Heimatverbundenheit Ein Neuer Sozialindikator Für Gelungene Integration?

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Heimatverbundenheit Ein Neuer Sozialindikator Für Gelungene Integration? Heimatverbundenheit Ein neuer Sozialindikator für gelungene Integration? Im Auftrag Heimatverbundenheit Ein neuer Sozialindikator für gelungene Integration? Klaus Boehnke Regina Arant Georgi Dragolov Caroline Schnelle Im Auftrag 2 Inhalt 3 INHALT Tabellenverzeichnis 4 Heimat und Heimatverbundenheit der Menschen 1. Heimatverbundenheit 15 3. in Deutschland im Jahr 2020 – 6. Fazit 103 Abbildungsverzeichnis 4 Ergebnisse 55 1.1. Heimat – Brennpunktthema des Kartenverzeichnis 5 gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalts 15 3.1. Der Heimatverbundenheitsindex – Gradmesser für die Kurzbezeichnungen 5 1.2. Der Heimatbegriff im Wandel Heimatverbundenheit der Menschen 55 Literatur 106 der Zeit 17 Das Wichtigste in Kürze 7 3.2. Bundesländerübergreifende Stärken 1.3. Was Heimatverbundenheit ausmacht – und Schwächen – Trends auf Ebene Anhang 108 Key Findings in Brief 10 Zentrale Facetten eines schwer der Dimensionen 56 fassbaren Begriffs 22 A0. Zusätzliche Tabellen 109 3.3. Befunde zu den acht Dimensionen 1.4. Die untersuchten Dimensionen von Heimatverbundenheit 59 A1. Methodenbericht zur Entwicklung von Heimatverbundenheit in des Messinstruments 122 dieser Studie 27 3.4. Heimatverbundenheit in den Regionen 67 A2. Glossar 126 Der Heimatverbundenheit auf der Autoren 129 2. Spur – Untersuchungsansatz 45 Womit hängt die Heimatverbundenheit 4. zusammen? Einflussfaktoren und 2.1. Die Idee der Studie 45 Auswirkungen 71 Impressum 131 2.2. Heimatverbundenheit messen – 4.1. Was beeinflusst die Das Befragungsinstrument 46 Heimatverbundenheit? 71 2.3. Wie es um die Heimatverbundenheit 4.2. Korrelate von Heimatverbundenheit 86 der Menschen in Deutschland steht – Bundesweite Telefonbefragung 46 4.3. Auswirkungen von Heimatverbundenheit auf das subjektive Wohlbefinden 93 2.4. Der Heimatindex – Ein reflexives Modell zur Messung von Heimatverbundenheit 48 Heimatverbundenheit – 2.5. Von Individualdaten zu Maßzahlen 5. ein integratives Konzept? 97 für Raumordnungsregionen, Bundesländer und Deutschland 5.1. Inwieweit ist Beheimatung möglich? 98 insgesamt 51 5.2. Heimatverbundenheit und 2.6. Welche kontextuellen und Integration aus Sicht der individuellen Faktoren spielen für die Lebensqualität 99 Heimatverbundenheit eine Rolle? 51 4 Abbildungsverzeichnis / Kartenverzeichnis / Kurzbezeichnungen 5 TABELLENVERZEICHNIS Tabelle 1 Antworten zur Bedeutung von Heimat Tabelle 12 Indikatoren der Dimension Abbildung 10 Zustimmungsraten zu einem Abbildung 16 Zusammenhang zwischen im Rahmen der Befragung unter Abgrenzung 39 Beispielindikator für Ausgrenzung Heimatverbundenheit und dem Ausstellungs besucherinnen und nach Bundesland 39 Anteil an Erwerbstätigen in den ­besuchern in Bremen und Dresden 23 Tabelle 13 Indikatoren zur Erfassung des Dienstleistungsbereichen auf Aspekts Ausgrenzung 42 Abbildung 11 Die acht Dimensionen von Bundesländerebene 77 Tabelle 2 Anzahl eigener Heimaten bei der Heimatverbundenheit 48 Befragung unter Ausstellungs­ Tabelle 14 Heimatverbundenheit vor und nach Abbildung 17 Zusammenhang zwischen besucherinnen und ­besuchern in dem Ausbruch der Covid­19­Krise Abbildung 