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I. Haga Toru, Taikun No Shisetsu- Bakumatsu Nihonjin No Seio Taiken (Chiio Koronsha, 1968), Pp

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I. Haga Toru, Taikun No Shisetsu- Bakumatsu Nihonjin No Seio Taiken (Chiio Koronsha, 1968), Pp Notes INTRODUCTION I. Haga Toru, Taikun no shisetsu- bakumatsu Nihonjin no Seio taiken (Chiio Koronsha, 1968), pp. 117, 132-3. 2. Fukuzawa, "Datsu a ron," in Fukuzawa Yukichi zenshu, 21 vols. and I supple. vol. (lwanami Shoten, 1958-1971), 10:238-40. Fukuzawa was interested in the political situation of Korea and closely associated with the Korean reformists. In particular, he supported the Korean revolutionary leaders, Kim Ok-kyun and Pak Yong-hyo, who were the central figures of the coup d'etat of 1884. For Fukuzawa on Korean issues, see Seong-rae Park, "Fukuzawa Yukichi on Korea," Journal ofSocial Sciences and Humanities, vol. 45 (June 1977): 33-48; Mitsuoka Gen. "Fukuzawa Yukichi no kokken ron Ajia ron," Sanzenri, no. 34 (Summer 1983): 37-43; Yi Uk-hyong, "Fukuzawa Yukichi no Chosen seiryaku ni tsuite," Sanzenri, no. 5 (Spring 1976): 196-207. 3. Harry Wray and Hilary Conroy, eds, Japan Exmnined: Perspectives on Modem Japanese History (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983), pp. 369-89. 4. Tominaga Ken'ichi, Nihon no kindaika to shakai hendo - Tyubingen kogi (Kodansha, 1990), p. 411. 5. Amino, Nihonron no shiza- retto no shakai to kokka (Shogakkan, 1993); Amino Yoshihiko and Kawamura Minato, Retto to hanto no shakaishi - atarashii rekishizo o motomete (Sakuhinsha, 1988); Amino Yoshihiko and Kawazoe Shoji, Chusei no kaijin to HigashiAjia (Fukuoka: Kaichosha, 1994) and others. 6. Nishijima, Nihon rekishi no kokusai kankyo (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1985). 7. McCune, "The Exchange of Envoys between Korea and Japan during the Tokugawa Period," Far Eastern Quarterly (May 1946): 325. 8. Ibid. 9. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984; repr., Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), p. 22. 10. Yi Chin-hiii and Kang Jae-eun (Chae-on), "Yugamerareta Chosenzo," in Kim Tal-su, Kang Jae-eun, Yi Chin-hiii and Kang Tok-sang, Kyokasho ni kakareta ChOsen (KOdansha, 1979), p. 11. 11. Wang Yi-t'ung, Official Relations between China and Japan, 1368-1549 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 4. 12. Sin Hyong-sik, "T' ongil Silla iii taeil kwangye," in Cho Hang-nae, Ha U-bong and Song Siing-ch'ol, eds, Kangjwa Hanil kwangyesa (Seoul: Hyoniimsa, 1994), pp. 139-43; Suzuki Yasutami, "Nihon ritsuryo kokka to Shiragi Bokkai," in Higashi Ajia sekai ni okeru Nihon kodaishi koza, 10 vols., ( Gakuseisha, 1980-1986), 6:254-292. Suzuki argues that relations with Silla were significant for the establishment of the Japanese ritsuryo system, but Japan considered Silla to be a tributary state. 13. Ueda, Kikajin - kodai kokka no seiritsu o megutte (Chiio Koronsha, 1965). 231 232 Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations 14. See, Asahi shimbun, 20 May 1994. 15. Tanaka, Taigai kankei to bunka kOryu (Shibunkaku Shuppan, 1982); ed. Nihon zenkindai no kakka to taigai kankei (Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1987); ChUsei taigai kankeishi (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1975); Chusei kaigai kOshOshi no kenkyu (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959); WakO to kango boeiki (Shibundo, 1961). Nakamura, "Muromachi jidai no Nissen kankei," in Nissen kankeishi no kenkyu, 3 vo1s. (Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1965-1969), 1: 141-202 (hereafter cited as NKSK). 