103 XVII. United States Marine Corps 113 XVIII. Coast Guard 119 vii Vlll CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE XIX. Light House Service 125 XX. Coast and Geodetic Survey 127 XXI. Public Health Service 130 XXII. Strength and Organization of Foreign Armies 139 France — Germany — Austria-Hungary — Russia — Great Britain — Italy. XXIII. Great Britain — Army and Navy Uniforms. 144 XXIV. France — Army and Navy Uniforms 159 XXV. Germany — Army and Navy Uniforms 169 XXVI. Italy — Army and Navy Uniforms 177 XXVII. Austria-Hungary — Army and Navy Uni forms 186 XXVIII. Japan — Army and Navy Uniforms 195 XXIX. Russia — Army and Navy Uniforms 202 XXX. Belgium — Army Uniforms 207 XXXI. Turkey — Army and Navy Uniforms 213 XXXII. Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Portugal and Bulgaria 215 XXXIII. United States War Medals : . 218 XXXIV. Ribbons of Medals and Badges 240 XXXV. Foreign Medals and Decorations 243 Great Britain — France. — Belgium — Italy — Russia — Serbia — Japan. XXXVI. Definition of Guns 252 XXXVII. Aircraft 257 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS United States Flags Frontispiece United States Army plate page I. Shoulder Marks 23 II. Officers' Overcoat Cuff Designs 24 III. Officers' Collar Ornaments 29 IV. Officers' Collar Ornaments 30 V. Officers' Collar Ornaments 31 VI. Enlisted Men's Cap Device, Chevrons and Specialty Marks 37 VII. Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks 38 VIII. Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks 39 IX. Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks 40 X. Enlisted Men's Collar Devices 41 XI. Colors of the Branches of the Service: Army Flags and Signals, Company Flags, Dress Trouser Stripes 42 XII. Relief Organizations Insignia: American Red Cross, Sleeve Insignia Y. M. C. A. Secre taries, Knights of Columbus Secretaries ... 47 United States Navy XIII. Shoulder Marks Worn on White Uniforms and Overcoats, Line Officers 91 XIV. Shoulder Marks Worn on White Uniforms and Overcoats, Paymaster Corps .92 X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE PAGE XV. Shoulder Marks Worn on White Uniforms and Overcoats, Professor of Mathematics, Chap lains, Chief Warrant Officers, Warrant Officers 93 XVI. Insignia of Rank on Cuffs: Line Officers, Staff Officers 94 XVII. Insignia of Rank on Cuffs: Paymaster Corps, Medical Corps, Construction Corps 95 XVIII. Insignia of Rank on Cuffs: Civil Engineer Corps, Professors of Mathematics, Chap lains 96 XIX. Rank and Corps Devices 97 XX. Specialty Marks 98 XXI. Petty Officers' Chevrons, Naval Reserve But ton and Collar Device 99 XXII. Hats and Caps Worn by Officers 100 XXIII. United States Naval Militia, Shoulder Straps, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 102 XXIV. United States Marine Corps, Insignia of Rank on Shoulder Loops 115 XXV. United States Marine Corps, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 116 XXVI. United States Coast Guard, Lighthouse Serv ice and Marine Corps 121 XXVII. United States Coast Guard, Shoulder Marks and Insignia of Rank on Cuffs for Line Officers and Engineer Officers 122 XXVIII. United States Coast Guard, Officers Collar Devices and Specialty Marks for Petty Officers 123 XXIX. United States Coast Guard and Geodetic Sur vey, Insignia of Rank on Shoulder Loops and Cuff Devices 129 XXX. United States Public Health Service, Insignia of Rank for Officers and Petty Officers 137 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi PLATE PAGE XXXI. British Army — Insignia 145 XXXII. British Army — Insignia 147 XXXIII. British Navy — Insignia 151 XXXIV. British Navy — Insignia 153 XXXV. British Navy — Insignia 155 XXXVI. British Navy — Insignia 157 XXXVII. French Army, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 161 XXXVIII. French Army, Service Insignia 163 XXXIX. French Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 166 XL. German Army, Grade Insignia 172 XLI. German Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff. 175 XLII. Italian Army, Insignia of Rank on Cuff and Cap 179 XLIII. Italian Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff 183 XLIV. Austro-Hungarian Army, Insignia of Rank on Collar 189 XLV. Austro-Hungarian Navy 191 XLVI. Japanese Army, Shoulder Marks 197 XLVII. Japanese Navy, Shoulder Straps and Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 201 XLVIII. Russian Army, Shoulder Straps 203 XLIX. Russian Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs .... 205 L. Belgian Army, Insignia of Rank on Collar . 209 LI. Serbian Army, Shoulder Marks 216 LII. United States War Medals and Decorations. 221 LIII. United States War Medals and Decorations. .. 226 LIV. United States War Medals and Decorations . 230 LV. United States War Medal Ribbons 241 LVI. United States War Medal Ribbons 242 LVII. Foreign War Medals and Decorations 244 LVIII. Distinctive Markings of Aircraft 256 . MILITAEY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK CHAPTER I ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY BUREAUS AND CORPS The President of the United States is Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy. The Secretary of War is a civilian appointed by the President, and, as head of the War Department, has the care and control of the Army. The Assistant Secretaries of War are civilians, ap pointed by the President, who perform the duties assigned to them by the Secretary and by law. An Act of Congress, approved February 14, 1903, established the General Staff Corps and created a Chief of Staff. The Chief of Staff is detailed by the President from the Officers of the Army at large not below the grade of Brigadier General. The Chief of Staff, under the direction of the Presi dent and the Secretary of War, has supervision of all troops of the Line, of the Adjutant General's, 2 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK Inspector Geheral's, Judge Advocate General's, Quar termaster's, Subsistence, Medical, and Ordnance De-? partments, of the Corps of Engineers, and of the Signal Corps. He performs such other military duties as may be assigned to him by the President. The affairs of the Army are administered through the various Bureaus or Departments mentioned above and the General Staff Corps. The Staff consists of the following: General Staff Corps Adjutant General's Department Inspector General's Department Judge Advocate General's Department Quartermaster's Department Medical Department Ordnance Department Corps of Engineers (except a limited number of battalions attached to the line) Signal Corps Staff Officers shall not assume command of troops unless put on duty under orders which specially so direct, by authority of the President.