12 Zusammenhang zwischen Heimat­ Heimatverbundenheit und Glück Bremen und Dresden 24 in Deutschland 53 verbundenheit und auf regionaler Ebene 95 Unternehmens insolvenzen auf Tabelle 3 Angaben zu den schönsten Aspekten Tabelle 15 Heimatverbundenheit 2020 im Bundesländerebene 73 Abbildung 18 Strukturgleichungsmodell von der eigenen Heimat bei der Befragung Bundesländervergleich 57 Heimatverbundenheit und subjektivem unter Ausstellungsbesucherinnen und Abbildung 13 Zusammenhang zwischen Heimat­ Wohlbefinden der Gesamtstichprobe 99 ­besuchern in Bremen und Dresden 25 Tabelle 16 Strukturelle Einflüsse auf die verbundenheit und Mindestsicherung Heimatverbundenheit auf auf Bundesländerebene 74 Abbildung 19 Strukturgleichungsmodell von Tabelle 4 Angaben zu den möglichen Bedrohungen Bundesländerebene 79 Heimatverbundenheit und subjektivem der eigenen Heimat bei der Befragung Abbildung 14 Zusammenhang zwischen Heimat­ Wohlbefinden für Menschen ohne unter Ausstellungsbesucherinnen und Tabelle 17 Strukturelle Einflüsse auf die verbundenheit und Bevölkerungsdichte und mit Migrationshintergrund 100 ­besuchern in Bremen und Dresden 26 Heimatverbundenheit auf auf Bundesländerebene 75 regionaler Ebene 82 Tabelle 5 Indikatoren der Dimension Abbildung 15 Zusammenhang zwischen Geborgenheit 29 Tabelle 18 Personale Einflüsse auf die Heimat verbundenheit und dem Anteil Heimat verbundenheit von Individuen 85 an Erwerbstätigen im produzierenden Tabelle 6 Indikatoren der Dimension Gewerbe auf Bundesländerebene 76 Identifikation 30 Tabelle 19 Korrelate von Heimatverbundenheit auf Bundesländerebene 88 Tabelle 7 Indikatoren der Dimension Ort und Landschaft 32 Tabelle 20 Korrelate von Heimatverbundenheit auf regionaler Ebene 90 Tabelle 8 Indikatoren der Dimension Zeit 33 Tabelle 21 Korrelate von Heimatverbundenheit KARTENVERZEICHNIS Tabelle 9 Indikatoren der Dimension auf Individualebene 92 Soziale Verwurzelung 35 Tabelle 22 Auswirkungen von Heimat verbundenheit Tabelle 10 Indikatoren der Dimension auf das subjektive Wohlbefinden 93 Karte 1 Heimatverbundenheit Karte 6 Soziale Verwurzelung Geistige Heimat 36 (Gesamtindex) im Bundesländervergleich 63 im Bundesländervergleich 56 Tabelle 11 Indikatoren der Dimension Karte 7 Geistige Heimat Heimatpflege 38 Karte 2 Geborgenheit im Bundesländervergleich 64 im Bundesländervergleich 59 Karte 8 Heimatpflege Karte 3 Identifikation im Bundesländervergleich 65 im Bundesländervergleich 60 Karte 9 Abgrenzung Karte 4 Ort und Landschaft im Bundesländervergleich 66 im Bundesländervergleich 61 Karte 10 Heimatverbundenheit (Gesamtindex) ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS Karte 5 Zeit im Bundesländervergleich 62 im regionalen Vergleich 68 Abbildung 1 Karikatur „Dorfgespräche“ von Sabine Abbildung 6 Zustimmungsraten zu einem Winterwerber 22 Beispielindikator für Soziale Verwurzelung nach Bundesland 35 Abbildung 2 Zustimmungsraten zu einem Beispielindikator für Geborgenheit Abbildung 7 Zustimmungsraten zu einem KURZBEZEICHNUNGEN nach Bundesland 29 Beispielindikator für Geistige Heimat nach Bundesland 36 Abbildung 3 Zustimmungsraten zu einem BB Brandenburg HE Hessen SH Schleswig­Holstein Beispielindikator für Identifikation Abbildung 8 Zustimmungsraten zu einem nach Bundesland 30 Beispielindikator für Heimatpflege BE Berlin HA Hamburg SL