16. Miyake, Kinsei Nitcho kankeishi no kenkyu (Bunken Shuppan, 1986); ''Tokugawa seiken shokai no Chosen shinshi," ChOsen gakuho, 82 (January 1977). 17. Nakao, Zenkindai no Nihon to ChOsen- Chosen tsushinshi no kiseki (Akashi Shoten, 1989, expanded ed. 1993). 18. Tsuda, "Sangoku shiki no Shiragi honki ni tsuite" in furoku "Kojiki oyobi Nihon shoki no shin kenkyii," in Tsuda SOkichi zenshu 28 vols. and 7 supple. vols (lwanami Shoten, 1963-1989), supple. vol. 1:501,510. 19. Naito, "Nihon bunka to wa nanzoya," in Nihon bunkashi kenkyu, 2 vols. (Kodansha, 1976), I: 17, 22-3. 20. Kato, "The Significance of the Period of National Seclusion Reconsidered," Journal of Japanese Studies, vol. 7, no. l (Winter 1981): 85-109. 21. Ibid., 103. 22. Kuwahara, ''The Meiji Revolution and Japan's Modernization," in Nagai Michio and Miguel Urrutia, eds, Meiji ishin: Restoration and Revolution (Tokyo: The United Nations University, 1985), pp. 20-8. 23. Asao, "Sakokusei no seiritsu," in Koza Nihon rekishi, I 0 vols. (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1970-1971), 4:59-94. 24. Goodman, Japan: The Dutch Experience (London and Dover: The Athlone Press, 1986). 25. Toby, "Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu," Journal of Japanese Studies, 3 (Summer 1977): 323-63. Tashiro, "Foreign Relations during the Edo Period: Sakoku Reexamined," Journal of Japanese Studies, 8:2 (Summer 1982): 283-306. 26. Tashiro, Kinsei NitchO tsukO boekishi no kenkyu ( Sobunsha, 1981), p. 29. 27. Fujino Akira, Do no bunkashi (Shinchosha, 1991 ), p. 228. 28. Tashiro, Kinsei NitchO tsuko boekishi, p. 29. 29. Arano, Kinsei Nihon to Higashi Ajia (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1988), pp. 29-31. 30. Nakamura, NKSK, 3:465-97. Tanaka, "Sakoku seiritsuki Nitcho kankei no seikaku," ChOsen gakuhO, no. 34 ( 1965). Tanaka stresses that the political reason -to establish Tokugawa Japan's international order- rather than economic and cultural reasons played a significant part to maintain diplomatic relations with Korea. 31. Toby, State and Diplomacy, p. 227. 32. Ibid., pp. 228-9. 33. Ibid., p. 88. 34. Nakamura, "Zen kindai Ajia gaikoshijo no Tokugawa seiken," ChOsen gakuho, no. 45 (1967): 15-16; NKSK, 3:466. 35. Tashiro, Kinsei Nitcho tsuko boekishi, pp. 138-9. Notes 233 36. Key-hiuk Kim, The Last Phase ofthe East Asian World Order: Korea, Japan and the Chinese Empire, 1860-1882 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), p. 257, holds the same view, stating that "a departure from China's traditional non-interference in Korean affairs" occurred during the mid and late 1870s. 37. Hatada, Nihonjin no ChOsenkan (Keiso Shooo, 1969), pp. 36-41; "Chosen tochi bikaron to teitairon," Rekishi hyoron, 355 (November 1979): 3-7. Kim, '"Kindai Nissen kankei no kenkyii' (Tabohashi Kiyoshi cho) no chojutsu kanko no doki to sono naiyo ni tsuite," Chosen gakuho, 88 (July 1978): 58-9. Since the 1960s this criticism of the colonial view of Korean history has been widely published in Japanese, Korean and English. 38. Edwin 0. Reischauer, John K. Fairbank and Albert M. Craig, East Asia: Tradition and Transformation, rev. ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), Chapter 12. 39. Hatada, Nihonjin no Chosenkan, pp. 232-3. 40. Kita, "Nissen ryominzoku dogenron," Minzoku to rekishi, vol. 6, no. (1921): 3-70. 