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The Particle "Le" in Chinese Narrative Discourse

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THE PARTICLE LE IN CHINESE NARRATIVE DISCOURSE: AN TnTEGRATIVE DESCRIPTION BY VINCENT WU-CHANG/ CHANG A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1986 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Professors Jean Casagrande and Chauncey C . Chu , chairman and cochairman of my supervisory committee , for their careful guidance and constant encouragement throughout my graduate studies and teaching career. To the other members of my committee , Professors Haig Der-Houssikian, Marie Nelson, and William J . Sullivan , I wish to extend my sincere thanks not only for their valuable comments on the dissertation but also for their enlightening instruction and constant advice I also wish to thank Mrs. Chu, who has treated me as a member of her family . To her , I gratefully bestow my hearty appreciation Special thanks go to Bruce Hamilton (Lao Baihe), my WordPerfect consultant , and Tzu-chen Weng and Chin-hung Jwo Without their assistance , the typing of this dissertation would perhaps take three more months To those ff anonymous heroes” or, "victims") who took part in the surveys , many thanks for your patience and cooperation Last but not the least, I would like to thank my wife, Cherry Ing Li, without whose encouragement and moral support the present study would not have been possible. .. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS vi ABSTRACT vii CHAPTERS I INTRODUCTION 1 1 . 1 The Perfective Aspect Suffix -Le Versus the Sentence-Final Particle Le 3 1 . 2 Common Fallacies about the Particle LE . • 8 ?f ff 1 . 3 The Double-LE Construction 1i 5 1 . 4 Summary and Organization of the Present Study Tx 8 1.5 Notes 2 o II REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES OF THE PARTICLE LE IN MANDARIN T . 22 f 2 Tx Chao s Structuralist Account 2 3 2 • 1 . 1 The Perfective Verbal Suffix -Le . 2 5 2.1.2 The Sentence-Final Particle Le . • 3 2 2 2 Wang f s Transformational Approach 3 7 f 2 3 Teng s Generative Semantics Formulation . • 4 1 / T 2 Rohsenow s Atomic Predicate Analysis . 4 9 0-5 2 Spanos f Pragmatic Analysis 5 5 f 2 6 Li and Thompson s Functional Treatment • 6 5 2.6.1 The Perfective - Le 6 5 2.6.2 The "Currently Relevant State” Le • 7 2 f 2 7 Andr easen s Foregrounding Versus Background n 8 2 • § 2 * 8 Notes 9 2 III EXPLORING THE DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS OF LE . 9 5 3 . 1 The Data 9 6 3 . 2 The Verbal Suffix -Le 9 9 3 . 2.1 Where -Le Occurs 9 9 3 . 2.2 Where -Le Could But Does Not Occur. IX 0 2 3 . 2.3 Where -Le Would Not Occur IX 3 0 3 • 3 Exploring the Discourse Functions of the Suffix -Le Tx 5 . IX 3 3.1 The Peak and -Le ool 5 3 . 3.2 Anteriority and -Le li 0 iii : : 3.3.3 Requirement of -Le with Monosyllabic Verbs r—H 4 f— 3.3.4 The Non-Occurrence of -Le H 6 Functions of the Suffix 3.3.5 The Discourse 1112 Ti -Le : An Initial Formulation 9 3.4 Exploring the Discourse Functions of the Sentence-Final Le Tx 0 3.4.1 Where L£ Occurs IX 2 0 3.4.2 Where Could Occur But Does Not • • Tx 2 3 3.4.3 Factors Affecting the Use of Le in Discourse • • 2 5 3.4.4 The Sentence-Final Le in Discourse A Summary 4 4 3,5 4 7 IV THE SURVEY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 150 4 . 1 The Survey 5 4 • 2 Interpretation of the Test Samples 112 5 115 yt Tt 4 . 3 The Double-LE Construction 0 4.3.1 The Follow-Up Survey 2 1 9 4.3.2 The Particle LE in Clauses Containing Directional Complements ••••••• 2 3 3 4.3.3 The n Double-LE fl Construction A Summary • • • 2 4 o 4 . 4 The Use of the Verbal Suffix -Le in Narrative Discourse 2 4 2 4.4.1 The Use of the Suffix - Le in Peak Clauses of a Discourse Segment . • • • 2 4 3 4.4.2 The Use of the Suffix -Le in Non-Peak Clauses of a Discourse Segment . • 2 4 5 4.4.3 The Use of the Suffix -Le in Narrative Discourse : A Summary 2 5 5 4 . 5 The Particle LE^ in Narrative Discourse : A Preliminary Generalization 2 5 9 4 . 6 Notes 2 6 1 V CONCLUSION 265 5 • 1 Theoretical Implications • 2 6 8 5.1.1 $ys terns Interactions 2 6 8 5.1.2 Conceptual Dynamism 2 7 2 5 . 2 Concluding Remarks • • • • 2 7 7 5 . 3 Notes 2 7 8 APPENDICES I TEST SAMPLES. 279 II SOURCES OF DATA 289 BIBLIOGRAPHY 292 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 299 v KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS BA Disposal Marker DE Subordination Marker INTERROG Interrogative Marker LOC Locative Marker M Measure Word PART Particle ZHE Concorai tat ive Aspect Marker vi . Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE PARTICLE LE IN CHINESE NARRATIVE DISCOURSE: AN TNTEGRATIVE DESCRIPTION By Vincent Wu-Chang Chang August 1986 Chairman : Jean Casagrande Cochairraan : Chauncey C . Chu Major Department : Linguistics The present study investigates the functions LE^ serves in Chinese narrative discourse and the various factors that 1 condition native speakers use of this particle . The perfective verbal suffix -le serves as an explicit morphosyntactic signal for the peak event in a discourse segment • The suffix further serves the function of a realis marker and tends to occur with monosyllabic action/ event verbs to recount what (has) happened In cases where the verbs in a series of clauses are not cohesive enough and/ or when a special emphasis is called for on the order of events, ~le can also serve as an overt marker of anteriority. The use of -le in narrative discourse is conditioned by several factors e . , . g the style of writing , the use of cohesive ties such as collocation, repetition , and synonymy in the text . Context and the perceptual differences among native speakers also tend to influence the use of -le in narrative discourse vii . ,. The sentence-final l_e serves as a discourse-final particle marking the end of a discourse unit or the boundary between topical units . The particle occurs most frequently at discourse- final positions where a 11 change of state” meaning is involved Discourse-final clauses which serve as a commentary on the main text, however , do not take the le , Other factors which affect the use of l_e include the presence of discourse-internal ties, the style of writing , and structural parallelism • Contextual information and the variation among native speakers as to what constitutes a discourse unit and what is and what is not of classical flavor also have a great impact on the use of l_e in narrative discourse Many of the factors which condition the use of LE interact and compete with each other . This points to the need of an integrative description of the particle. These conditioning factors are best seen as independent but interacting $ y s t eras within the framework of Integrative Linguistics , as proposed by Casagrande • Perceptual variation among native speakers regarding whether or not to use LE^ in a particular context in fact results from the different applications of a common set of principles governing the use of this particle , contingent on each individual speaker f s organization of discourse, his perception of the relatedness of the events , and his world knowledge . Perceptual variation of this type is better accounted for in terras of Chu*s "Conceptual Dynamism. ff viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The particle LE ^ has long attracted the attention of grammarians and linguists working on the language . It has been studied from different perspectives , each focusing on certain aspect(s) of the particle . Chao (1968), for example, provides a quite comprehensive description of the particle within the Structural tradition • In Wang (1965), the first attempt to apply the transformational approach to the study of Mandarin, the syntactic characteristics of the particle are examined with respect to the formation of ^ negative and A-not-A sentences • A Generative Semantics account of the particle is given in Teng ( 1973), which provides detailed discussion of the semantic properties of 1 LE • Teng s work was followed by Rohsenow (1978), which is also done within the framework of Generative Semantics . In Spanos (1979 ) a pragmatic approach based on Grice (1975) and Sear le ( 1975) is proposed in order to account for native f speakers use of the particle . A functional approach is employed in Li and Thompson (1981) to capture the communicative functions of the particle . Furthermore , the 1 . • occurrence of LE in written narratives is examined and its functions explored in Andreasen (1981). Despite such extensive research done in the past two decades, work on LE^ is far from complete and in terms of language learning, the particle remains one of the most difficult grammatical elements to master in Mandarin Chinese . In general, both the syntactic and semantic properties of the particle have become fairly clear over the years , though disagreements still exist among grammarians and linguists as to what constitutes a better (if not the best) description of this particle The syntactic and/ or semantic properties of LJE alone, ? however , do not provide a full account of native speakers use of the particle in discourse .
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