Saarland nach Bundesland 38 Abbildung 4 Zustimmungsraten zu einem Beispiel­ BW Baden­Württemberg MV Mecklenburg­Vorpommern SN Sachsen indikator für Ort und Landschaft Abbildung 9 Zustimmungsraten zu einem nach Bundesland 32 Beispielindikator für Abgrenzung BY Bayern NI Niedersachsen ST Sachsen­Anhalt nach Bundesland 39 Abbildung 5 Zustimmungsraten zu einem DE Deutschland insgesamt NW Nordrhein­Westfalen TH Thüringen Beispiel indikator für Zeit nach Bundesland 33 HB Bremen RP Rheinland­Pfalz 6 7 DAS WICHTIGSTE IN KÜRZE Seit Beginn der Großen Koalition der 19. Wahl­ einer empirischen Bestandsaufnahme zu beginnen, periode des Deutschen Bundestags – dem Kabinett die diesen und weiteren Fragen nachgeht. Merkel IV – hat das Bundesinnenministerium Der hier vorgelegte Bericht dokumentiert diese einen erweiterten Namen. Es heißt nun „Bundes­ erste Bestandsaufnahme. ministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat“. Eine neue Abteilung H (Heimat) wurde ihm angeglie­ Im Rahmen einer Vor­ und einer Hauptstudie wur­ dert. Diese übernimmt Aufgaben, die das Zusam­ den 4000 bzw. 4506 Personen ab 16 Jahren befragt, menleben der Menschen in Deutschland betreffen, die ihren Lebensmittelpunkt in Deutschland mit dem Ziel den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt haben. Auf Basis ihrer Antworten zu den Themen hierzulande zu stärken. Dies umfasst unter anderem Heimat und Heimatverbundenheit wurde ein wis­ die Themengebiete Integration, bürgerschaftliches senschaftliches Konzept von Heimatverbundenheit Engagement und die Schaffung gleichwertiger mit acht Dimensionen erarbeitet: Geborgenheit, Lebensverhältnisse unter thematischen Aspekten Identifikation, Ort und Landschaft, Zeit, Soziale wie Raumordnung, Regionalpolitik, Daseins­ Verwurzelung, Geistige Heimat, Heimatpflege und vorsorge und demographischer Wandel1. Mit der Abgrenzung. Wer sich mit seiner Heimat verbunden Heimat taucht erstmals ein Konzept im Titel eines fühlt, gab dementsprechend an, dort ein Gefühl der Ministeriums auf, das man wohl als „typisch Geborgenheit zu verspüren. Heimatverbundene deutsch“ bezeichnen kann. Der Begriff Heimat Personen identifizieren sich mit ihrem Wohnort lässt sich kaum in andere Sprachen übersetzen, und den dort lebenden Menschen. Sie besetzen jedenfalls nicht mit identischem Sinngehalt. Die die Landschafts­ und Siedlungsformen positiv kulturvergleichende Sozialforschung bezeichnet und haben prägende Erinnerungen an diese Orte. ein solches Konzept als emisch: Es lässt sich aus­ Personen mit einer hohen Heimatverbundenheit schließlich aus dem kulturellen Kontext heraus verfügen zudem über enge soziale Kontakte vor Ort verstehen, in dem es entstanden ist. und sind mit den lokalen Sitten und Gebräuchen vertraut. Schließlich setzen sie sich tätig für den Bestand ihrer Heimat ein und schätzen es als etwas Heimatverbundenheit messbar machen Besonderes, gerade hier dazuzugehören. Das theo­ retisch fundierte, multidimensionale Konstrukt Wie lässt sich solch ein schwer zu fassendes Konzept Heimatverbundenheit diente als Grundlage zur nun also dazu nutzen, politische Handlungsfelder Entwicklung eines Instruments zur empirischen „ES GANZE LAABN im Sinne des Gemeinwohls und des gesellschaft­ Erfassung des Ausmaßes, mit dem
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