41. Fukuda, "Kankoku no keizai soshiki to keizai tan'i," Keizaigaku kenkyu, (1907). 42. Shikata, "Kyiirai no Chosen shakai no rekishiteki seikaku," 1, 2, 3 ChOsen gakuho, no. I (1951): 193-206, no. 2 (1951): 155-73, no. 3 (1952): 119-47. 43. Mishina, Chosenshi gaisetsu (Kobundo, 1940). 44. Kim, "Sankan Sangokujidai no Nihon rettonai no bunkoku ni tsuite," Yoksa kwahak, no. 1 (1963), translated by Chon Chin-hwa, Rekishi hyoron, no. 5, 8, 9 (1964). 45. Yi, Kokaido o ryohi no kenkyu (Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1972). 46. Asahi shimbun, 18 June 1994. 47. Son, Choson sidae Hanil kwangyesa yfm'gu (Seoul: Jisunguisaem, 1994); "Choson hugi t'alchunghwa ui kyorincheje," in Kangjwa Hanil kwangyesa, pp. 340-74; "Choson sidae kyorin cheje ui punsok kwa ku munjejom," Hanil kwangyesa yon'gu, vol. I (1993): 188-200. Son's view of the dual system of kyorin diplomacy - peer relations with the bakufu and kimi relations with Tsushima-is shared by other Korean scholars. For example, see Chang Sun­ sun, "Choson hugi Ilbon ui sogye wisiksilt'ae wa Choson ui taeung­ 'Pyonnyejipyo' rul chungsimuro," Hanil kwangyesa yon 'gu, vol. 1 (1993): 82-114. 48. Kang Jae-eun, Chosen no kaika shiso (lwanami Shoten, 1980), pp. 34-5. 49. Ch'oe Yong-ho, "Sino-Korean Relations, 1866-1876: A Study of Korea's Tributary Relations to China," Asea yon'gu, vol. 9, pt. I (1966): 6-7. 50. M. F. Nelson, Korea and the Old Orders in Eastern Asia (N.Y.: Russell Russell, 1945), p. 18. 51. Nakamura, Nihon to Chosen (Shibundo, 1966), pp. 2-3. Martina Deuchler argues the Chinese world order from the Neo-Confucian philosophical point of view. See, Martina Deuchler, "Neo-Confucianism: The Impulse for Social Action in Early Yi Korea," Journal of Korean studies, vol. 2 ( 1980): 71-111 and "Neo-Confucianism in Early Yi Korea: Some Reflections on the Role of Ye," Korea Journal, 15, no. 5 (May, 1975): 12-18. 52. Nakamura, Nihon to Chosen, p. 4. 53. Toby, State and Diplomacy. See particularly Chapter 5. 234 Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations 54. Kang, Chosen no kaika shiso, p. 20. Arano, Kinsei Nihon to Higashi Ajia, p. 37. 55. Sin Yu-han, Haeyurok (Kaiyuroku- Chosen tsushinshi no Nihon kiko), trans. and annotated, Kang Jae-eun (Heibonsha, 1974). Pak Chi-won, Yorha ilgi (Netsuka nikki - Chosen chishikijin no Chugoku kikO), 2 vo1s. trans. and annotated, Imamura Yoshio (Heibonsha, 1978). · 56. Takahashi, "Gaiko girei yori mita Muromachi jidai no Nitcho kankei," Shigaku zasshi , 8 (1982): 67-8. 57. Nakane, Shakai jinruigaku- Ajia shoshakai no kosatsu (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1987), pp. 10. 58. Ibid., pp. 206-27. 59. Okpyo Moon, "Confucianism and Gender Segregation in Japan and Korea," in Roger Goodman and Kirsten Refsing, eds., Ideology and Practice in Modem Japan (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 206. 60. Inoue Hideo, JisshO kodai ChOsen (Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai), p. 68. 61. Nakai, "The Naturalization of Confucianism in Tokugawa Japan: The Problem of Sinocentrism," Harvard Journal ofAsiatic Studies, 40: I (June 1980): 168. 62. Imatani, Sengoku daimyo to Tenno- Muromachi bakufu no kaitai to oken no gyakushu (Fukutake Shoten, 1992), pp. 14-18. 63. Matsumoto, "Shinkaku Tenno no kodoku," Bungei shunju (March 1989): 96-118. 64. Bagehot, The English Constitution, with an introduction by R. H. S. Crossman, M.P. (London: C.
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